The article is devoted to the study of the reasons and prerequisites for the emergence of state credit institutions in Russia. The author analyzes a vast time period from the beginning of the emergence of the Russian state as a state entity to the creation of the State Bank of the Russian Empire. The article shows the specifics of the development of credit institutions in Russia. The author notes that the emergence of credit institutions was caused by a number of objective socio-economic and political reasons associated with the development of the Russian state and the Russian economy. The prerequisites for the creation of state credit institutions are highlighted in detail. This article is of interest both for specialists and for everyone interested in the development of the Russian banking system and the lending system.
Well-being of countries depend on several factors. According to new institutional economics one of the main factors of national well-being is the level of institutional development. Drawing on econometric analysis, we prove this hypothesis and show that such indicators as constitutional culture, behavioral prerequisites and perception of institutions are indispensable for the well-being of a country. The paper presents various approaches to "measuring" these indicators and issues related to this.
The article highlights establishment and development of institution of appeal and review of judgments that are not coming into legal effect in Russia from the period of the Russkaia Pravda up to nowadays. The development of this institution is followed in perspective of the influence of western legislation basically France and Germany on establishment and development of appeal and cassations in Russia. Special attention is paid to the settlement of a problem in the Statute of criminal procedure of 1864. The continuity of post-Soviet legislation and legislative act as well as the influence of the Soviet legislation regulating cassation process on modern legislation and judicial practice of appeal process is traced in modern Russia. ; Статья посвящена вопросам становления и развития института обжалования и пересмотра судебных решений, не вступивших в законную силу, в России – со времен Русской Правды до наших дней. Развитие этого института прослежено под углом зрения влияния западного законодательства, в основном Франции и Германии, на становление и развитие апелляции и кассации в России. Особое внимание уделено регулированию этого вопроса в Уставе уголовного судопроизводства 1864 года. Прослежены преемственность постсоветского законодательства с этим законодательным актом, а также влияние советского законодательства, регулирующего кассационное производство, на современное законодательство и судебную практику апелляционного производства в современной России.
The constitutional reforms in Russia are amongst the most significant news for Russia's partners in international relations. The configuration of international law and Russian domestic legal order falls within the scope of the constitutional changes of 2020, and there is no chance that this change will be abandoned by the legislator. This particular amendment was not actively commented on during the nationwide discussion on the constitutional reform; it drew mostly experts' attention. The article alleges that the constitutional amendment restricting the applicability of international case law in Russia is both a transient response to the instant political tension around Russia, and a formalization of the positivistic trend well established in domestic judicial practice. The positivistic trend is part of the process shaping Russia's own approach to international law. The prospective amendment concerning international case law in the Constitution of the Russian Federation will not hinder the rules expressly stated in the treaties of the EAEU. However, the resolutions of the EAEU's structures and institutions, including the case law of the Court of the EAEU, are likely to be scrutinized in a defensive way by Russian Constitutional court in situations extraordinary for the Russian State, ensuring their conformity with the unquestionable and unconditional supremacy of the Russian Constitution.
Currently, issues of military-Patriotic education are relevant in the Russian society. It is connected with the revival of the prestige of the profession of officer, the planned reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, increased requirements for mastering the military specialties. This contributes to the revival of the military-Patriotic games ; В настоящее время вопросы военно-патриотического воспитания являются актуальными в российском обществе. Это связано с возрождением престижа профессии офицера, плановым реформированием Вооруженных Сил РФ, возросшими требованиями по овладению воинскими специальностями. Этому способствует возрождение военно-патриотических игр
Abstract: Throughout the last two decades the scale of interparliamentary cooperation has grown substantially and such cooperation becomes increasingly institutionalised. The current article studies existing approaches to the structuration of the widening field of interparlaimentary organisations and international parliamentary assemblies and proposes its own complex classification. ; Аннотация: На протяжении последних десятилетий наблюдается стремительное увеличение масштабов межпарламентского сотрудничества и его растущая институционализация. В настоящей статье рассмотрены существующие подходы к структурированию расширяющейся сферы межпарламентских организаций и парламентских ассамблей и формулируется собственная комплексная классификация.
The diffusion of political and social corporatism, which with the single-party are hallmarks of the institutional transfers among European dictatorships, challenges some rigid dichotomous interpretations of interwar fascism. This chapter rethinks the role of corporatism as a political device against liberal democracy and especially as a set of authoritarian institutions that spread across inter-war Europe and which was an agent for the hybridization of the institutions of fascist-era dictatorships. We argue that corporatism was at the forefront of this process of cross-national diffusion, both as a new form of organized interest representation and as an authoritarian alternative to liberal democracy.
В данной статье рассмотрено понятие социально-педагогическое взаимодействие. Выявлено, что качество образования в значительной степени определяется тем, насколько эффективно образовательное учреждение (школа) взаимодействует со средой, использует потенциал социума. Изучены субъекты социально-педагогического взаимодействия школы: педагоги и сотрудники образовательного учреждения, в функции которых прямо или косвенно входит социально-педагогическая работа; учащиеся; члены семей и ближайшего окружения учащихся; представители иных государственных и общественных учреждений и структур. ; In this, article the concept of socio-pedagogical interaction. Revealed that the quality of education is largely determined by how effectively the educational institution (school) interacts with the environment, the potential uses of society. Studied the subjects of social and pedagogical interaction schools: teachers and education personnel, whose functions are directly or indirectly included socio-pedagogical work; students; Family members and entourage of students; representatives of other government and public institutions and structures.
Статья посвящена институту конфискации в российском уголовном праве. Анализируется дискуссия о сущности, значении и видах конфискации. Особое внимание обращается на проблему возвращения конфискации в разряд уголовных наказаний, подчеркивается эффективность конфискации в борьбе с различного рода преступными посягательствами. Рассматриваются законотворческие инициативы по поводу совершенствования института конфискации в рамках уголовного права России. Автор подробно разбирает следующие проекты: о введении конфискации за преступления наркотической направленности, о придании конфискации имущества статуса уголовного наказания, о применении конфискации за коррупционные преступления. В работе отстаивается тезис о том, что конфискация имущества как средство уголовно-правового противодействия преступности должна совершенствоваться с опорой на международный правовой опыт. В большинстве государств мира конфискация действует как уголовное наказание и показывает свою эффективность в превенции и восстановлении социальной справедливости. Автором анализируются цели конфискации и приводится классификация видов конфискации с точки зрения ее функций.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2016)3-14 ; The article is devoted to the institution of confiscation in the Russian criminal law. The paper analyzes the debate about the nature, meaning and types of seizures. Particular attention is drawn to returning the confiscation to the category of criminal penalties. The emphasis is made on the effectiveness of the confiscation in the fight against various kinds of criminal assaults. The paper analyzes the legislative initiatives on improving the institution of confiscation within the Russian criminal law. The author examines in detail the following projects: introduction of confiscation for the crimes of drug focus: giving confiscation the status of criminal punishment; applying confiscation for corruption crimes. The paper defends the thesis that the confiscation of property as a means of criminal law combating crime should be improved with the support of the international legal experience. In most countries of the world confiscation acts as criminal penalty and shows its effectiveness in the prevention and restoration of social justice. The author analyzes the purpose of confiscation and gives the classification of confiscation considering their functions.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2016)3-14
Current processes in the field of public healthcare — optimizing public healthcare institutions, formation of the market of paid medical services, changes in the legislation and in the requirements for qualification of healthcare workers — require new approaches in management. Today is needed not only redistribution of the volumes of medical assistance between different organizations, but also a review of the healthcare infrastructure, which should meet the needs of the population and ensure the quality of medical assistance. Introduction of Professional standards this year and transition to accreditation of all doctors and nurses directly affect the requirements for qualifications of medical workers. All this requires development of targeted training system in higher education and internship, creating a nationwide database of vacancies in healthcare organizations. The formats of work themselves and the requirements for employees are changing. The main task is to eliminate the imbalance in the distribution of medical workers by levels and conditions of medical care. Based on these needs, a new labor behavior of medical workers is being formed, which depends on many factors and needs a high-quality and in-depth study, not only in theory, but also in practice. This article presents the results of studies of the factors affecting labor behavior in the gender aspect. Labor attitudes and values, attitude toward work, labor activity, and job satisfaction are analyzed. There are presented the tools for both quantitative and qualitative analysis of the raised issues and formation of personnel reserve. The purpose of the article is to identify the gender aspects of the labor behavior of doctors at healthcare institutions using the example of Moscow. On the basis of the conducted study were identified qualitative gender differences and developed tools that could be used in healthcare organizations for analysis of personnel's work, internal staff rotation, formation of personnel reserve.
This article analyzes the population's self-preservation behavior based on the example of residents of Russia's Central Federal District. It is shown that self-preservation is a critical component when it comes to defining a country's demographical configuration and social development forecast model. Self-preservation and its effects turn out to be a response to consequences of social policy and the overall dynamics of life quality indexes, while shaping generational varieties of chronotopes. Self-preservation trajectories and strategies evolve as a result of socialization assisted by primary social institutions. This article presents the results of studying the population's self-preservation behavior models and the institutional factors which affect their development, while emphasizing the role of social institutions in shaping the people's attitudes in regards to their own health. The influence of primary social institutions such as family and marriage, economic and political institutions, external socialization and the healthcare system on a person's self-preservation attitudes is subject to analysis. Institutional influence is evaluated from a health condition and total life expectancy standpoint, while examining the effect institutions have on establishing self-preservation habitus and strategies, the significance of institutional barriers and the stressful impact that institutions have on the population. The empirical models used were based on studies conducted by the International Sociological Research Center at the Belgorod State National Research University in the Central Federal District in 2019. The results of those studies allowed for defining the role of social institutions within each index of the "importance model". It was found that institutional impact plays a minimal role in terms of the people's health status and solutions for modifying their attitudes towards the matter, while total life expectancy is determined primarily by economic institutions. Self-preservation behavior habitus is shaped through the institution of family and marriage. The study revealed a negative influence on self-preservation behavior through the institutional barriers of external socialization institutions. The healthcare system bore the greatest stress potential. The study can be concluded by saying that the population of the Central Federal District is prepared to assume personal responsibility for their health, and by pointing out a lack of any substantial dependence on institutions: when it comes to the people's evaluation of their own self-preservation strategies, the role of an individual not bound by institutions, together with the institution of family and marriage, dominates in terms of the intrinsic impact of the roles of all social subjects.
The article contains an important institution of the sovereignty of people — the institutions of local government. The institutions passed their way of development and authors emphasis on the important role of the local government institutions in the subsequent development of the Kyrgyz society. The optimization processes of granting state and municipal services in the Kyrgyz Republic are offered.
