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Scholars debating the relative merits of public and private enforcement have long trained their attention on the federal courts. For some, laws giving private litigants rights to vindicate important policies generate unaccountable private attorneys general" who interfere with public enforcement goals. For others, private lawsuits save cash-strapped government lawyers money, time, and resources by encouraging private parties to police misconduct on their own. Yet largely overlooked in the debate is enforcement inside agency adjudication, which often is depicted as just another form of public enforcement, only in a friendlier forum. This Article challenges the prevailing conception of administrative enforcement. Based on a comprehensive examination of over eighty administrative courts, I find that agencies rarely enforce on their own. Among other things, private parties may have procedural rights to file regulatory complaints, trigger agency investigations, demand evidentiary hearings, join public enforcement actions as parties, and even pursue claims without the involvement of the agency's enforcement arm. Although some administrative enforcement is virtually indistinguishable from either public or private enforcement in federal court, more often administrative schemes employ attributes of both. Combining public and private enforcement furthers the goals of agency adjudication while mitigating some of the dangers posed by transferring cases from generalist courts to specialized policymaking bodies with less formal procedures. Public enforcement offers greater political accountability and more coherent implementation of policy. Private enforcement supplements agency expertise with the situated knowledge of regulatory beneficiaries and enhances their access to legal remedies. And diversifying enforcement inputs reduces the risk of political or interest group capture of administrative schemes. These tools are especially valuable today, as presidential administrations increasingly use control over public enforcement ...

Background: With increasing demand for red meat in Tanzania comes heightened potential for zoonotic infections in animals and humans that disproportionately affect poor communities. A range of frontline government employees work to protect public health, providing services for people engaged in animal-based livelihoods (livestock owners and butchers), and enforcing meat safety and food premises standards. In contrast to literature which emphasises the inadequacy of extension support and food safety policy implementation in low- and middle-income countries, this paper foregrounds the 'street-level diplomacy' deployed by frontline actors operating in challenging contexts. Methods: This research is based on semi-structured interviews with 61 government employees, including livestock extension officers/meat inspectors and health officers, across 10 randomly-selected rural and urban wards. Results: Frontline actors combined formal and informal strategies including the leveraging of formal policy texts and relationships with other state employees, remaining flexible and recognising that poverty constrained people's ability to comply with health regulations. They emphasised the need to work with livestock keepers and butchers to build their knowledge to self-regulate and to work collaboratively to ensure meat safety. Remaining adaptive and being hesitant to act punitively unless absolutely necessary cultivated trust and positive relations, making those engaged in animal-based livelihoods more open to learning from and cooperating with extension officers and inspectors. This may result in higher levels of meat safety than might be the case if frontline actors stringently enforced regulations. Conclusion: The current tendency to view frontline actors' partial enforcement of meat safety regulations as a failure obscures the creative and proactive ways in which they seek to ensure meat safety in a context of limited resources. Their application of 'street-level diplomacy' enables them to be sensitive to local socio-economic realities, to respect local social norms and expectations and to build support for health safety interventions when necessary. More explicitly acknowledging the role of trust and positive state-society relations and the diplomatic skills deployed by frontline actors as a formal part of their inspection duties offers new perspectives and enhanced understandings on the complicated nature of their work and what might be done to support them.

Surveillance Systems have become increasingly powerful. Conventional camera based Systems are extended with all kind of sensors (RFID, GPS, etc.), the number of data sources increases, hardware and algorithms improve, and data can potentially be shared between interlinked networks. The technological progress does not threaten solely the protection of privacy; it also provides an opportunity to achieve data and privacy protection on a new level. In this work we propose privacy and security mechanisms to achieve data protection in surveillance systems while providing the best possible functionality. The suggested methods are included in an Object-Oriented World Model (OOWM) that serves as central information hub. It has been developed as a part of the semi-autonomous surveillance system NEST. All member states of the European Union must obey the directive on the protection on personal data. Hence the suggested approach enforces mechanisms to be compliant with the directive that cannot be bypassed. To allow flexible handling of data, the privacy concept for personal data is task-oriented and granular access controls are enforced according to the principle of least privilege. To ensure personal rights, an observed individual can request and access data collected about him. All data related to him can then be corrected or deleted on request with minimal influence to the surveillance tasks. To achieve non-repudiation all changes in the world model are logged. This also helps to ensure data freshness. The approach also aims at data minimization. A minimal amount of information is collected and irrelevant data are deleted as quickly as possible. Processed data are also minimized; i.e. only relevant objects, attributes, and prior knowledge are processed. Concluding, only relevant data is stored outside the world model. The persistent information is linked to the world model and appropriate access controls are enforced to realize multiple access levels.

While illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a premier issue facing ocean sustainability, characterizing it is challenging due to its clandestine nature. Current approaches can be resource intensive and sometimes controversial. Using Chile as an example, we present a structured process leveraging existing capacity, fisheries officers, that provides a monitoring tool to produce transparent and stand-alone estimates on the level, structure, and characteristics of illegal fishing. We provide a national illegal fishing baseline for Chile, estimating illegal activity for 20 fisheries, representing ~ 70% of annual national landings. For four fisheries, we also estimate the relative importance of illegal activities across sectors, stakeholders, and infrastructure. While providing new information, our results also confirm previous evidence on the general patterns of illegality. Our approach provides an opportunity for government agencies to formalize their institutional knowledge, while accounting for potential biases and reducing fragmentation of knowledge that can prevent effective enforcement. Estimating illegal activity directly from fisheries enforcement officers is complementary to existing approaches, providing a cost-effective, rapid, and rigorous method to measure, monitor, and inform solutions to reduce IUU fishing.

It is often assumed that traditional regulatory regimes centered on governmental action will benefit from greater private sector involvement. And, under the catchy phrase from government to governance globally a wide variety of hybrid forms of governance has emerged. However, little empirical insight exists in the actual effects of such hybridization. The author aims at filling up this knowledge gap.He introduces a heuristic tool for comparative policy analysis, and applies this on a series of case studies. Following different building regulatory enforcement regimes in the Netherlands, Canada and Australia the author explains how different forms of private sector involvement play out in different settings. The thesis contains a wealth of scholarly and applied findings. It is insightful in showing different regime types and in suggesting meaningful differences in implementation and potential effects. The thesis adds both to studies on regulation of the built environment and its enforcement, and to studies on governance reform.

Cybercrime is a growing issue, still not fully understood by researchers or policing/law enforcement communities. UK Government reports assert that victims of cybercrime were unlikely to report crimes immediately due to the perception that police were ill-equipped to deal with these offences. Additionally, these reports identify policing issues including a lack of cybercrime knowledge. This paper reviews current research, providing a comprehensive account of cybercrime and addressing issues in policing such offences. We achieve this by describing the technological, individual, social and situational landscapes conducive to cybercrime, and how this knowledge may inform strategies to overcome current issues in investigations.

Thisresearch was undertaken in response to knowledge, and particularly knowledge management practice in policing that finds it complex, multifaceted, under researched and lacking in structure and cohesion. This exploratory research sets out to evaluate the role and contribution of knowledge and knowledge management practices in policing, and using An Garda Síochána, (the Police Service ofthe Republic of Ireland), as the underlying case exemplar in this work, it will contribute to the extant literature and understanding in the area by use of a study which contains unprecedented insider access to a modern police force, practical findings for knowledge change predicated on structured methodological data analysis, and viable recommendations for knowledge in policing based on these.Secondary data was initially collected from within and outside An Garda Síochána. This data provided the context and content for the topic list utilised to collect the primary data. Primary data was collected via in-depth interviews, which were conducted with key informants from within the organisation, and one with a key informant from the Irish Parliament. These semi-structured interviews were then analysed in a sequential three-stage data analytical process, using process coding, followed by in-vivo coding, and thematic analysis. Access to the organisation was obtained as a result of rigorous security clearance protocols and granted as the researcher is also serving police officer.

Mr. Reiley analyzes Washington's complex Unfair Practices Act from the strengths and weaknesses of the defendant's position by tracing the various requirements and defenses of the act under two recent Washington Supreme Court decisions. To facilitate effective enforcement he offers specific suggestions for future interpretation of the act. Mr. Reiley especially urges that the intent to injure requirement be interpreted to require nothing more than proof of injury to a competitor and that the meeting competition defense be limited to require a seller to have actual knowledge of his competitor's current prices and their legality

Mr. Reiley analyzes Washington's complex Unfair Practices Act from the strengths and weaknesses of the defendant's position by tracing the various requirements and defenses of the act under two recent Washington Supreme Court decisions. To facilitate effective enforcement he offers specific suggestions for future interpretation of the act. Mr. Reiley especially urges that the intent to injure requirement be interpreted to require nothing more than proof of injury to a competitor and that the meeting competition defense be limited to require a seller to have actual knowledge of his competitor's current prices and their legality

Effective regulation goes hand in hand with a normatively effective enforcement regime. In the context of sea-fisheries law, it is crucial that the law is fit for purpose and that it is enforced effectively in order to meet sustainability and conservation objectives under the Common Fisheries Policy. Therefore, it is essential that Ireland is compliant with its enforcement obligations under EU fisheries law. Although regulation and enforcement has been researched extensively worldwide, sea-fisheries law and its enforcement in Ireland has been almost entirely neglected in the literature. Fisheries are a politically contentious issue and yet this intensely regulated area has never been the subject of dedicated academic research in Ireland. To the author's knowledge, this research is the first comprehensive analysis of the sea-fisheries enforcement regime in Ireland. As the author is employed in the legal division of the national enforcement agency for sea-fisheries, the Sea-Fisheries Protection Authority, the research benefits from unique insights into how enforcement operates in practice, which would not otherwise be accessible. Therefore, the research takes a distinctly practical view of regulation and enforcement of sea-fisheries law in Ireland, with the benefit of a practitioner focus based on professional experience. The thesis undertakes a review of the key pieces of legislation governing sea-fisheries law which is enforced exclusively by criminal prosecution without any alternative sanction options. The effectiveness of this reliance on criminal prosecution is considered with a view to determining whether administrative sanctions could be introduced to supplement or replace the existing enforcement system. This may also have implications for other areas of regulation in Ireland, many of which are also reliant on criminal prosecution to enforce regulatory norms. In particular, the nature of what constitutes a crime is considered in order to inform a discussion of the utility of defining and prosecuting ...

Ponència presentada al Workshop on Linked Democracy: Artificial Intelligence for Democratic Innovation co-located with the 26th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2017) celebrat el 19 d'agost de 2017 a Melbourne, Australia ; Law enforcement agencies are facing an ever-increasing flood of data to be acquired, stored, assessed and used. Automation and advanced data analy-sis capabilities are required to supersede traditional manual work processes and legacy information silos by automatically acquiring information from a range of sources, analyzing it in the context of on-going investigations, and linking it to other pieces of knowledge pertaining to the investigation. This paper outlines a modular architecture for management of linked data in the law enforcement domain and discusses legal and policy issues related to workflows and infor-mation sharing in this context.

This study aims to determine: the meaning of vigilante action or eigenrechting, the impact that can be caused by vigilante action and, law enforcement against vigilante action in society. This research is included in the type of qualitative research which is a literature study (Library Research) which uses journals as reading references. The method used is descriptive analysis by providing clear, objective, systematic, analytical and critical descriptions and information regarding the impact and law enforcement of self-play in the community. The data used in this study is secondary data whose material is sourced from legal journals. The act of vigilantism is a translation of the word from the Dutch language, namely "Eigenrichting" which is defined as a way of taking vigilantes which is carried out by taking rights without heeding applicable laws, without the knowledge of the government and without the use of tools on the government's power. Violence often coexists with violations of the rights of others. Acts of vigilantism can have an impact on many parties such as victims of mis-targeting, perpetrators of crimes who are victims, the community, crime rates, even those who take part in taking vigilante action are also affected by their actions which can be punished according to their actions. what he has done. Punishments that can ensnare perpetrators of vigilante action have been regulated in the Criminal Code, namely Article 170 of the Criminal Code which regulates legal sanctions for perpetrators who commit acts of violence against people or goods in public, Article 351 of the Criminal Code regarding acts of persecution and Article 55 of the Criminal Code regarding participating in acts of violence. and in doing an action.

The current state of knowledge on cyber stalking in the United Kingdom is reviewed. Cyber stalking connotes stalking activities which are carried out by perpetrators in the virtual world via any aspects of information technology or electronic means resulting in a victim or victims suffering emotional and arguably mental and psychological harm. Building on this knowledge, the methods used by cyber stalkers to harass victims are identified. The effects of cyber stalking on victims are then analysed taking into account recent research findings. Following from this, the prevalence of cyber stalking is examined and the effectiveness of existing legislation is evaluated taking into account the recently introduced laws on face-to-face stalking and cyber stalking. The paper concludes by giving an overview of the challenges faced by law enforcement agencies in the cross jurisdictional prosecution of cyber stalkers.

With the intensification of communication in information systems, interest in security has increased. The notion of noninterference is typically used as a baseline security policy to formalize confidentiality of secret information manipulated by a program. This notion, based on ideas from classical information theory, has first been introduced by Goguen and Meseguer (1982) as the absence of strong dependency (Cohen, 1977). "information is transmitted from a source to a destination only when variety in the source can be conveyed to the destination" Cohen (1977) Building on the notion proposed by Goguen and Meseguer, a program is typically said to be noninterfering if the values of its public outputs do not depend on the values of its secret inputs. If that is not the case then there exist illegal information flows that allow an attacker, having knowledge about the source code of the program, to deduce information about the secret inputs from the public outputs of the execution. In contrast to the vast majority of previous work on noninterference which are based on static analyses (especially type systems), this PhD thesis report considers dynamic monitoring of noninterference. A monitor enforcing noninterference is more complex than standard execution monitors. "the information carried by a particular message depends on the set it comes from. The information conveyed is not an intrinsic property of the individual message." Ashby (1956). The work presented in this report is based on the combination of dynamic and static information flow analyses. The practicality of such an approach is demonstrated by the development of a monitor for concurrent programs including synchronization commands. This report also elaborates on the soundness with regard to noninterference and precision of such approaches. ; Avec l'augmentation des communications entre systèmes d'information, l'intérêt pour les mécanismes de sécurité s'est accru. La notion de non-interférence, introduite par Goguen and Meseguer (1982), est fréquemment utilisée pour formaliser des politiques de sécurité impliquant la confidentialité des secrets manipulés par un programme. Un programme est dit non-interférant si son comportement observable par tous n'est pas influencé par la valeur des secrets qu'il manipule. Si ce n'est pas le cas, alors un attaquant ayant connaissance du code source du programme peut déduire des information concernant les secrets manipulés à partir de l'observation du comportement du programme. À la différence de la majorité des travaux précédents sur la non-interférence (principalement des analyses statiques), ce rapport de thèse s'intéresse au contrôle dynamique de la non-interférence. Le contrôle dynamique des flux d'information est une tâche complexe car l'information transportée par un message n'est pas une propriété intrinsèque de ce message. Elle dépend aussi, lorsque le destinataire connaît l'ensemble des message qui peuvent être envoyés, de la composition de cet ensemble. Le travail présenté dans ce rapport se base sur la composition d'analyses dynamiques et statiques des flux d'information. Des moniteurs de non-interférence sont développés pour différents langages dont un langage concurrent intégrant une commande de synchronisation. L'exactitude de ces moniteurs est prouvée et leur précision est comparée à des travaux précédents.

With the intensification of communication in information systems, interest in security has increased. The notion of noninterference is typically used as a baseline security policy to formalize confidentiality of secret information manipulated by a program. This notion, based on ideas from classical information theory, has first been introduced by Goguen and Meseguer (1982) as the absence of strong dependency (Cohen, 1977). "information is transmitted from a source to a destination only when variety in the source can be conveyed to the destination" Cohen (1977) Building on the notion proposed by Goguen and Meseguer, a program is typically said to be noninterfering if the values of its public outputs do not depend on the values of its secret inputs. If that is not the case then there exist illegal information flows that allow an attacker, having knowledge about the source code of the program, to deduce information about the secret inputs from the public outputs of the execution. In contrast to the vast majority of previous work on noninterference which are based on static analyses (especially type systems), this PhD thesis report considers dynamic monitoring of noninterference. A monitor enforcing noninterference is more complex than standard execution monitors. "the information carried by a particular message depends on the set it comes from. The information conveyed is not an intrinsic property of the individual message." Ashby (1956). The work presented in this report is based on the combination of dynamic and static information flow analyses. The practicality of such an approach is demonstrated by the development of a monitor for concurrent programs including synchronization commands. This report also elaborates on the soundness with regard to noninterference and precision of such approaches. ; Avec l'augmentation des communications entre systèmes d'information, l'intérêt pour les mécanismes de sécurité s'est accru. La notion de non-interférence, introduite par Goguen and Meseguer (1982), est fréquemment utilisée pour formaliser des politiques de sécurité impliquant la confidentialité des secrets manipulés par un programme. Un programme est dit non-interférant si son comportement observable par tous n'est pas influencé par la valeur des secrets qu'il manipule. Si ce n'est pas le cas, alors un attaquant ayant connaissance du code source du programme peut déduire des information concernant les secrets manipulés à partir de l'observation du comportement du programme. À la différence de la majorité des travaux précédents sur la non-interférence (principalement des analyses statiques), ce rapport de thèse s'intéresse au contrôle dynamique de la non-interférence. Le contrôle dynamique des flux d'information est une tâche complexe car l'information transportée par un message n'est pas une propriété intrinsèque de ce message. Elle dépend aussi, lorsque le destinataire connaît l'ensemble des message qui peuvent être envoyés, de la composition de cet ensemble. Le travail présenté dans ce rapport se base sur la composition d'analyses dynamiques et statiques des flux d'information. Des moniteurs de non-interférence sont développés pour différents langages dont un langage concurrent intégrant une commande de synchronisation. L'exactitude de ces moniteurs est prouvée et leur précision est comparée à des travaux précédents.