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What Are Institutions?
In: Voprosy ėkonomiki: ežemesjačnyj žurnal, Heft 8, S. 28-48
A primary aim of this paper is to establish some workable meanings of key terms of institutional theory including institution, convention and organization, by drawing on insights from several academic disciplines. Institutions are defined broadly as systems of established and prevalent social rules that structure social interactions. This, in turn, prompts some examination of the concept of a rule, and why rules are followed. The author discusses some general issues concerning how institutions function and how they interact with individual agents, their habits, and their beliefs. The paper also addresses the controversial distinction between institutions and organizations. D. North's influential formulations of these terms are criticized for being incomplete and misleading. The author examines this distinction and what may be meant by the term formal when applied to institutions or rules. Here an organization is treated as a type of institution involving membership and sovereignty. Further types of institution are also considered, including the difference between self-organizing and other institutions. The article identifies an excessive bias in the discussion of institutions toward those of the self-organizing type, showing theoretically that these are a special case. The author argues that institutions also differ with regard to their degree of sensitivity to changes in the personalities of the agents involved.
Basic International Institutions, Pseudo-Institutions, and the Institutions Called States
In: Cooperation and conflict: journal of the Nordic International Studies Association, Band 30, Heft 1, S. 83
ISSN: 0010-8367
Basic International Institutions, Pseudo-Institutions and the Institutions Called States
In: Cooperation and conflict: journal of the Nordic International Studies Association, Band 30, Heft 1, S. 83-95
ISSN: 1460-3691
III Governmental and Administrative Institutions Institutions Politiques Et Administratives: (a) Central institutions /Institutions centrales
In: International political science abstracts: IPSA, Band 57, Heft 6, S. 741-759
ISSN: 1751-9292
III Governmental and Administrative Institutions / Institutions Politiques et Administratives: (a) Central institutions / Institutions centrales
In: International political science abstracts: IPSA, Band 57, Heft 5, S. 611-629
ISSN: 1751-9292
III Governmental and Administrative Institutions/ Institutions Politiques et Administratives: (a) Central institutions / Institutions centrales
In: International political science abstracts: IPSA, Band 57, Heft 4, S. 479-502
ISSN: 1751-9292
Institutions matter: but which institutions? And how and why do they change?
In: Journal of institutional economics, Band 12, Heft 3, S. 721-742
ISSN: 1744-1382
AbstractBoth political and economic institutions matter for economic growth and development, and are indissolubly connected: sustained economic growth requires far-reaching opening up of the economy and polity to wide participation. This review essay draws on three books which share this view of institutions, to develop an argument on which institutions matter most, and how and why they change. Like them, it uses history as laboratory. Northet al.(2009) inViolence and Social Ordersfocus on Britain, France and the United States, in which change was generally progressive, to study such change from the medieval to the modern period. Jan van Zanden inThe Long Road to the Industrial Revolutionlooks at Europe, 1000–1800, in particular the Netherlands and England, finding regressive as well as progressive change. Acemoglu and Robinson also examine both directions of change, inWhy Nations Fail:they range widely in space, but little before the 16th century. All three offer powerful tools of analysis. All have implications for policy-makers in advanced societies who wish to promote the development of 'inclusive' institutions elsewhere. Two striking surprises emerge, and oneprime mover– an institution with particular power to change others – the medieval Catholic church.
What Is an Institution?
In: Voprosy ėkonomiki: ežemesjačnyj žurnal, Heft 8, S. 5-27
The author claims that an institution is any collectively accepted system of rules (procedures, practices) that enable us to create institutional facts. These rules typically have the form of X counts as Y in C, where an object, person, or state of affairs X is assigned a special status, the Y status, such that the new status enables the person or object to perform functions that it could not perform solely in virtue of its physical structure, but requires as a necessary condition the assignment of the status. The creation of an institutional fact is, thus, the collective assignment of a status function. The typical point of the creation of institutional facts by assigning status functions is to create deontic powers. So typically when we assign a status function Y to some object or person X we have created a situation in which we accept that a person S who stands in the appropriate relation to X is such that (S has power (S does A)). The whole analysis then gives us a systematic set of relationships between collective intentionality, the assignment of function, the assignment of status functions, constitutive rules, institutional facts, and deontic powers.
Institutions
In: International observer, Band 27, Heft 451, S. 3493
ISSN: 1061-0324