Suchergebnisse

Civil-military relations in Lithuania have serious deficiencies, which have appeared because of the simulation of a recommended Western model of civilian control. After regaining Independence, Lithuania had the difficult task of creating its armed forces and system of national defence following the Western model. At the same time we had to implement two political programs: to create functio-ning armed forces and a institutional-legal system of democratic civil-military control. However, this control is not only proper laws and functioning institutions. Equally, an important role must be given to intellectual reflection, which enables the posing of questions such as: what is war; how is the character of war changing; how does this affect Lithuanian defence policies and the perception of threats? Raising such questions inside the armed forces and in wider political and civil society is an essential condition for having effective and flexible civilian control over the military.

Civil-military relations in Lithuania have serious deficiencies, which have appeared because of the simulation of a recommended Western model of civilian control. After regaining Independence, Lithuania had the difficult task of creating its armed forces and system of national defence following the Western model. At the same time we had to implement two political programs: to create functio-ning armed forces and a institutional-legal system of democratic civil-military control. However, this control is not only proper laws and functioning institutions. Equally, an important role must be given to intellectual reflection, which enables the posing of questions such as: what is war; how is the character of war changing; how does this affect Lithuanian defence policies and the perception of threats? Raising such questions inside the armed forces and in wider political and civil society is an essential condition for having effective and flexible civilian control over the military.

Civil-military relations in Lithuania have serious deficiencies, which have appeared because of the simulation of a recommended Western model of civilian control. After regaining Independence, Lithuania had the difficult task of creating its armed forces and system of national defence following the Western model. At the same time we had to implement two political programs: to create functio-ning armed forces and a institutional-legal system of democratic civil-military control. However, this control is not only proper laws and functioning institutions. Equally, an important role must be given to intellectual reflection, which enables the posing of questions such as: what is war; how is the character of war changing; how does this affect Lithuanian defence policies and the perception of threats? Raising such questions inside the armed forces and in wider political and civil society is an essential condition for having effective and flexible civilian control over the military.

Civil-military relations in Lithuania have serious deficiencies, which have appeared because of the simulation of a recommended Western model of civilian control. After regaining Independence, Lithuania had the difficult task of creating its armed forces and system of national defence following the Western model. At the same time we had to implement two political programs: to create functio-ning armed forces and a institutional-legal system of democratic civil-military control. However, this control is not only proper laws and functioning institutions. Equally, an important role must be given to intellectual reflection, which enables the posing of questions such as: what is war; how is the character of war changing; how does this affect Lithuanian defence policies and the perception of threats? Raising such questions inside the armed forces and in wider political and civil society is an essential condition for having effective and flexible civilian control over the military.

Civil-military relations in Lithuania have serious deficiencies, which have appeared because of the simulation of a recommended Western model of civilian control. After regaining Independence, Lithuania had the difficult task of creating its armed forces and system of national defence following the Western model. At the same time we had to implement two political programs: to create functio-ning armed forces and a institutional-legal system of democratic civil-military control. However, this control is not only proper laws and functioning institutions. Equally, an important role must be given to intellectual reflection, which enables the posing of questions such as: what is war; how is the character of war changing; how does this affect Lithuanian defence policies and the perception of threats? Raising such questions inside the armed forces and in wider political and civil society is an essential condition for having effective and flexible civilian control over the military.

Civil-military relations in Lithuania have serious deficiencies, which have appeared because of the simulation of a recommended Western model of civilian control. After regaining Independence, Lithuania had the difficult task of creating its armed forces and system of national defence following the Western model. At the same time we had to implement two political programs: to create functio-ning armed forces and a institutional-legal system of democratic civil-military control. However, this control is not only proper laws and functioning institutions. Equally, an important role must be given to intellectual reflection, which enables the posing of questions such as: what is war; how is the character of war changing; how does this affect Lithuanian defence policies and the perception of threats? Raising such questions inside the armed forces and in wider political and civil society is an essential condition for having effective and flexible civilian control over the military.

Although intellectual property value can be very high, due to the inflexibility of the banking sector, financing based on the pledge of intellectual property rights is underdeveloped in almost all countries of the world due to understandable creditors need to avoid the risks. For this reason, the aim of this work is to identify and investigate the problems associated with the pledge of intellectual property rights and to examine the possibilities of pledging different intellectual property rights. First chapter analyses different objects of intellectual property rights (plant variates, copyright and related rights, designs, tradenames, trade secrets, patents and trademarks) that can be the object of a pledge. Issues that may arise in order to pledge these objects, as well as, national and international protection and their compatibility with property law are discussed. Also, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the General Court of the European Union and the Supreme Court of Lithuania related to intellectual property rights and pledge issues are discussed. Second chapter reviews the main methods of assessing the value of intellectual property rights used in practice, such as qualitative and quantitative valuations, their methods and how they could be applied in practice to pledge intellectual property rights. Third chapter, discusses the end of the pledge of intellectual property rights and the basics of realization of pledged intellectual property rights. Issues of applicable law related to international agreements on the pledge of intellectual property rights are also discussed.

Although intellectual property value can be very high, due to the inflexibility of the banking sector, financing based on the pledge of intellectual property rights is underdeveloped in almost all countries of the world due to understandable creditors need to avoid the risks. For this reason, the aim of this work is to identify and investigate the problems associated with the pledge of intellectual property rights and to examine the possibilities of pledging different intellectual property rights. First chapter analyses different objects of intellectual property rights (plant variates, copyright and related rights, designs, tradenames, trade secrets, patents and trademarks) that can be the object of a pledge. Issues that may arise in order to pledge these objects, as well as, national and international protection and their compatibility with property law are discussed. Also, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the General Court of the European Union and the Supreme Court of Lithuania related to intellectual property rights and pledge issues are discussed. Second chapter reviews the main methods of assessing the value of intellectual property rights used in practice, such as qualitative and quantitative valuations, their methods and how they could be applied in practice to pledge intellectual property rights. Third chapter, discusses the end of the pledge of intellectual property rights and the basics of realization of pledged intellectual property rights. Issues of applicable law related to international agreements on the pledge of intellectual property rights are also discussed.

Although intellectual property value can be very high, due to the inflexibility of the banking sector, financing based on the pledge of intellectual property rights is underdeveloped in almost all countries of the world due to understandable creditors need to avoid the risks. For this reason, the aim of this work is to identify and investigate the problems associated with the pledge of intellectual property rights and to examine the possibilities of pledging different intellectual property rights. First chapter analyses different objects of intellectual property rights (plant variates, copyright and related rights, designs, tradenames, trade secrets, patents and trademarks) that can be the object of a pledge. Issues that may arise in order to pledge these objects, as well as, national and international protection and their compatibility with property law are discussed. Also, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the General Court of the European Union and the Supreme Court of Lithuania related to intellectual property rights and pledge issues are discussed. Second chapter reviews the main methods of assessing the value of intellectual property rights used in practice, such as qualitative and quantitative valuations, their methods and how they could be applied in practice to pledge intellectual property rights. Third chapter, discusses the end of the pledge of intellectual property rights and the basics of realization of pledged intellectual property rights. Issues of applicable law related to international agreements on the pledge of intellectual property rights are also discussed.

Although intellectual property value can be very high, due to the inflexibility of the banking sector, financing based on the pledge of intellectual property rights is underdeveloped in almost all countries of the world due to understandable creditors need to avoid the risks. For this reason, the aim of this work is to identify and investigate the problems associated with the pledge of intellectual property rights and to examine the possibilities of pledging different intellectual property rights. First chapter analyses different objects of intellectual property rights (plant variates, copyright and related rights, designs, tradenames, trade secrets, patents and trademarks) that can be the object of a pledge. Issues that may arise in order to pledge these objects, as well as, national and international protection and their compatibility with property law are discussed. Also, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the General Court of the European Union and the Supreme Court of Lithuania related to intellectual property rights and pledge issues are discussed. Second chapter reviews the main methods of assessing the value of intellectual property rights used in practice, such as qualitative and quantitative valuations, their methods and how they could be applied in practice to pledge intellectual property rights. Third chapter, discusses the end of the pledge of intellectual property rights and the basics of realization of pledged intellectual property rights. Issues of applicable law related to international agreements on the pledge of intellectual property rights are also discussed.

In order the subjects of intellectual property could participate actively in the international trade, and seeking to avoid unfair competence, their rights must be protected. To this purpose international organizations have been established and a number of international conventions have been signed. Customs plays a very important role while protecting the property that participates in the international trade. The topic of the final master's thesis is "Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Rights". The problem raised in the thesis is the increment in number of violation of intellectual property right. It should be noted that in the presence of depressed economic situation the violators of intellectual property rights started falsifying not only luxury goods. Falsified goods, which enter the market, may make harm to the consumers. However, in the presence of depressed economic situation and when national authorities receive lower financing than usually, there may arise a problem of intellectual property rights protection. The thesis has raised hypothesis: While the activity effectiveness of Lithuanian customs is increasing, having protection the rights of intellectual ownership and strengthening the high against falsification and piracy, the expected economic effect is not achieved. The aim of the thesis is to reveal how effectively and economically the Customs of the Republic of Lithuania protects intellectual property rights. The objectives of the thesis are as follows: to describe the importance of intellectual property in the international trade, to mark the main international organizations and national institutions which are of highest importance while protecting intellectual property rights; to specify the role of trademarks in the international trade; to carry out the analysis of customs protection of intellectual property rights in Lithuania; to analyze the perspectives of customs protection of intellectual property rights. Master's thesis consists of four parts, which are as follows: Intellectual Property in the International Trade; International and National Legislations Regulating the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights; Analysis of Statistical Data relating to Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in Lithuania; Future perspectives of Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Rights.

In order the subjects of intellectual property could participate actively in the international trade, and seeking to avoid unfair competence, their rights must be protected. To this purpose international organizations have been established and a number of international conventions have been signed. Customs plays a very important role while protecting the property that participates in the international trade. The topic of the final master's thesis is "Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Rights". The problem raised in the thesis is the increment in number of violation of intellectual property right. It should be noted that in the presence of depressed economic situation the violators of intellectual property rights started falsifying not only luxury goods. Falsified goods, which enter the market, may make harm to the consumers. However, in the presence of depressed economic situation and when national authorities receive lower financing than usually, there may arise a problem of intellectual property rights protection. The thesis has raised hypothesis: While the activity effectiveness of Lithuanian customs is increasing, having protection the rights of intellectual ownership and strengthening the high against falsification and piracy, the expected economic effect is not achieved. The aim of the thesis is to reveal how effectively and economically the Customs of the Republic of Lithuania protects intellectual property rights. The objectives of the thesis are as follows: to describe the importance of intellectual property in the international trade, to mark the main international organizations and national institutions which are of highest importance while protecting intellectual property rights; to specify the role of trademarks in the international trade; to carry out the analysis of customs protection of intellectual property rights in Lithuania; to analyze the perspectives of customs protection of intellectual property rights. Master's thesis consists of four parts, which are as follows: Intellectual Property in the International Trade; International and National Legislations Regulating the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights; Analysis of Statistical Data relating to Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in Lithuania; Future perspectives of Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Rights.

High value of intellectual capital is believed to be source of innovation-based competitive advantage, which is main factor of business and whole economy growth. However, the link between national intellectual capital and economic growth remains the object of scientific discussions. The purpose of this dissertation is upon examination of the theoretical approaches to the national intellectual capital and designing the intellectual capital measurement model, to determine the intellectual capital value in the European Union countries, and its impact on economic growth. The dissertation fleshed out national intellectual capital concept and structural model, as well as summarized studies of national intellectual capital influence on economic growth. The national intellectual capital measurement model was proposed based on postulates of national intellectual capital theoretical model and analysis of its measurement models. An empiric study evaluated national intellectual capital of the EU countries during the period of 2002-2012 and its influence on economic growth. The influence of national intellectual capital on economic growth is analysed in clusters of counties based on their economic development, long-term and short-term influence is analysed, national intellectual capital and its components' influence are separately evaluated.

High value of intellectual capital is believed to be source of innovation-based competitive advantage, which is main factor of business and whole economy growth. However, the link between national intellectual capital and economic growth remains the object of scientific discussions. The purpose of this dissertation is upon examination of the theoretical approaches to the national intellectual capital and designing the intellectual capital measurement model, to determine the intellectual capital value in the European Union countries, and its impact on economic growth. The dissertation fleshed out national intellectual capital concept and structural model, as well as summarized studies of national intellectual capital influence on economic growth. The national intellectual capital measurement model was proposed based on postulates of national intellectual capital theoretical model and analysis of its measurement models. An empiric study evaluated national intellectual capital of the EU countries during the period of 2002-2012 and its influence on economic growth. The influence of national intellectual capital on economic growth is analysed in clusters of counties based on their economic development, long-term and short-term influence is analysed, national intellectual capital and its components' influence are separately evaluated.

The article discusses the intellectual environments that took shape in the Lithuanian emigration and the presuppositions and methodological approaches that their investigation requires. Primary attention is paid to Birutė Ciplijauskaitė, a Lithuanian émigré scholar specializing in Spanish culture. Her academic and scholarly environments were closely related to the Spanish diaspora spawned by the civil war in Spain. There are several dimensions of interaction in play here: the largest field of influence by the Lithuanian and Spanish diaspora is common to both – the American academic circles; common issues regarding the formation of an identity in exile by the Lithuanian and Spanish diasporas; the emergence of a tendency to split between separatists versus groups (who did what in this framework, and how did this enrich the common creative and scholarly context; the essentialism (looking for the essence) characteristic of both Lithuanians and Spaniards, the inner conflict with the politics of dehumanization carried out by the United States of America and the attitudes of the Lithuanian and Spasnish diasporas toward this politics; the directions of intellectual activity formed in the Lithuanian and Spanish diaspora, one of these being translation as a way of participating in the culture of one's native land even in physical absence from it. This paper concentrates on aspects occurring within the first two dimensions. After a brief survey of academic environments in the United States after World War Two and Lithuanian and Spanish émigré interactions in these environments, detailed attention is directed to the émigré contexts of Ciplijauskaitė's contributions to Spanish and Lithuanian studies.