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European countries are affected by various levels of seismic hazard, including many areas with medium to high seismicity. Heavy damage over large areas has been observed in past earthquakes in these countries, particularly in masonry buildings located in historical centers, confirming the need for enhancing the current knowledge on the seismic vulnerability of these constructions, so more informed technical and political decisions towards the mitigation of the risk can be taken. However, the characterization of building stocks for engineering purposes is still an open issue due to the enormous amount of resources that such a project would require. Nevertheless, the availability of virtual images and maps represents an outstanding opportunity for having remote approaches to urban environments. The role of on-site inspections can be complemented or even substituted by means of these remote approaches, provided it is complemented with suitable approaches. The use of these resources is not new, but the critical assessment of their capabilities and limitations deserves a critical discussion. The present paper aims at assessing the opportunities offered by web-based mapping platforms in the context of seismic vulnerability assessment of masonry buildings in old urban areas. After evaluating the advantages and shortcomings of some of the most popular web-based mapping services, an explanatory application to a set of 39 buildings located in the historic center of the city of Leiria (Portugal) is presented and critically discussed, contrasting the results obtained by using on-site and remote inspections. Two different seismic vulnerability assessment approaches are applied and analyzed herein, confirming that web-based mapping platforms can represent an efficient and cost-effective complement to traditional field surveys when the large-scale seismic vulnerability of old urban areas is of interest.

Intro -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- 1: Leadership and Policy Implementation for Good Governance in Africa -- Introduction -- Leadership in Africa -- Leadership and Accountable Governance in Africa -- The Issue of Policy Implementation -- Structure of the Book -- References -- 2: Challenges to Building Ethics in Public Service in Africa -- Introduction -- Research Methodology -- Systematic Literature Review -- Ethics in the Public Service in Africa -- Challenges to Building Ethics in the Public Service in Africa -- How Then Can Public Service Ethics Be Built in Africa? -- Discussion of Findings from Interview -- Conclusion -- Recommendation -- References -- Online Sources -- 3: Corporate Governance in Zimbabwe's Local Authorities: A Void in the Devolution Path -- Introduction -- Corporate Governance and Devolution Defined and Contextualised -- Setting the Scene: The Performance of Zimbabwe's Local Governments -- Power Politics and Excessive Central Government Supervision -- Multiple Accountability Lines -- The Capacity, Capability and Calibre of Councillors -- Recommendations -- Conclusion -- References -- 4: The Role of Ethical Orientation in Promoting Project Performance in African Universities -- Introduction -- Theoretical Viewpoints -- Ethical Orientation -- Deontology -- Teleology -- Project Performance -- The Relationship between Ethical Orientation and Project Performance -- Methodology -- Research Design -- The Study Population and Sample Size -- Data Collection Instrument -- Findings and Discussion -- The Relationship between Ethical Orientation and Project Performance -- Conclusion -- Recommendations -- Limitations to the Study -- References -- 5: Managing Tanzania Public Service Integrity in the Digital Era Within a Governance Framework: Opportunities, Challenges and Future Needs -- Introduction.

Nowadays, multiple phenomena have promoted an impact on society, constituting in some cases, not only a contribution of benefits but also of risks. Among them, the fake news phenomenon is considered one of the most burning phenomena today due to the risk it poses to society. In view of this situation, the research community has carried out numerous studies that seek to address this issue from a multidisciplinary perspective. Based on this, the objective of this work was to analyze the productivity and, therefore, the impact of this topic in the research community. To this end, this work advocated a scientometric-type methodology, through scientometric laws, impact indicators, and scientific evolution of 640 publications of the web of science (WOS). The results showed the impact of the fake news discipline today, which is considered an emerging issue that is of interest to many knowledge disciplines around the world. Likewise, the results showed that the publications not only have a focus on analyzing the veracity or not of the news, but that it begins to vertebrate a new line of an investigation directed to the informational education and towards the prevention of the consumption of this type of news through the internet. ; Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport of the Government of Spain (Project reference: FPU17/05952)

International audience ; Because of the importance of rice for the global food security and because of the role of inundated paddy fields in greenhouse gases emissions, monitoring the rice production world-wide has become a challenging issue for the coming years. Local rice mapping methods have been developed previously in many studies by using the temporal change of the backscatter from C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) co-polarized data. The studies indicated in particular the need of a high observation frequency. In the past, the operational use of these methods has been limited by the small coverage and the poor acquisition frequency of the available data (ERS-1/2, Radarsat-1). In this paper, the method is adapted for the first time to map rice at large scale, by using wide-swath images of the Advanced SAR (ASAR) instrument onboard ENVISAT. To increase the observation frequency, data from different satellite tracks are combined. The detection of rice fields is achieved by exploiting the high backscatter increase at the beginning of the growing cycle, which allows the production of rice maps early in the season (in the first 50 days). The method is tested in the Mekong delta in Vietnam. The mapping results are compared to existing rice maps in the An Giang province, with a good agreement (higher than 81%). The rice planted areas are retrieved from the maps and successfully validated with the official statistics available at each province (R2=0.92). These results show that the method is useful for large scale early mapping of rice areas, using current and future C band wide-swath SAR data.

International audience ; Because of the importance of rice for the global food security and because of the role of inundated paddy fields in greenhouse gases emissions, monitoring the rice production world-wide has become a challenging issue for the coming years. Local rice mapping methods have been developed previously in many studies by using the temporal change of the backscatter from C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) co-polarized data. The studies indicated in particular the need of a high observation frequency. In the past, the operational use of these methods has been limited by the small coverage and the poor acquisition frequency of the available data (ERS-1/2, Radarsat-1). In this paper, the method is adapted for the first time to map rice at large scale, by using wide-swath images of the Advanced SAR (ASAR) instrument onboard ENVISAT. To increase the observation frequency, data from different satellite tracks are combined. The detection of rice fields is achieved by exploiting the high backscatter increase at the beginning of the growing cycle, which allows the production of rice maps early in the season (in the first 50 days). The method is tested in the Mekong delta in Vietnam. The mapping results are compared to existing rice maps in the An Giang province, with a good agreement (higher than 81%). The rice planted areas are retrieved from the maps and successfully validated with the official statistics available at each province (R2=0.92). These results show that the method is useful for large scale early mapping of rice areas, using current and future C band wide-swath SAR data.

International audience ; Because of the importance of rice for the global food security and because of the role of inundated paddy fields in greenhouse gases emissions, monitoring the rice production world-wide has become a challenging issue for the coming years. Local rice mapping methods have been developed previously in many studies by using the temporal change of the backscatter from C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) co-polarized data. The studies indicated in particular the need of a high observation frequency. In the past, the operational use of these methods has been limited by the small coverage and the poor acquisition frequency of the available data (ERS-1/2, Radarsat-1). In this paper, the method is adapted for the first time to map rice at large scale, by using wide-swath images of the Advanced SAR (ASAR) instrument onboard ENVISAT. To increase the observation frequency, data from different satellite tracks are combined. The detection of rice fields is achieved by exploiting the high backscatter increase at the beginning of the growing cycle, which allows the production of rice maps early in the season (in the first 50 days). The method is tested in the Mekong delta in Vietnam. The mapping results are compared to existing rice maps in the An Giang province, with a good agreement (higher than 81%). The rice planted areas are retrieved from the maps and successfully validated with the official statistics available at each province (R2=0.92). These results show that the method is useful for large scale early mapping of rice areas, using current and future C band wide-swath SAR data.

International audience ; Because of the importance of rice for the global food security and because of the role of inundated paddy fields in greenhouse gases emissions, monitoring the rice production world-wide has become a challenging issue for the coming years. Local rice mapping methods have been developed previously in many studies by using the temporal change of the backscatter from C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) co-polarized data. The studies indicated in particular the need of a high observation frequency. In the past, the operational use of these methods has been limited by the small coverage and the poor acquisition frequency of the available data (ERS-1/2, Radarsat-1). In this paper, the method is adapted for the first time to map rice at large scale, by using wide-swath images of the Advanced SAR (ASAR) instrument onboard ENVISAT. To increase the observation frequency, data from different satellite tracks are combined. The detection of rice fields is achieved by exploiting the high backscatter increase at the beginning of the growing cycle, which allows the production of rice maps early in the season (in the first 50 days). The method is tested in the Mekong delta in Vietnam. The mapping results are compared to existing rice maps in the An Giang province, with a good agreement (higher than 81%). The rice planted areas are retrieved from the maps and successfully validated with the official statistics available at each province (R2=0.92). These results show that the method is useful for large scale early mapping of rice areas, using current and future C band wide-swath SAR data.

ABSTRAKProgram Pengembangan Desa Mitra (PPDM) di Desa Alu, Polewali Mandar, Sulawesi Barat telah memasuki tahun yang ketiga. Tujuan dari program ini adalah untuk mewujudkan Desa Bambu Alu sebagai sentra ekowisata berkelanjutan berbasis kerajinan bambu, dimana Desa Alu dikenal memiliki hutan bambu yang luas yang sangat berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai pusat pariwisata di wilayah ini. Pada tahun ke ketiga ini, tim PPDM melakukan observasi pemetaan isu terkait potensi atau kelebihan dan permasalahan atau kelemahan sekaligus analisis kesediaan membayar (willingness to pay) di Hutan Bambu Alu berdasarkan aspirasi pengunjung dan calon pengunjung. Observasi dilakukan dengan penyusunan dan penyebaran kuesioner kepada 43 responden yang berpartisipasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari hasil hipotesis pasar, dapat disimpulkan bahwa para pengunjung dan calon pengunjung cukup setuju bahwa Hutan Bambu Alu memiliki potensi yang besar dengan produk bambu sebagai daya tarik tersendiri, serta peran pemerintah daerah setempat sangat signifikan dalam pencapaian Hutan Bambu Alu sebagai sentra ekowisata. Namun di sisi lain, kondisi alam dapat mengancam keberlangsungan dari ekowisata Hutan Bambu Alu, serta Hutan Bambu Alu belum memiliki pemetaan rencana atau master plan yang jelas dalam pembangunan visi ekowisata ke depannya. Dari aspek nilai lelang atau penawaran, didapati bahwa harga tiket masuk di kisaran Rp. 2.000 dan Rp. 3.000 adalah nilai yang paling sesuai bagi para pengunjung dan calon pengunjung di Hutan Bambu Alu. Selain itu, nilai paket wisata di harga Rp. 150.000 adalah yang paling pas untuk ditawarkan kepada para pengunjung dan calon pengunjung. Dari aspek fasilitas penunjang, mayoritas pengunjung dan calon pengunjung cukup puas dengan ketersediaan fasilitas di Hutan Bambu Alu, terkecuali untuk kualitas jalanan yang masih kurang baik serta aksibilitas menuju area Hutan Bambu Alu yang masih meragukan.Kata kunci: PPDM; Ekowisata; Hutan Bambu Alu; Pemetaan Isu; Willingness to Pay ABSTRACTThe Partner Village Development Program (PPDM) in Alu Village, Polewali Mandar, West Sulawesi has entered its third year. The aim of this program is to realize Alu Bambu Village as a center for sustainable ecotourism based on bamboo crafts, since Alu Village is commonly known for its large bamboo forest which has the potential to be developed as a tourism center in this region. In this third year, the PPDM team maps the issues related to potential or strengths and problems or weaknesses as well as an analysis of willingness to pay in Alu Bamboo Forest based on the aspirations of visitors and potential visitors. Observations were made by compiling and distributing questionnaires to the 43 participating respondents. The results show that from the market hypothesis, it can be concluded that visitors and potential visitors quite agree that the Alu Bamboo Forest has great potential with bamboo products as its main attraction, and the role of the local government is very significant in achieving the Alu Bamboo Forest as an ecotourism center. But on the other hand, natural conditions can threaten the sustainability of the Alu Bamboo Forest ecotourism, and the Alu Bamboo Forest does not yet have a clear master plan in the development of an ecotourism vision in the future. From the aspect of the value of the auction or bidding, it is found that the ticket price within the range of Rp. 2,000 and Rp. 3,000 is the most suitable value for visitors and potential visitors to the Alu Bamboo Forest. In addition, the price of the tour package of Rp. 150,000 is the most appropriate to offer to visitors and potential visitors. From the aspect of supporting facilities, the majority of visitors and prospective visitors are quite satisfied with the availability of facilities in the Alu Bamboo Forest, except for the poor quality of the roads and the accessibility to the Alu Bamboo Forest area which is still questionable.Keywords: PPDM; Ecotourism; Alu Bamboo Forest; Mapping of Issue; Willingness to Pay

Globally destinations are exposed to so called mega-drivers: climate change, urbanization, demographic change or sharing economies. While research in the field of climate change impact is globally considered a major issue, demographic change seems to be of less importance. Looking at the dynamics of aging and the movement of the younger population from rural areas into the cities in the EU the question comes up, if demographic change might be the driver with much stronger impact to local communities in the near future. Thereby demographic change does not only shift the age structure of the local population in tourism villages but also that of secondary residents and guests. This paper is based on a case from a small traditional tourism village in the Bavarian Alps. The population change forecast provided by the regional statistical office shows a stable situation with a shift in the age structure towards the older groups. This would imply that the only necessary measure is to attract young families for settlement. However, a new spatial analysis method which visualizes the age structure in each building of the village, the vacancy risk, real vacancies, tourism related objects and second homes shows a different result: subareas with a high share of abandoned houses or such with a high risk for vacancy within the next few years are found. Furthermore, second home residences with a very low occupancy rate or abandoned tourism businesses are identified. Based on these results adaptation strategies were developed, using a participatory process and focussing on a new settlement policy and the innovation of the accommodation sector and its business models. ; open

Post-print (lokagerð höfundar) ; Consolidation of the fishing industry worldwide is an issue heavily debated among scholars. Many economists have argued for its necessity, while others – such as sociologists, anthropologists and geographers – have pointed out negative effects of consolidation on fishing communities. The aim of this paper is to measure the geographical consolidation of fishing in Iceland since the introduction of the quota management system in 1984, and during its development into an individual transferable quota system (ITQ). Lorenz curves, Gini calculations and maps are used for this purpose. Consolidation of the fishing sector is a logical outcome of ITQs and the analysis shows that the ITQ system has led to increased geographical consolidation in the demersal and pelagic sectors in Iceland. Regions and communities are unequally affected by geographical consolidation and many small fishing communities are vulnerable to changes in the industry. The results are of value for fisheries management policy formation. When designing fisheries policy for the 21st century it is important to not only consider economic efficiency, but also geographical consolidation and its impact. ; EU Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie MSCA-ETN Programme ; Peer Reviewed

The paper introduces the Special Issue entitled 'Future-mapping the directions of European Union law.' The Special Issue aims to reflect upon the means to engage in future-mapping of an extraordinarily expanding field, with countless sub-disciplines emerging that increasingly demand esoteric expertise and new forms of collaboration to engage with it as a field. It invited participants to reflect upon 'what' and 'how', i.e. they map futures, inter alia, as a lexicon, methodology and end-point in their normative framing of their subject field. A new era of new analytical sources of the EU and its laws in digitised form provide an increasingly impressive functionality to look forward. It might certainly be the case that future predictions of the shape of EU law, where data-based are more robust than ever before. However, this temporal challenge of the future and its composite relationship to the past remains the nub of the complexity here. EU law scholars routinely operate as committed historians and eternal futurologists. The idea of the future is a vastly subjective exercise and the search for predictions of the future is a highly composite exercise here in EU law. The distinctiveness of EU law from a methodological perspective as a relatively recent subject with a highly dominant court is worth of significant attention. However, the limitations of a court-centric subject have been increasingly manifesting themselves. An innate tendency towards interdisciplinarity also characterises the new era of EU law. Yet court-centric-ness often dominantes here also. The state of the art appears to agree but also be torn by the manner in which the subject has evolved. The paper advocates a non-court-centric future of EU law and a focus upon interdisciplinary methodology with EU law. It also advocates a new decade to advance critical studies of EU law.

COVID-19 is a worldwide emergency since it has rapidly spread from China to almost all the countries worldwide. Italy has been one of the most affected countries after China. North Italian regions, such as Lombardia and Veneto, had an abnormally large number of cases. COVID-19 patients management requires availability of sufficiently large number of Intensive Care Units (ICUs) beds. Resources shortening is a critical issue when the number of COVID-19 severe cases are higher than the available resources. This is also the case at a regional scale. We analysed Italian data at regional level with the aim to: (i) support health and government decision-makers in gathering rapid and efficient decisions on increasing health structures capacities (in terms of ICU slots) and (ii) define a geographic model to plan emergency and future COVID-19 patients management using reallocating them among health structures. Finally, we retain that the here proposed model can be also used in other countries.

Historically, Spain has experienced relatively little public objection to wind power proposals, but this is changing in the region of Galicia, which now hosts a relatively concentrated level of wind turbines. To document and understand this objection, we take a cognitive mapping approach, commenting on its value as a method and focussing particularly on the issue of community compensation. Cognitive mapping structures the causal logic of individuals' thinking, revealing this and facilitating group discussion. Here we compare cognitive maps that reflect different positions on the controversy. Both monetary and in-kind compensation are dismissed by local campaigners and local stakeholder representatives alike. In-kind compensation is regarded as inadequate firstly because it cannot provide the scale of the public goods perceived as necessary by the host community. Secondly, the developer is in any case considered inappropriate as provider of public goods, which the community think should be delivered by local and regional governments.

Frontmatter --Table of Contents --Healthcare in the Spectrum of Human Rights. An Introduction /Bielefeldt, Heiner / Klotz, Sabine / Schmidhuber, Martina / Frewer, Andreas --I. NORMATIVE PROFILE OF THE RIGHT TO HEALTH --The Human Right to Health /Krennerich, Michael --The Minimum Core Approach to the Right to Health /Müller, Amrei --Conceptualising Minimum Core Obligations under the Right to Health. How Should We Define and Implement the ›Morality of the Depths‹? /Forman, Lisa / Caraoshi, Luljeta / Chapman, Audrey R. / Lamprea, Everaldo --The Right to Health and the Global Rise of Non-Communicable Diseases /Toebes, Brigit --The Human Right to Health and Primary Health Care (PHC) Policies /Bruchhausen, Walter --II. EMPIRICAL VULNERABILITIES AND CONFLICTS --Using EquiFrame and EquIPP to Support and Evaluate the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals --Conscientious Objection in the Medical Sector /Bielefeldt, Heiner --The Implications of the Right to Health for Border Management /Flegar, Veronika / Veys, Marie-Noëlle --Prevention of Torture and Cruel or Inhuman and Degrading Treatment in Healthcare /Es, Adriaan Van --III. IMPLEMENTATION IN HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS --The Right to Health and the Post-2015 Health and Sustainable Development Goal Agenda /Brolan, Claire E. --Mapping Constitutional Commitments on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights /Pizzarossa, Lucía Berro / Perehudoff, Katrina S. --Emergency Treatment after Potential HIV-Exposure /Wirth, Mathias --The Case Law on the Right to Health as an Example and as a Problem /Clérico, Laura / Vita, Leticia --IV. THERAPISTS AS ADVOCATES THE EXAMPLE OF HELEN BAMBER --Human Rights in Practice /Witkin, Rachel --Therapists as Advocates /Regner, Freihart / Witkin, Rachel --Authors

This qualitative study examines the pedagogical potential that a Cartography of Controversy (CoC) approach has in enabling secondary school students to unravel the complexity of socioscientific issues and to communicate about them. The aim was to examine the types of knowledge and the ways in which students approached uncertainty when asked to explore the badger-cattle controversy in England using the CoC approach. A learning sequence focusing on mapping controversies was designed and implemented across three lessons. Data collected from the students' cartographies and the audio-recordings of their group discussions during the mapping tasks showed that students were able to use scientific, economic, cultural, social, moral and political types of knowledge in their exploration of the controversy. Identifying tensions between different types of knowledge and becoming aware of their own uncertainties about the issue through posing and recording questions allowed students to identify where uncertainty existed within the SSI explored. The CoC approach allowed affordances for understanding the SSI depending on students' framing of the task (familiarisation, exploration, consolidation) and on the cartography's function as an observation, visualisation, and reflection tool at different stages of the learning sequence. Implications for further research and practice for developing students' socioscientific reasoning are discussed.