The article analyzes the pension reform implemented in Russia in 2013–2014, provides the modeling of possible pensions, determines the efficiency boundaries for the use of insurance and savings-insurance schemes offered by the Pension Fund of Russia. The author examines the activities and effectiveness in managing pension savings and reserves from non-state pension funds, especially the system of voluntary savings insurance. The study identifies the challenges faced by these financial institutions, which constrain the development of the Russian pension system. Drawing on logical and econometric analysis the author identifies the competitive opportunity for banks to participate in the Pension Benefits Act, calculates the proposals' efficiency for future retirees and the banking system as a whole, determines the contribution of the proposed solutions to enhanced competition and more competitive banking environment.
In this article, the authors review and analyze the features of functioning and development of a new financial market segment - the cryptocurrency market or electronic cash (specific digital assets). At present, the cryptocurrency segment (and digital financial assets at large) cannot be recognized as a formal institution, since there is no legal framework in this area, and informal interaction regarding the creation and circulation of cryptocurrencies is not an established social and financial-economic phenomenon. The analytic comparison using discount methods allows to a certain extent to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of e-cash issuance from the viewpoint of physical persons. The authors identify the main directions in institutionalizing the cryptocurrency segment of the financial sector of the national economy and substantiate the need for legal recognition of cryptocurrencies in the status of digital goods, which in turn involves the need to improve the Russian Federation legal framework.
In the article, the authors show that the main institutions of scientific efficiency are the institutions that publish scientific articles in Russian and international journals as well as monographs, scientific conference abstracts, pre-prints, reviews, reports, and also the institutions that register patents. The purpose of the research is the development of the indicator for the evaluation of the dysfunction of the institutions of scientific efficiency depending on different types of transaction coasts; and verification of the authors' indicator of scientific efficiency by the empirical study of the scientific organizations' activities. In the research, we applied the methods of the system, logical and economic analysis. The empirical information was processed using the methods of statistical analysis and correlation analysis. On the basis of different scientific efficiency of the central and regional institutions confirmed by Scopus data, the authors have proved that the scientific efficiency of regional scientific institutions and central ones need to be analysed separately. We have determined the dysfunctions of these institutions depending on different types of transaction coasts. We have developed the indicator for the assessment of the dysfunction of scientific efficiency institutions depending on different types of transaction coasts. The authors have introduced the indicator of scientific efficiency equal to the ratio of the dynamics of the increment of scientific results to the dynamics of the increase of transaction coasts. Depending on a type of the analyzed transaction coasts, the indicator of scientific efficiency illustrates the efficiency of various economic institutions. On the basis of the analysis of the research findings of the middle Urals' scientific organizations, we have arrived at the conclusion that the institutions that publish articles in the Russian and foreign scientific journals are efficient. We defined the dysfunctions of the institutions that publish articles in the Russian and foreign scientific journals depending on different types of transaction coasts. The authors conclude that it is efficient to increase certain types of transaction coasts. The received results can be applied by regional scientific institutions to increase the efficiency of their scientific activity. ; Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 14–18–00574, 14–18–00574, 14–18–00574, 14–18–00574 ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR: 16–36–00097 ; Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 14–18–00574, 14–18–00574, 14–18–00574, 14–18–00574 ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR: 16–36–00369, 17–06– 00537, 15–06–090994 ; Russian Humanitarian Foundation, RHF: 16–12–34015 ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR: 16–32–01081 ; Government Council on Grants, Russian Federation ; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Minobrnauka: RFMEFI57216X0004 ; Council on grants of the President of the Russian Federation: MK-2752.2015.4 ; The research has been supported by the Grant of the Russian Science Foundation (the Project № 14–18–00574 "The information-analytical system "Anticrisis:" diagnostics of the regions, threat assessment and scenario forecasting for the preservation and strengthening of economic security and well-being of Russia). ; The article has been prepared with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research № 16–36–00097 «Economic and mathematical modelling of the regional metallurgical complex repositioning process in the conditions of new industrialization of the economy». ; The research has been supported by the Grant of Russian Science Foundation (Project № 14–18–00574 "Information and analytical "Anticrisis" system: diagnostics of regions, threat assessments and scenario forecasting for the purpose to preserve and strengthen the economic security and improve the well-being of Russia"). ; The article has been supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research № 15–06–090994, 16–36–00369, 17–06– 00537. ; The article has been supported by the Russian Foundation for Humanities (Project № 16–12–34015). ; The article has been prepared with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Project № 16–32–01081. ; The article has been supported by the Government of the Russian Federation (Resolution No. 211 of 16 March, 2013), Agreement No. 02.A03.21.0011. ; The article has been supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation within the project «Development of a set of measures and mechanisms for the increase in the efficiency of the international cooperation in new production technologies» (the unique identifier of the project RFMEFI57216X0004). ; The authors of the articles thank for the support the Council for Grants of the President of the Russian Federation for the state support of the young Russian PhD scientists (Grant No MK-2752.2015.4).
The article reviews the norms regulating the institution of eicient contract, which has been embedded in the research environment of Russia. The main focus is on the two strategic documents approved by the RF Government – the roadmaps which contribute to an increase in wages of scientiic workers on the basis of eicient contract. The author reveals the content and the mission of the eicient contract tool and demonstrates its consistency with the national labour legislation. It is shown that the institution of efective contract is developing spontaneously and its main elements lack regulation. Research organizations are authorized to structure and design their own forms of eicient contract. The paper considers the most interesting and viable model forms of eicient contract introduced in the most advanced universities of Russia and the results of introduction of the new labor relations. More speciically, it examines the experience of Far Eastern Federal University, The Ural Federal University named after the irst President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Higher School of Economics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lomonosov Moscow State University, St. Petersburg University, Volgograd State University and the National Research Center ''Kurchatov Institute''. The author presents the concept of a normative document, which can regulate controversial matters of eicient contract, which has not been legislated. Among the issues to be regulated there are proportions between base wages and performance-based incentives as well as methods of back and worth shifting of workload between academic and research activities.
The article presents historical and modern aspects of the theory of entrepreneurship, the role of entrepreneurship in the socio-economic life of the country. The paper considers the reasons: why the state should create conditions for the development of small and medium-sized businesses. The study gives criteria for defining small and medium-sized businesses in Russia and in the European Union. The author studies and presents the main indicators that characterize the degree of development of small and medium-sized businesses in terms of their involvement in the economy. The article gives the classification of the main measures to support small and medium-sized businesses in countries with a developed business sector. The paper considers the main measures of state support for entrepreneurship in Russia and assesses their effectiveness. ; В статье представлены исторические и современные аспекты теории предпринимательства, роль предпринимательства в социально-экономической жизни страны. Рассмотрены причины, почему государство должно создавать условия для развития малого и среднего бизнеса. Даны критерии определения малого и среднего бизнеса в России и странах Европейского союза. Изучены и представлены основные показатели, характеризующие степень развития малого и среднего предпринимательства по включенности в экономику. Приведена классификация основных мер поддержки малого и среднего бизнеса в странах с развитым предпринимательским сектором. Рассмотрены основные меры государственной поддержки предпринимательства в России и проведена оценка их результативности.
Приоритетным направлением развития образования является обновление его содержания и методов обучения с целью достижения новых высоких результатов [1]. В статье освещена актуальная на сегодняшний день и имеющая неоднозначное мнение среди психологов, педагогов и родителей проблема цифровизации дошкольного образования, представлен анализ возникающих проблем, с которыми сталкиваются дошкольные образовательные учреждения в связи с организацией цифровой доступности. Цифровизация учебно-воспитательного процесса в дошкольном учреждении рассматривается с точки зрения ее доступности и адаптируемости с учетоминклюзивности образовательной среды. Цифровая доступность предполагает тесную связь многих ее составляющих компонентов (цифровая социализация лиц с ОВЗ, цифровая инфраструктура образования, цифровая организация учебной работы, цифровая доступность инклюзивного образования, цифровые инструменты, сервисы, учебно-методические материалы для детей с ОВЗ), где доступность и адаптируемость играют важную роль в условиях детского сада, создающего особую инклюзивную образовательную среду. В статье раскрыта сущность понятий «доступность цифрового ресурса» и «адаптируемость цифрового ресурса». Анализ отечественных и зарубежных исследований позволил сформулировать определения данных понятий. На основе результатов теоретического анализа и практического мониторинга формулируются рекомендации по обеспечению доступности цифрового материала для разных групп пользователей: для детей, развивающихся в норме, и для детей с особыми образовательными потребностями. Цифровые платформы и ресурсы должны соответствовать основным принципам: воспринимаемости, удобства, понятности и надежности. В статье рекомендации по обеспечению доступности сгруппированы по четырем разделам: текстовому контенту; изображениям, видео и другим мультимедийным ресурсам; навигации; таблицам и формам. Результаты теоретического исследования и наблюдения на практике за учебно-воспитательным процессом с применением цифровых ресурсов позволяют прийти к выводу о том, что цифровая доступность включает в себя множество возможностей для обучения и воспитания детей с особыми образовательными потребностями. The priority direction of the development of education is to update its content and teaching methods in order to achieve new high results [1]. The article highlights the problem of digitalization of preschool education, which is relevant today and about which psychologists, teachers and parents have rather a controversial opinion. The paper presents an analysis of the emerging problems which preschool educational institutions face in connection with the organization of digital accessibility. Digitalization of the educational process in a preschool institution is considered from the point of view of its accessibility and adaptability, taking into account the inclusiveness of the educational environment. Digital accessibility implies a close connection of many of its components (digital socialization of persons with disabilities, digital education infrastructure, digital organization of educational work, digital accessibility of inclusive education, digital tools, services, teaching materials for children with disabilities), where accessibility and adaptability play an important role in a kindergarten that creates a special inclusive educational environment. The main purpose of this article is to reveal the essence of the concepts of accessibility of a digital resource and adaptability of a digital resource. The analysis of Russian and foreign studies allowed us to formulate definitions of these concepts. Based on the results of theoretical analysis and practical monitoring, recommendations are formulated to ensure the availability of digital material for different groups of users: for children developing normally and for children with special educational needs. Digital platforms and resources must comply with the basic principles: perceptibility, convenience, comprehensibility, and reliability. In the article, accessibility recommendations are grouped into four sections: textual content; images, videos, and other multimedia resources; navigation; tables and forms. The results of theoretical study and practical observation of the educational process with the use of digital resources allow us to conclude that digital accessibility includes many opportunities for teaching and educating children with special educational needs.
The article is devoted to the consideration of the value orientations of modern youth, which are formed against the background of socio-cultural transformation of society. It is noted that in modern society, there is also a change in family values, which are rendered by the parent family and institutions of secondary socialization. Social institutions should play an important role in the development and maintenance of family attitudes among young people.
The transformation of the institutions of marriage, family and parenthood in recent decades in the context of rapid social, economic, cultural and technological innovations worldwide encourages theorists to look for explanations of the nature and direction of the processes that are taking place. American sociologists of the family Stan Knapp and Greg Wurm present a rather promising systematization of the theoretical approaches to changes in the institution of the family. The criteria of approaches according to the authors' typology: relationality – vertical / horizontal, and dimensionality – single / multidimensional. This article's purpose is to reflect on this typology so that Russian researchers go beyond theorizing in the framework of "opposing paradigms of crisis – modernization of the institution of family" disputes, which are more ideological than scientific. The institutional approach is widely represented in the works of classics of foreign and Russian sociology of the family. The classic institutional approach is expanded upon by the works of representatives of the new institutional approach. In the approach of deinstitutionalization, the main emphasis is placed on increasing individual needs, with "family" being a "pure relationship". The diversification approach, which was mentioned among others by the author of this very article in the mid-1990's, seems to be the most constructive from an empirical point of view. The article shows the diversification of the family institution, the spread of new family structures in many countries with references to empirical studies and statistical sources. Knapp and Wurm, the authors of the presented typology, consider the approach of institutional logic in relation to the family to be promising. The main problems of its application are discussed in article. The application of the classical theory of family development, as it was formulated in the 20th century when normative family paths were dominant, is also problematized, together with the lack of Russian longitudinal studies and works that describe modern family life paths. What western sociologists agree on, and what the analysis of Russian studies confirms, are the differences in the models of organizing private life in different social groups, at least among educated and uneducated citizens. Analysis of trends in the prevalence of alternative forms of family life in different social groups allows us to assess the nature of changes in the institutions of marriage and family, either as evolutionary or transformational.
The article is devoted to the study of the reasons and prerequisites for the emergence of state credit institutions in Russia. The author analyzes a vast time period from the beginning of the emergence of the Russian state as a state entity to the creation of the State Bank of the Russian Empire. The article shows the specifics of the development of credit institutions in Russia. The author notes that the emergence of credit institutions was caused by a number of objective socio-economic and political reasons associated with the development of the Russian state and the Russian economy. The prerequisites for the creation of state credit institutions are highlighted in detail. This article is of interest both for specialists and for everyone interested in the development of the Russian banking system and the lending system.
Well-being of countries depend on several factors. According to new institutional economics one of the main factors of national well-being is the level of institutional development. Drawing on econometric analysis, we prove this hypothesis and show that such indicators as constitutional culture, behavioral prerequisites and perception of institutions are indispensable for the well-being of a country. The paper presents various approaches to "measuring" these indicators and issues related to this.
The article highlights establishment and development of institution of appeal and review of judgments that are not coming into legal effect in Russia from the period of the Russkaia Pravda up to nowadays. The development of this institution is followed in perspective of the influence of western legislation basically France and Germany on establishment and development of appeal and cassations in Russia. Special attention is paid to the settlement of a problem in the Statute of criminal procedure of 1864. The continuity of post-Soviet legislation and legislative act as well as the influence of the Soviet legislation regulating cassation process on modern legislation and judicial practice of appeal process is traced in modern Russia. ; Статья посвящена вопросам становления и развития института обжалования и пересмотра судебных решений, не вступивших в законную силу, в России – со времен Русской Правды до наших дней. Развитие этого института прослежено под углом зрения влияния западного законодательства, в основном Франции и Германии, на становление и развитие апелляции и кассации в России. Особое внимание уделено регулированию этого вопроса в Уставе уголовного судопроизводства 1864 года. Прослежены преемственность постсоветского законодательства с этим законодательным актом, а также влияние советского законодательства, регулирующего кассационное производство, на современное законодательство и судебную практику апелляционного производства в современной России.
