This text to be published in a handbook of political science offers a political sociology of the judiciary. ; Ce texte à paraître dans un Manuel de science politique propose une sociologie politique du pouvoir judiciaire.
When the Great War broke out, lawyers are all the easier to adhere to war because they perceive themselves as natural advocates of law and justice that Germany has repeatedly violated. They will use their skills to make the law a weapon of war against the enemy. Legal professors imagine how Germany, its leaders and its people could be punished. Judges, through their judicial activities, lead war, as if they were a front, to Germans based in France by sequestration of their property or depriving them of legal action. These decisions contrary to fundamental principles of law are explained by the violence of patriotism that permeates their spirit. Under pressure from a public opinion manipulated by the nationalist press, very few judges dare to express a different opinion in order to give precedence to the peaceful culture of law. While not all of them agreed with this legal violence, almost all preferred to abstain. In his newspaper, Pierre Malice, a magistrate in the occupied territories, gives us the analyses and judgements of a man who remains impartial and does not give up to the culture of violence that leads to the enemy being haired and reviving it among animals. Close to wilsonian ideas, he felt that war was the supreme problem from which he should not benefit. Even though his case may seem unusual, it makes it possible to say that the judiciary has not been unanimously conquered by the culture of war. ; At the eve of the WW1, French jurists believed they were the most qualified persons, regarding their professional activities, to protect law and justice. Moreover, judges used their skills to fight, as they were combatants of the home front, German and Autro-Hungarian people who lived in France, often for a long time before the war, even though they were not personally involved into war. Despite the spirit and principles of law, french courts confiscated enemies' properties and forbade Germans and Austro-Hungarian' claims. Doing so, they praticised a sort of judicial warfare which could be explained by the ...
For many reasons, family law is now in trouble. The bests interests of the child have to be protected by judges, even if they do not know all about the child's situation. It is the same when they have to take a decision about couple's relations. So, judges need some directions, proclaimed by the High Court. The High court's missions is to apply and interpret all the rules which are edicted by the Parliament. There is only one High Court, situated in Paris and created 1790. Others juridictions have to respect its decisions and that is why it is one of the most important juridictions in France. ; Créée en 1790, la Cour de cassation n'a eu de cesse d'évoluer au fil des ans, s'adaptant à la judiciarisation croissante de la société. Elle veille à l'égalité de tous devant la loi, en précisant au besoin les côtés obscurs de certains textes, en harmonisant les pratiques judiciaires et en s'assurant de la bonne application par les magistrats des instruments juridiques. Le droit de la famille ne fait pas exception à ce constat. L'apparition de notions à contenu variable, comme l'intérêt de l'enfant ou celui de sa famille, complique la tâche du juge, déjà confronté à la diversification des sources du droit de la famille. L'interprétation et l'application des règles qui le composent suscitent parfois des difficultés, que la Cour de cassation peut atténuer. Que ce soit par le biais du pourvoi en cassation ou des autres compétences qui lui ont été confiées, elle améliore constamment les rapports entre la famille et son droit, tout en composant avec les facteurs qui perturbent aujourd'hui cette matière.
The aim of this research was to update the political, legal and social conditions for the organisation of general social security litigation. It was a question of showing how and why, when the French social security plan was put in place, the social security dispute was placed within the judicial system even though it could have been placed within the administrative system. The lack of access to a significant part of the sources initially envisaged has forced us to limit our ambitions: the administrative records still remain undiscovered. However, the work carried out shows how the original position of the social security organisation, made up of private-law bodies managing a public service, has led to the setting up of an original litigation organisation. Situated in principle in the judicial organisation (specific to private law), but relying on elements of administrative judicial organisation (specific to public law), its originality made it even questionable for some purposes and led to consideration being given to a third route, the creation of a social judicial order, neither judicial nor administrative. The work carried out also shows how the place thus assigned to social security disputes has subsequently evolved, significantly strengthening its judicial character, to the point of largely removing the specific features of a dispute which must control the operation of a public service. It also shows, in trouble, how the inclusion of this litigation in the judicial system led to privatist lawyers becoming specialists in social security, thus strengthening the anchoring of social security in private law. This report is presented in three parts. The first looks at the issues of sources and in particular the difficulties in accessing the administrative archives. The second attempts to produce an analysis of the choices made in 1945-1946, on the basis of the political, legal and social conditions which led to the establishment of the organisation of general social security litigation. The third, which is ...
This study focuses on the development of urban judiciary policy and practice in the Flemish town of Douai at the end of the Middle Ages. The town's legislation provides for different means of settling conflicts, including informal agreements, agreements made under the aegis of urban authorities and decisions of criminal judges. Crimes committed could then result in a peace, a truce, an oath, arbitration, or a criminal sentence and punishment, procedures that were not mutually exclusive. Some violence, for instance in avenging one's honour, was not unacceptable, yet maintaining public order and social cohesion was necessary, no matter what procedure was followed. This diversity of procedures was further complicated by the interactions amongst the different authorities — the town, the count and the king — that shared judicial competence. The various means for dealing with conflicts in Douai must be seen also in the light of the development of judicial mechanisms of repression on a state level, with the reinforcement of centralized powers, first royal, then Burgundian. The frequent recourse to appeal and to letters of pardon testifies to the expectations of a population for whom the peace of the town was no longer enough. ; La ville de Douai, commune de Flandre de la fin du Moyen Âge, constitue le cadre de l'analyse de l'évolution de pratiques et de politiques judiciaires urbaines. La législation communale permet d'envisager plusieurs modes de résolution des conflits et les procédures d'accords passés ou non sous l'égide des échevins y coexistent avec la justice criminelle. Les crimes commis peuvent donc faire l'objet de paix, de trêves, d'asseurements, d'arbitrages ou entraîner une peine pour leurs auteurs, sans que ces procédures soient exclusives l'une de l'autre. Il ne s'agit pas de fermer les yeux sur la violence, qui est acceptable quand elle intervient pour venger l'honneur. Elle n'en reste pas moins un élément perturbateur de la vie de la commune où il est essentiel de maintenir la cohésion entre ses ...
This study focuses on the development of urban judiciary policy and practice in the Flemish town of Douai at the end of the Middle Ages. The town's legislation provides for different means of settling conflicts, including informal agreements, agreements made under the aegis of urban authorities and decisions of criminal judges. Crimes committed could then result in a peace, a truce, an oath, arbitration, or a criminal sentence and punishment, procedures that were not mutually exclusive. Some violence, for instance in avenging one's honour, was not unacceptable, yet maintaining public order and social cohesion was necessary, no matter what procedure was followed. This diversity of procedures was further complicated by the interactions amongst the different authorities — the town, the count and the king — that shared judicial competence. The various means for dealing with conflicts in Douai must be seen also in the light of the development of judicial mechanisms of repression on a state level, with the reinforcement of centralized powers, first royal, then Burgundian. The frequent recourse to appeal and to letters of pardon testifies to the expectations of a population for whom the peace of the town was no longer enough. ; La ville de Douai, commune de Flandre de la fin du Moyen Âge, constitue le cadre de l'analyse de l'évolution de pratiques et de politiques judiciaires urbaines. La législation communale permet d'envisager plusieurs modes de résolution des conflits et les procédures d'accords passés ou non sous l'égide des échevins y coexistent avec la justice criminelle. Les crimes commis peuvent donc faire l'objet de paix, de trêves, d'asseurements, d'arbitrages ou entraîner une peine pour leurs auteurs, sans que ces procédures soient exclusives l'une de l'autre. Il ne s'agit pas de fermer les yeux sur la violence, qui est acceptable quand elle intervient pour venger l'honneur. Elle n'en reste pas moins un élément perturbateur de la vie de la commune où il est essentiel de maintenir la cohésion entre ses ...
This study focuses on the development of urban judiciary policy and practice in the Flemish town of Douai at the end of the Middle Ages. The town's legislation provides for different means of settling conflicts, including informal agreements, agreements made under the aegis of urban authorities and decisions of criminal judges. Crimes committed could then result in a peace, a truce, an oath, arbitration, or a criminal sentence and punishment, procedures that were not mutually exclusive. Some violence, for instance in avenging one's honour, was not unacceptable, yet maintaining public order and social cohesion was necessary, no matter what procedure was followed. This diversity of procedures was further complicated by the interactions amongst the different authorities — the town, the count and the king — that shared judicial competence. The various means for dealing with conflicts in Douai must be seen also in the light of the development of judicial mechanisms of repression on a state level, with the reinforcement of centralized powers, first royal, then Burgundian. The frequent recourse to appeal and to letters of pardon testifies to the expectations of a population for whom the peace of the town was no longer enough. ; La ville de Douai, commune de Flandre de la fin du Moyen Âge, constitue le cadre de l'analyse de l'évolution de pratiques et de politiques judiciaires urbaines. La législation communale permet d'envisager plusieurs modes de résolution des conflits et les procédures d'accords passés ou non sous l'égide des échevins y coexistent avec la justice criminelle. Les crimes commis peuvent donc faire l'objet de paix, de trêves, d'asseurements, d'arbitrages ou entraîner une peine pour leurs auteurs, sans que ces procédures soient exclusives l'une de l'autre. Il ne s'agit pas de fermer les yeux sur la violence, qui est acceptable quand elle intervient pour venger l'honneur. Elle n'en reste pas moins un élément perturbateur de la vie de la commune où il est essentiel de maintenir la cohésion entre ses ...
right to normal family life, magistrates, autonomous status, appointment, administrative judge, Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, law relating to magistrates, Article 8 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, sources of law, judicial organisation ; International audience ; right to normal family life, magistrates, autonomous status, appointment, administrative judge, Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, law relating to magistrates, Article 8 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, sources of law, judicial organisation ; droit à une vie familiale normale, magistrats, statut autonome, nomination, juge administratif, Conseil Supérieur de la Magistrature, droit des magistrats, article 8 de la Convention européenne de sauvegarde des droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales, sources du droit, organisation judiciaire
International audience ; In this article we explore the legal process by which the High Council of the Judiciary was established in Tunisia. The legal text was adopted following a conflictual process which took place between 2015 and 2016. The final text reflects the interactions between political elites who survived the fall of the Ben Ali regime, and others, often victims of repression but also judges, some of whom had served the authoritarian state as instruments of justice, and lawyers, a discredited profession under Ben Ali, many of whom benefited by supporting the 2010-2011 uprising, thereby gaining in professional stature. In the context of a volatile political scene, situational logic demonstrates how difficult it is to understand the Tunisian legal complex without first understanding the authoritarian trajectory of the Ben Ali regime. ; Cet article explore les mécanismes d'élaboration de la loi instituant le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature (CSM) en Tunisie. Adoptée à l'issue d'un processus conflictuel se déroulant sur plus d'une année (2015-2016), ce texte est le fruit des interactions entre plusieurs acteurs : des élites politiques issues du régime de Ben Ali, mais aussi pour partie victimes de la répression dudit régime ; des magistrats, qui ont été pour certains l'instrument d'une justice mise au service de l'État autoritaire ; enfin, des avocats, profession minorée sous Ben Ali, qui ont su tirer profit de leur participation au soulèvement de 2010-2011 pour raffermir leur pouvoir professionnel. Dans le cadre d'un jeu politique instable, cette « logique de situation » montre combien la dynamique du « complexe juridique » tunisien ne peut se comprendre indépendamment de la trajectoire de l'autoritarisme du régime de Ben Ali.
International audience ; In this article we explore the legal process by which the High Council of the Judiciary was established in Tunisia. The legal text was adopted following a conflictual process which took place between 2015 and 2016. The final text reflects the interactions between political elites who survived the fall of the Ben Ali regime, and others, often victims of repression but also judges, some of whom had served the authoritarian state as instruments of justice, and lawyers, a discredited profession under Ben Ali, many of whom benefited by supporting the 2010-2011 uprising, thereby gaining in professional stature. In the context of a volatile political scene, situational logic demonstrates how difficult it is to understand the Tunisian legal complex without first understanding the authoritarian trajectory of the Ben Ali regime. ; Cet article explore les mécanismes d'élaboration de la loi instituant le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature (CSM) en Tunisie. Adoptée à l'issue d'un processus conflictuel se déroulant sur plus d'une année (2015-2016), ce texte est le fruit des interactions entre plusieurs acteurs : des élites politiques issues du régime de Ben Ali, mais aussi pour partie victimes de la répression dudit régime ; des magistrats, qui ont été pour certains l'instrument d'une justice mise au service de l'État autoritaire ; enfin, des avocats, profession minorée sous Ben Ali, qui ont su tirer profit de leur participation au soulèvement de 2010-2011 pour raffermir leur pouvoir professionnel. Dans le cadre d'un jeu politique instable, cette « logique de situation » montre combien la dynamique du « complexe juridique » tunisien ne peut se comprendre indépendamment de la trajectoire de l'autoritarisme du régime de Ben Ali.
International audience ; In this article we explore the legal process by which the High Council of the Judiciary was established in Tunisia. The legal text was adopted following a conflictual process which took place between 2015 and 2016. The final text reflects the interactions between political elites who survived the fall of the Ben Ali regime, and others, often victims of repression but also judges, some of whom had served the authoritarian state as instruments of justice, and lawyers, a discredited profession under Ben Ali, many of whom benefited by supporting the 2010-2011 uprising, thereby gaining in professional stature. In the context of a volatile political scene, situational logic demonstrates how difficult it is to understand the Tunisian legal complex without first understanding the authoritarian trajectory of the Ben Ali regime. ; Cet article explore les mécanismes d'élaboration de la loi instituant le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature (CSM) en Tunisie. Adoptée à l'issue d'un processus conflictuel se déroulant sur plus d'une année (2015-2016), ce texte est le fruit des interactions entre plusieurs acteurs : des élites politiques issues du régime de Ben Ali, mais aussi pour partie victimes de la répression dudit régime ; des magistrats, qui ont été pour certains l'instrument d'une justice mise au service de l'État autoritaire ; enfin, des avocats, profession minorée sous Ben Ali, qui ont su tirer profit de leur participation au soulèvement de 2010-2011 pour raffermir leur pouvoir professionnel. Dans le cadre d'un jeu politique instable, cette « logique de situation » montre combien la dynamique du « complexe juridique » tunisien ne peut se comprendre indépendamment de la trajectoire de l'autoritarisme du régime de Ben Ali.