Structural framework, basic principles, and policies -- The international patent system -- The international trademark and identifier system -- The international copyright system -- Competition law and Sui Generis systems of intellectual property protection : traditional knowledge, plant variety protection, undisclosed information, industrial designs, and integrated circuits -- The international system for the enforcement of intellectual property rights.
"Lai extends the current knowledge of public attitudes toward the police (ATP) by examining two distinct dimensions: general and specific attitudes. The significant findings indicated that African Americans consistently reported unfavorable ATP across two dimensions, but the Hispanics did not have any significant influence. While ratings of police work were highly related to public ATP, victimization and violent crime incidents decreased the levels of public rating among all respondents. Meanwhile, coproduction increased the levels of public ATP. Finally, both citizen-initiated and police-initiated interactions had significant influence on public ATP but varied among racial/ethnical groups. Policy implications and limitations were addressed"--Provided by publisher.
CARIM-India: Developing a knowledge base for policymaking on India-EU migration ; The present paper titled "Irregular Migration from India to EU: Evidence from Punjab" is a part of India-EU project "Developing Knowledge Base for Policymaking on India- EU Migration". Author of the paper is serving as an Indian Police Service officer in the State of unjab, India and has utilised his first-hand experience of dealing with the problem as Nodal Officer of the State Government to analyse the perspective of law enforcement agency in a source country. ; CARIM-India is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union
Illicit brokering of arms and sensitive dual-use technology has been an elusive loophole in the international non-proliferation system for decades. The globalized marketplace would grind to a halt without the legitimate services a broker provides, but thus far there is no international instrument that separates licit from illicit brokering activities, and conflicts continue to be fuelled by arms and weapons systems provided with the aid of brokers, who can operate fairly freely just by avoiding stricter jurisdictions. State and non-state actors in pursuit of weapons of mass destruction capabilities obtain sensitive technologies through the use of elaborate networks of brokers, whose knowledge allows them to circumvent the export control requirements of individual countries through means that are not necessarily illegal. In recent years, the international community has increasingly focused on the activities of arms brokers. The world needs to address illicit brokering in a comprehensive way, focusing on the activity rather than the commodity. A handful of countries have enacted controls for brokering activities. Attempts have also been made on a regional and multilateral level to put in place guidelines for brokering. But no equivalent has yet been established at the international level: there are no common standards and guidelines for the profession, so illicit activities continue and legitimate brokers are put in the same unfavorable light as illicit brokers. The situation is, however, changing. Adapted from the source document.
Published online: 26 Jan 2018 ; Informal institutions play an important role in the socio-cultural lives of rural communities in Uganda. However, little attention is given in research and development to understanding the influence of informal institutions in efforts to achieve Sustainable Crop Intensification (SCI). Such evidence is, however, pertinent to addressing low crop productivity by designing and implementing interventions that take into account the socio-cultural and institutional barriers and opportunities for SCI. This paper analyzes the influence of informal institutions on farmers' access to land resources, financial resources, and farm inputs. The analysis is based on qualitative and quantitative data collected between January and May 2015 using 61 in-depth interviews, field surveys with 120 farmers and 18 gender-segregated focus group discussions in Eastern and Southwestern Uganda. Results indicate that informal institutions play a central role in enhancing farmers' investment in SCI interventions by facilitating access to land through inheritance, land rentals, and labor sharing arrangements, although they are biased against non-clan members and female members of the communities. Informal institutions also enable access to financial resources by farmers at lower transaction cost compared to formal financial institutions. Yet, the informal institutions face challenges related to poor rule enforcement and limited financial reserves. The contribution of informal institutions in improving farmers' access to (i) external farm inputs, (ii) serving as forums for knowledge sharing and (iii) regulating quality of farm inputs is minimal. Findings imply that development interventions could benefit from using informal institutions as entry points for investment in SCI and building on institutions' strengths in influencing access to land and financial resources. Policies and programs that promote the SCI approach need to recognize the role of informal institutions for increased implementation and impact. ; Government of the Netherlands ; Peer Review
Since there is a problem of forming a system of modern doctrinal knowledge on protection in administrative proceedings by individuals of their rights violated in public relations, the topic under research becomes relevant. The justice in national administrative cases requires qualitative improvement taking into account European experience. The purpose of the research is to form a uniform judicial enforcement in the field of public relations, establish the rule of law, and provide fair justice. The methodological basis of this study is a set of general scientific (dialectical, analysis, and synthesis), as well as special legal (historical, comparative law, consideration and interpretation of legal norms, formal-logical) methods of scientific knowledge. The practical significance of the obtained results is that the formulated theoretical provisions, proposals and recommendations can be used: in research to conduct further research on the problems of administrative proceedings in Ukraine, ways and means of effective protection of subjective rights of individuals; in law-making for further improvement in accordance with European principles of national legislation; in the law enforcement practice of judges of administrative courts of Ukraine for consideration and resolution of public law disputes, in the protection of their rights in administrative judicial specialization by citizens and legal entities.
The contributions in this special issue are based on the general assumption that political and economic decisions always have an ecological impact and that societies have always transformed, (re-)produced, manufactured, and crafted nature. Environmental transformations are never socially neutral but are strongly connected to power relations (Görg, 2003). The enforcement of power over nature evolves in a dialectical process with the enforcement of power over humans (Pye, 2015). Furthermore, social, cultural, and political power asymmetries shape the production of knowledge, the definition of problems, and the search for solutions with regard to socio-ecological phenomena. Both gender and ethnicity are decisive factors in societal relations to nature. Gender constitutes a critical variable in human-nature relationships (Resurreccion & Elmhirst, 2008; Rocheleau, Slayter-Thomas, & Wangar, 1996) as does the category of ethnicity with its strong impact on group formation (Afiff & Lowe, 2007; Bertrand, 2004; Li, 2000). In this special issue we address how both categories interact and enforce each other in contested development processes, focusing on access, control, knowledge production, and identity-formation in struggles over land, nature, and natural resources. (ASEAS/GIGA)
The adoption and enforcement of competition rules which replace or supplement state regulation of markets has become a global trend that led to almost universal proliferation of competition law regimes. Following the lead of the developed market economies an increasing number of developing countries and transition economies have introduced competition rules in their national legal systems. Macao SAR, as a small developed economy concentrated around booming gaming industry, stands among few jurisdictions that do not have comprehensive competition legislation. Present paper analyses current situation with regulation of market competition in Macao with special focus on the gaming industry. While general competition rules embedded in the Commercial Code are left to the private enforcement by interested parties, specific competition rules applied to the gaming activities have to be enforced by the sector regulator lacking the knowledge and experience in antitrust enforcement. As a result, the effective antitrust enforcement is largely non-existent. The international trade obligations of Macao SAR under the WTO framework or its bilateral trade relations with China and European Union have not prompted the adoption of competition law either. The study is an attempt to provide explanations as to the current state of affairs with competition rules and to anticipate further developments in this field.
Our case study of Salers cheese production in south-central France highlights how place-specific knowledge grounds the various networks shaping the rise of geographical indications (GI) in food production. In 1961, Salers cheese producers created a "Protected Designation of Origin" (PDO). To preserve the distinctive character of their product, they opted to require use of the gerle, a traditional wooden vat, and an on-farm cheese making process. The gerle came recently under scrutiny from French governmental hygiene regulation enforcement, and the subsequent public controversy jeopardized the entire supply chain and destabilized Salers cheese-making methods. Prevailing in their efforts to protect Salers, producers established the gerle as mandatory and have since set up a governance board to ensure PDO brand integrity. Our analysis suggests that the diversity of technical choices and associated set of knowledge in Salers cheese production has paradoxically been both its strength and weakness. Local agricultural know-how forges links among participants in Salers networks, connecting cheese producers and consumers, to cattle, microbes, landscapes, wooden tools, and cheeses. Yet, diversity of local expertise creates a tension among producers who must collaborate to achieve unified standards within a PDO while resisting homogeneity. Such results contribute to discussing on PDO governance: an arena to share, compare, and unite local knowledge is critical for GI and thus for sustainable agricultural systems. ; Nuestro caso de estudio sobre producción de queso de Salers, en el centro-sur de Francia, ilustra cómo los saberes específicos locales explican el origen de la formación de una indicación geográfica (IG). En 1961, los productores del queso de Salers crearon una denominación de origen protegida (DOP). Para preservar el carácter distintivo de sus productos, optaron por requerir como condiciones necesarias tanto el uso de la «gerle», una cuba de madera tradicional, como el hecho de que la producción del queso se haga en la propia finca por el ganadero y con la leche de sus propios animales. El uso de la «gerle» fue objeto de examen por parte de las autoridades regionales francesas desde el punto de vista de la aplicación del Reglamento de higiene en la producción de quesos. La subsecuente controversia pública sobre la idoneidad higiénica de las cubas polpuso en peligro toda la cadena de producción y desestabilizó los métodos de fabricación de queso de Salers. En sus esfuerzos para proteger el queso, los productores establecieron la obligatoriedad de utilizar la «gerle» y se creó un Consejo Regulador para garantizar la calidad específica de la marca colectiva de la DOP. El artículo sugiere que la diversidad de opciones técnicas y el conjunto de saberes asociados a la producción local de queso de Salers han constituido, paradójicamente, tanto su fuerza como su debilidad. El saber agrícola local forja vínculos entre los participantes en las redes del queso de Salers, conectando a los productores con los consumidores, el ganado, los microbios, los paisajes, las herramientas de madera y los quesos. Sin embargo, la diversidad de saberes expertos locales constituye un elemento de tensión entre los productores que les obliga a colaborar entre sí para alcanzar estándares unificados dentro de la DOP. Los resultados del trabajo contribuyen al debate sobre la gobernanza de una DOP: un espacio para compartir, comparar y unificar el saber local es un factor clave para el buen desarrollo de una IG y, por tanto, para construir sistemas agrícolas sostenibles.
Other written product issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "GAO provided information on establishing core competencies for accountants who work in the federal government. This document defines the context for financial management core competencies which constitute accounting professionals' primary professional knowledge and skills."
The article is devoted to the analysis of law enforcement agencies' activities to search for missing persons. The purpose of the study is to examine the peculiarities of the analytical work of law enforcement agencies on missing person's search. The methodological bases are general scientific and special scientific methods and techniques of scientific knowledge (systemic, formal-logical, structural-functional, sociological, historical and axiological). It is concluded that the criteria for law enforcement agencies to search for missing persons are the general state of search work, search for certain categories of missing persons, trends and processes that cause missing persons, causes and conditions of missing persons, results of police operations and special operations conduct. It is determined that the consolidation and combination of efforts of different units and services during the search work helps to increase the number of facts of locating missing persons. Attention is paid to the identification of factors influencing the assessment of the search work. The state of the international search missing persons is analyzed. The necessity of using the positive experience of European countries in the outlined activities is substantiated.
"The ways in which organizations make use of information available to them to make decisions and manage activity is an essential topic of investigation for human factors. When the information is uncertain, incomplete or subject to change, then decision making and activity management can become challenging. Under such circumstances, it has become commonplace to use the concept of sensemaking as the lens through which to view organizational behavior. This book offers a unique perspective on sensemaking through its consideration of the variety of ways in which Incident Response is managed by the Police. As an incident moves from the initial call handling to subsequent mobilization of response to first officer attending, a wide range of information is acquired, processed and shared, and the organization (and individuals who work within it) face challenges of making sense of the situation to which they are responding"--Provided by publisher.
In: Bhat, Ishwara P. (2009) The role of collective bodies in protection of intellectual property rights in India. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, 14 (3). pp. 214-225. ISSN 0971-7544
The communitarian dimension of intellectual property rights (IPR) calls for use of collective effort of knowledge workers in the IPR enforcement and non-exploitation of IPR owners and consumers. Collective bodies (CBs), like copyright societies, patent pools, GI associations, etc. function as social economy entities in rendering the task cheap, effective and fair. The IPR, like farmers' rights, collective marks and geographical indications involve definite collective intellect that can be better protected by CBs. Indian profile about CBs needs to be strengthened for effective enforcement of IPR, fair resolution of community claims and advancement of knowledge. Indian law has some orientation against possible dominant position or abuse by CBs but needs clearer policies and mechanisms in order to suit the requirement of constitutional goals. Unless legal environment governing these CBs guides them in the path of good governance and fair consequence avoiding the exploitation of members and consumers, the interests of knowledge society would suffer. The present paper examines the Indian IP law's policy on CBs' role in protection of IPR, their working and their impact. It inquires whether the legal regime is suitable to resolve the conflict of interests between different sections of the society and attain justice? Whether they have reliable democratic structure and policy thrust to ensure transparency and accountability? Whether the claims of members and society vis-a-vis the organization are adequately protected? The paper undertakes doctrinal legal research on the topic.
A moral panic erupted during the 1980s among the American public when stories about crack cocaine saturated the media. In this thesis I analyze how discursive productions of deviancy operated in the CBS news documentary: 48 Hours on Crack Street (1986) and other print news sources at that time. Three salient characters that appear in news media discourse during the panic are "crack mothers," "crack babies," and "Black male dope dealers." The news media frightened the public with such representations (among others) and the public urged politicians to get tough on drug crime to control the so-called crack cocaine plague. Politicians responded with omnibus drug reforms that established mandatory minimum sentences and the controversial 100:1 sentencing disparity between crack and powder cocaine. The enforcement of the draconian drug laws that were passed in response to the crack cocaine panic continues to be a contributing factor to America's current prison crisis. Moreover, the laws are enforced in ways that disproportionately punish the poor and African-Americans. I conclude that the criminal disenfranchisement of millions of people since the 1980s relates to the media's representation of the crack cocaine "epidemic" and the legislation that was passed to control illicit drugs such as crack cocaine. ; 2011-05-01 ; B.A. ; Arts and Humanities, Dept. of Philosophy ; Masters ; This record was generated from author submitted information.
In crime prevention, security and community safety, attempts to replicate individual 'success-story' projects still often end in implementation failure. And the effort remains divided ₆ between situational and offender-oriented interventions, between cause, risk factor and problem-oriented approaches, and between justice/law enforcement and 'civil' prevention. The field is in poor shape to control everyday crime problems, let alone the challenges of terrorism, organised crime and techno-crime where preventers must continually out-innovate offenders; nor the upcoming disruptions from financial disarray and climate change. This book seeks to change that. It diagnoses underperformance in the way practice knowledge is captured and transferred, fostering cookbook copying and stifling innovation; in concepts and terminology inadequate as tools for thinking and communication; and in the adoption of over-simple frameworks which, though useful for a quick start, soon constrain practitioners. It develops a specification for a fit-for-purpose knowledge management framework, confronting complexities of real-life prevention and helping practitioners select prior practice, replicate and innovate. Finally, it introduces a process-based framework, 5Is, and related definitions and models of causation and intervention, designed to meet the specification. The book lays foundations for a working practical system of knowledge management and process evaluation that complements and extends the progress made in impact evaluation.