Suchergebnisse

The waste problem is now recognized as the most important and difficult area of environmental protection. Waste collection and initial sorting depends largely on the goodwill and awareness of society, so education and training of society are very important. In respect that the environmental education is an assumption for a success of waste sorting, it can be argued that one of the tools to implement it is schools' initiatives. However, there is a problem that the focus on the implementation of these initiatives is not sufficient because the schools' waste sorting initiatives are not evaluated and analyzed in order to determine their effectiveness. In this paper this problem is solved on the basis of scientific literature and data of empirical study. In the first section of paper it is discussed the role of environmental education on a purpose to educate a person consciously understanding the importance of waste sorting. Scientific works of Lithuanian and foreign authors' were analyzed. The comparison and summary methods were used in order to submit the common trends and providences. In the second section on the basis of International, European Union and Lithuanian legislation analysis, legal regulation of environmental education was analyzed, and a legal basis to implement waste sorting initiatives at schools of Lithuania was identified. In the third section using the method of data analysis the waste sorting initiatives implemented by Lithuanian schools were identified and analyzed. In order to assess initiatives the survey of experts was carried out. The educational effectiveness of initiatives was determined. It emerged that waste sorting initiatives implemented by comprehensive schools in the educational aspect are effective. On the basis of the survey of experts the recommendations for initiatives improving were submitted.

The waste problem is now recognized as the most important and difficult area of environmental protection. Waste collection and initial sorting depends largely on the goodwill and awareness of society, so education and training of society are very important. In respect that the environmental education is an assumption for a success of waste sorting, it can be argued that one of the tools to implement it is schools' initiatives. However, there is a problem that the focus on the implementation of these initiatives is not sufficient because the schools' waste sorting initiatives are not evaluated and analyzed in order to determine their effectiveness. In this paper this problem is solved on the basis of scientific literature and data of empirical study. In the first section of paper it is discussed the role of environmental education on a purpose to educate a person consciously understanding the importance of waste sorting. Scientific works of Lithuanian and foreign authors' were analyzed. The comparison and summary methods were used in order to submit the common trends and providences. In the second section on the basis of International, European Union and Lithuanian legislation analysis, legal regulation of environmental education was analyzed, and a legal basis to implement waste sorting initiatives at schools of Lithuania was identified. In the third section using the method of data analysis the waste sorting initiatives implemented by Lithuanian schools were identified and analyzed. In order to assess initiatives the survey of experts was carried out. The educational effectiveness of initiatives was determined. It emerged that waste sorting initiatives implemented by comprehensive schools in the educational aspect are effective. On the basis of the survey of experts the recommendations for initiatives improving were submitted.

The conceptions, that have influenced during the soviet period (and still are influencing) appreciation, recognition and usage of the heritage are analyzed in this essey. The main purpose of this research work is reconstructing popular images of national history in the ethnocultural movement which had taken place in Lithunia approximately from 7'th to 9'th decay. To be more exact, the question under discussion is heritage presservation activities of turist clubs, called ,,žygeiviai" and etnographic club ,,ramuviečiai".The resource used for this essey (mostly commemorations of members who participated in the mentioned clubs) records information about motives, purposes and means of heritage conservation movement. These commemorations reveals that the strongest influence on the heritage presservation activities of ,,žygeiviai" and ,,ramuviečiai" had the dominant and rooted nationalistic ideology and nationalistic historical narrative which was absorbed by Lithuanian society from the first Republic of Lithuania (1918-1940). It must be mentioned, that this nationalistic ideology had an important role consolidating the people during the times when the soviet invaders and their collaborators tried to erase or change the historic memory of the nation in creating the new soviet identification. However, the nationalistic ideology was rather conservative, rigid and selective or in other words – mono-perspective. Therefore the heritage preserved by ,,žygeiviai" ir ,,ramuviečiai" was quite limited in time: it was mainly heritage of country culture (folklore, ethnic traditions – especcialy the most archaic, related with the pagan religion of the Lithuanians), also monuments of national heroes, such as knights of The Middle Ages, warriors, famous writers and so on. Nowdays we are facing the problems of global world, the process of europen integration and creation of democratic civic society. Under these circumstances it is important to actualize multicultural traditions and heritage – that means – multi-ethnic, multi-confessional and multi cultural. Besides, heritage is considered now by conservation theorists to be multifunctional resource – it has various cultural, economic, political values which could be realized during the process of society education.

The conceptions, that have influenced during the soviet period (and still are influencing) appreciation, recognition and usage of the heritage are analyzed in this essey. The main purpose of this research work is reconstructing popular images of national history in the ethnocultural movement which had taken place in Lithunia approximately from 7'th to 9'th decay. To be more exact, the question under discussion is heritage presservation activities of turist clubs, called ,,žygeiviai" and etnographic club ,,ramuviečiai".The resource used for this essey (mostly commemorations of members who participated in the mentioned clubs) records information about motives, purposes and means of heritage conservation movement. These commemorations reveals that the strongest influence on the heritage presservation activities of ,,žygeiviai" and ,,ramuviečiai" had the dominant and rooted nationalistic ideology and nationalistic historical narrative which was absorbed by Lithuanian society from the first Republic of Lithuania (1918-1940). It must be mentioned, that this nationalistic ideology had an important role consolidating the people during the times when the soviet invaders and their collaborators tried to erase or change the historic memory of the nation in creating the new soviet identification. However, the nationalistic ideology was rather conservative, rigid and selective or in other words – mono-perspective. Therefore the heritage preserved by ,,žygeiviai" ir ,,ramuviečiai" was quite limited in time: it was mainly heritage of country culture (folklore, ethnic traditions – especcialy the most archaic, related with the pagan religion of the Lithuanians), also monuments of national heroes, such as knights of The Middle Ages, warriors, famous writers and so on. Nowdays we are facing the problems of global world, the process of europen integration and creation of democratic civic society. Under these circumstances it is important to actualize multicultural traditions and heritage – that means – multi-ethnic, multi-confessional and multi cultural. Besides, heritage is considered now by conservation theorists to be multifunctional resource – it has various cultural, economic, political values which could be realized during the process of society education.

Changes in Working Conditions at the Initiative of the Employer In the first part of the Master thesis, working conditions' conception is analysed. Working conditions' and work agreement terms are compared. The changed necessary work agreement conditions' content is overviewed. The content analysis of different types of working conditions', such as necessary work conditions, separate types of work agreements' necessary conditions, additional work conditions and other work conditions, is given. Work conditions are distributed according to their importance for the work agreement validity and the necessity of written consolidation. In the second part of the Master thesis, the procedure of changing work conditions when the process is initiated by the employer is examined. Also, the principles which can be used to explain the legal regulation for the procedure of changing the working conditions are discussed. The procedure of employer initiating the change of work conditions is analysed and separated according to where the working conditions are consolidated. The current regulation for changing work conditions is compared to the older statutory one. Various problematic aspects are given and analysed, such as: employer changing work conditions in an extreme on quarantine situations; when the work payment condition is changed; how the necessary and other, equated to them, working conditions should be changed. It is analysed that the legislator has given a protection for the work payment condition. The problematic aspects of the necessary and other, equated to them, work agreement conditions' are compared to other countries' legal regulation and court practice. In the third part of the Master thesis, disputes which come from the employer changing work conditions are overviewed and systemized. The qualification of the circumstances of work disputes' is given. The most common disputes are distinguished. The LAT made rules for tackling disputes in this area are given. Situations in which disputes have risen are overviewed and an opinion on how the disputes and negative consequences could have been avoided is given.

Changes in Working Conditions at the Initiative of the Employer In the first part of the Master thesis, working conditions' conception is analysed. Working conditions' and work agreement terms are compared. The changed necessary work agreement conditions' content is overviewed. The content analysis of different types of working conditions', such as necessary work conditions, separate types of work agreements' necessary conditions, additional work conditions and other work conditions, is given. Work conditions are distributed according to their importance for the work agreement validity and the necessity of written consolidation. In the second part of the Master thesis, the procedure of changing work conditions when the process is initiated by the employer is examined. Also, the principles which can be used to explain the legal regulation for the procedure of changing the working conditions are discussed. The procedure of employer initiating the change of work conditions is analysed and separated according to where the working conditions are consolidated. The current regulation for changing work conditions is compared to the older statutory one. Various problematic aspects are given and analysed, such as: employer changing work conditions in an extreme on quarantine situations; when the work payment condition is changed; how the necessary and other, equated to them, working conditions should be changed. It is analysed that the legislator has given a protection for the work payment condition. The problematic aspects of the necessary and other, equated to them, work agreement conditions' are compared to other countries' legal regulation and court practice. In the third part of the Master thesis, disputes which come from the employer changing work conditions are overviewed and systemized. The qualification of the circumstances of work disputes' is given. The most common disputes are distinguished. The LAT made rules for tackling disputes in this area are given. Situations in which disputes have risen are overviewed and an opinion on how the disputes and negative consequences could have been avoided is given.

Changes in Working Conditions at the Initiative of the Employer In the first part of the Master thesis, working conditions' conception is analysed. Working conditions' and work agreement terms are compared. The changed necessary work agreement conditions' content is overviewed. The content analysis of different types of working conditions', such as necessary work conditions, separate types of work agreements' necessary conditions, additional work conditions and other work conditions, is given. Work conditions are distributed according to their importance for the work agreement validity and the necessity of written consolidation. In the second part of the Master thesis, the procedure of changing work conditions when the process is initiated by the employer is examined. Also, the principles which can be used to explain the legal regulation for the procedure of changing the working conditions are discussed. The procedure of employer initiating the change of work conditions is analysed and separated according to where the working conditions are consolidated. The current regulation for changing work conditions is compared to the older statutory one. Various problematic aspects are given and analysed, such as: employer changing work conditions in an extreme on quarantine situations; when the work payment condition is changed; how the necessary and other, equated to them, working conditions should be changed. It is analysed that the legislator has given a protection for the work payment condition. The problematic aspects of the necessary and other, equated to them, work agreement conditions' are compared to other countries' legal regulation and court practice. In the third part of the Master thesis, disputes which come from the employer changing work conditions are overviewed and systemized. The qualification of the circumstances of work disputes' is given. The most common disputes are distinguished. The LAT made rules for tackling disputes in this area are given. Situations in which disputes have risen are overviewed and an opinion on how the disputes and negative consequences could have been avoided is given.

Changes in Working Conditions at the Initiative of the Employer In the first part of the Master thesis, working conditions' conception is analysed. Working conditions' and work agreement terms are compared. The changed necessary work agreement conditions' content is overviewed. The content analysis of different types of working conditions', such as necessary work conditions, separate types of work agreements' necessary conditions, additional work conditions and other work conditions, is given. Work conditions are distributed according to their importance for the work agreement validity and the necessity of written consolidation. In the second part of the Master thesis, the procedure of changing work conditions when the process is initiated by the employer is examined. Also, the principles which can be used to explain the legal regulation for the procedure of changing the working conditions are discussed. The procedure of employer initiating the change of work conditions is analysed and separated according to where the working conditions are consolidated. The current regulation for changing work conditions is compared to the older statutory one. Various problematic aspects are given and analysed, such as: employer changing work conditions in an extreme on quarantine situations; when the work payment condition is changed; how the necessary and other, equated to them, working conditions should be changed. It is analysed that the legislator has given a protection for the work payment condition. The problematic aspects of the necessary and other, equated to them, work agreement conditions' are compared to other countries' legal regulation and court practice. In the third part of the Master thesis, disputes which come from the employer changing work conditions are overviewed and systemized. The qualification of the circumstances of work disputes' is given. The most common disputes are distinguished. The LAT made rules for tackling disputes in this area are given. Situations in which disputes have risen are overviewed and an opinion on how the disputes and negative consequences could have been avoided is given.

Quantitative research data showed that only a small part of the houses is renovated under the Renovation program. Partial renovation of apartment houses is going on by themselves according to a population initiative. A large proportion of respondents are satisfied with the results, but they listed problems in updating blocks of flats. Without passivity of the population and financial problems, there are other very significant barriers to mass renovation: corruption in government, good construction companies and builders deficiency. Qualitative research results helped to highlight the most important home renovation problems, identify renovation incentives and barriers.

Quantitative research data showed that only a small part of the houses is renovated under the Renovation program. Partial renovation of apartment houses is going on by themselves according to a population initiative. A large proportion of respondents are satisfied with the results, but they listed problems in updating blocks of flats. Without passivity of the population and financial problems, there are other very significant barriers to mass renovation: corruption in government, good construction companies and builders deficiency. Qualitative research results helped to highlight the most important home renovation problems, identify renovation incentives and barriers.

Civic engagement and active involvement in the po­litical life of the various forms of participation is an integral part of sustainable government and sustain­able development. Nowadays, the state should en­courage ensuring the principles of sustainable devel­opment. One means to do it is promoting Citizen's participation and its forms. A growing attention given to the Internet and new media through which the citizens can cooperate, their views on impor­tant issues and initiatives can take the online space for discussions and movements. Social networking websites, new media getting more and more popular every day hold a prominent place in the lives of a large number of people. That is why citizen in the world began to increase overall civic initiatives, which sometimes degenerate into civil movements or even revolutions. This paper examines the con­cept of civic participation and the impact of new media and the Internet on environmental initiatives and movements. The article is dedicated showing how the new media and the Internet influence civil participation in environmental issues. It discusses few important components of civil participations: the level of civil society, social capital, social net­works, public space, and defines changes of each level which are determined by the new media and the Internet. Also, the article explores changes of issues of environmental initiatives and movements and defines the fundamental changes that influence the growth of environmental movements nowadays. The research and conclusions on the impact of the new media and the Internet on environmental initia­tives are strengthen by academic observations and examples of environmental movements.

Civic engagement and active involvement in the po­litical life of the various forms of participation is an integral part of sustainable government and sustain­able development. Nowadays, the state should en­courage ensuring the principles of sustainable devel­opment. One means to do it is promoting Citizen's participation and its forms. A growing attention given to the Internet and new media through which the citizens can cooperate, their views on impor­tant issues and initiatives can take the online space for discussions and movements. Social networking websites, new media getting more and more popular every day hold a prominent place in the lives of a large number of people. That is why citizen in the world began to increase overall civic initiatives, which sometimes degenerate into civil movements or even revolutions. This paper examines the con­cept of civic participation and the impact of new media and the Internet on environmental initiatives and movements. The article is dedicated showing how the new media and the Internet influence civil participation in environmental issues. It discusses few important components of civil participations: the level of civil society, social capital, social net­works, public space, and defines changes of each level which are determined by the new media and the Internet. Also, the article explores changes of issues of environmental initiatives and movements and defines the fundamental changes that influence the growth of environmental movements nowadays. The research and conclusions on the impact of the new media and the Internet on environmental initia­tives are strengthen by academic observations and examples of environmental movements.

Civic engagement and active involvement in the po­litical life of the various forms of participation is an integral part of sustainable government and sustain­able development. Nowadays, the state should en­courage ensuring the principles of sustainable devel­opment. One means to do it is promoting Citizen's participation and its forms. A growing attention given to the Internet and new media through which the citizens can cooperate, their views on impor­tant issues and initiatives can take the online space for discussions and movements. Social networking websites, new media getting more and more popular every day hold a prominent place in the lives of a large number of people. That is why citizen in the world began to increase overall civic initiatives, which sometimes degenerate into civil movements or even revolutions. This paper examines the con­cept of civic participation and the impact of new media and the Internet on environmental initiatives and movements. The article is dedicated showing how the new media and the Internet influence civil participation in environmental issues. It discusses few important components of civil participations: the level of civil society, social capital, social net­works, public space, and defines changes of each level which are determined by the new media and the Internet. Also, the article explores changes of issues of environmental initiatives and movements and defines the fundamental changes that influence the growth of environmental movements nowadays. The research and conclusions on the impact of the new media and the Internet on environmental initia­tives are strengthen by academic observations and examples of environmental movements.

Civic engagement and active involvement in the po­litical life of the various forms of participation is an integral part of sustainable government and sustain­able development. Nowadays, the state should en­courage ensuring the principles of sustainable devel­opment. One means to do it is promoting Citizen's participation and its forms. A growing attention given to the Internet and new media through which the citizens can cooperate, their views on impor­tant issues and initiatives can take the online space for discussions and movements. Social networking websites, new media getting more and more popular every day hold a prominent place in the lives of a large number of people. That is why citizen in the world began to increase overall civic initiatives, which sometimes degenerate into civil movements or even revolutions. This paper examines the con­cept of civic participation and the impact of new media and the Internet on environmental initiatives and movements. The article is dedicated showing how the new media and the Internet influence civil participation in environmental issues. It discusses few important components of civil participations: the level of civil society, social capital, social net­works, public space, and defines changes of each level which are determined by the new media and the Internet. Also, the article explores changes of issues of environmental initiatives and movements and defines the fundamental changes that influence the growth of environmental movements nowadays. The research and conclusions on the impact of the new media and the Internet on environmental initia­tives are strengthen by academic observations and examples of environmental movements.

The article presents the findings obtained through the quantitative survey of citizen participation in public administration that was conducted during the March-April 2008. The object of research is citizen participation in public administration. The aim of research is to evaluate a perception of citizen participation in municipal government of Lithuania. The research questions that drive this study are: what is the impact of citizen participation initiatives to the activity of municipalities?; what is the relation between citizen participation and decision-making process in municipalities?; what are the reasons and areas why citizens can not participate in public administration?