Suchergebnisse

Het Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis (IISG) is een van de meest vooraanstaande onderzoeksinstituten ter wereld op het terrein van de sociale geschiedenis, zowel in het wetenschappelijk onderzoek als in het verzamelen en beheren van een unieke internationale collectie archieven. Dit boek onderzoekt de geschiedenis van het Instituut van 1935 tot 1989. Centraal staat de ontwikkeling van het Instituut in de richting van een steeds sterkere professionalisering. Een ontwikkeling in wisselwerking met een driehoek van externe invloeden: de politieke en maatschappelijke context; de ontwikkeling van sociale geschiedenis als academische discipline; en het institutionele en bestuurlijke kader. Het is het verhaal van betrokken historici en activisten, die het erfgoed van en uit de arbeidersbeweging en andere emancipatiebewegingen wilden veiligstellen en voor onderzoek beschikbaar maken. Het boek neemt de lezer mee naar spectaculaire reddingsacties van archieven en bibliotheken die bedreigd waren door de opkomst van Hitler, de ineenstorting van het IISG tijdens de bezetting, en de wonderbaarlijke terugkeer van de meeste collecties na de oorlog. Tijdens de wederopbouw volgde een zoektocht naar een plaats in de academische infrastructuur. Intern raakte het Instituut ontregeld tijdens de roerige jaren zestig en zeventig. In de jaren tachtig vond het IISG de weg naar verdere professionalisering zonder zijn oorspronkelijke bestaansrecht en drijfveren uit het oog te verliezen.

The replacement of grassroots environmental movements with institutionalized mass membership organizations in Western nations during the 1980s & 1990s is examined, hypothesizing that the degree of institutionalization is primarily determined by national political opportunity structure. An analysis of the environmental movements of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, & Switzerland reveals that they are highly institutionalized in comparison to France. Moreover, it is demonstrated that different political opportunity structures generate international differences among highly institutionalized environmental movements. 10 Tables, 56 References. Adapted from the source document.

The politicization of Belgian political parties since WWII has resulted in what is termed a "particracy," ie, a parliamentary democracy wherein party structures dominate the political decision-making process. The gradual institutionalization of party patronage within the parliament, ministerial cabinets, public administration, the judiciary, & mass media is discussed, examining mechanisms of recruitment & policy articulation. The process of within-party candidate selection is also considered, focusing on the shift away from rank-&-file participation toward central decisions by local & national party leaders, with a concomitant restructuring of "party discipline." Historical bases of the current patronage system are briefly considered, noting the prewar politicization of magisterial posts & the shift from reliance on party newspapers to party control of broadcast media administrators. Modified HA.

Women and ethnic minorities are underrepresented in national parliaments around the world. Interestingly, in the Netherlands ethnic minority women are better represented than ethnic minority men and ethnic majority women. The Netherlands did not adopt gender quotas, but some parties implemented target numbers. Drawing on document analysis and interviews, this article explores whether parties that encourage women's representation are also likely to increase the number of ethnic minority representatives. It finds that party-specific factors such as a left or social democratic ideology, the institutionalization of gender and/or ethnicity within the party and the party's vision on group representation are intertwined. Parties that actively encourage women's representation are more inclined to openly acknowledge the importance of ethnic diversity. This especially favours ethnic minority women, who benefit from the strong embedding of gender. In the end gender determines the success of the ethnic card in political representation. Adapted from the source document.

All major postwar political conflicts that made up the face of Belgian politics were accompanied by massive protests & intensive demonstration waves. Analysis of newspaper coverage & of gendarmerie (police) archives confirms this for the 1990s. The 1990-1997 period is marked by an increasing number of demonstrations & demonstrators. The disappearance of the ideological & cultural-linguistical actions was, on the one hand, made up for by the further rising of other issues (environmental, antiracist, judicial, etc), &, on the other, by the near institutionalization of very classic issues like education or employment, which both secured their place on the street. There is no ground to call the 1990s dull; on the contrary, the number of demonstrations grew steadily &, especially in Flanders, R. Inglehart's (1977) perspective of the Silent Revolution of postmaterialist values took to the streets. The wider acceptance of demonstrations as a means of action, growing political alienation, & greater openness of the political system are presented as plausible explanations. 6 Tables, 3 Figures. Adapted from the source document.