Suchergebnisse

U članku se uspostavlja korelacija između nihilizma i povijesti iz postavke o kraju metafizike u doba tehnosfere. Pokazujući genealogiju postmodernoga obrata u suvremenom filozofijskome mišljenju, autor se kritički razračunava s Vattimovom tezom da je Heideggerov pojam prebolijevanja metafizike (Verwindung) ključ za razumijevanje postmoderne. Unatoč neposredne blizine s Nietzscheom i Heideggerom, ipak je neporecivo da se glavni pojam mora izvesti iz mišljenja kasnoga Wittgensteina, kao što je to učinio Lyotard u analizi »postmodernoga stanja«. Posrijedi je pojam »jezičnih igara« koji uvodi u promišljanje odnos između pragmatike znanja, performativnosti jezika i horizonta događaja. Na taj se način pokazuje da postmoderna nije nikakva vremenski određena »nova« epoha, već reaktualiziranje stanja kojeg određuje vladavina tehnoznanosti, kibernetike i pluralnih obrazaca kulture u postindustrijskome društvu. Autor na osnovi vlastitih prethodnih analiza ovog problema sabranih u knjigama Postmoderna igra svijeta, Politika identiteta, Posthumano stanje i Tehnosfera I–V, smatra da jedino ekstenzivna analiza i tumačenje Lyotardovih postavki omogućuje dolazak na pravi filozofijski put spram odgovora na pitanje o biti nihilizma u suočenju s biti tehnosfere kao računanja, planiranja i konstrukcije neljudskoga. Ono što je preostalo od postmoderne u suvremenosti niti je »pričanje priča« o stilskim tendencijama moderne i neomoderne, avangarde i neoavangarde, niti, pak, sukob univerzalnosti i partikularnosti društva i kulture. Preostalo je jedino ono što ima karakter neotklonjive »sudbine« ovog nihilizma tehnosfere: od postmodernoga stanja do posthumanoga stanja mišljenje se nalazi pred izazovom događaja koji nadilazi sve viđeno u povijesti zapadnjačke metafizike. Kada slika prethodi jeziku, a pisanje govoru, nalazimo se u zatvorenome krugu obrata i preokreta metafizike. Vrijeme je za izlazak iz ovog »začaranoga kruga« u kojem živo postaje ne-živo, bitak informacijom, društvo sustavom objekata, a ljudsko-odveć-ljudsko neljudskim kao takvim. ; The paper establishes a correlation between nihilism and history from the premise of the end of metaphysics in the age of the technosphere. In presenting the genealogy of the postmodern turn in contemporary philosophical thinking, the author critically deals with Vattimo's thesis that Heidegger's notion of overcoming metaphysics (Verwindung) is the key to understanding postmodernity. Despite its close proximity to Nietzsche and Heidegger, it is undeniable that the main notion must be derived from late Wittgenstein's thinking, as Lyotard did in his analysis of the "postmodern condition". It is a notion of "language games" that introduces into consideration the relationship between the pragmatics of knowledge, the performativity of language and the event horizon. In this way, it will be shown that postmodernity cannot be any "new" epoch but rather a re-actualization of the condition determined by the rule of technoscience, cybernetics and plural patterns of culture in post-industrial society. Based on his previous analyses of this problem, collected in the books The Postmodern Game of the World, Identity Politics, The Posthuman Condition, and Technosphere I–V, the author believes that only extensive analysis and interpretation of Lyotard's premises allows one to reach the right philosophical path to the answer to the question of the essence of nihilism in the face of Being, and the technosphere as computation, planning, and construction of the inhuman. In contemporary times, what is left of postmodernity is neither "telling stories" about the stylistic tendencies of the modern and neomodern, the avant-garde and the neo-avant-garde, nor, moreso, the conflict of the universality and particularity of society and culture. All that remains is the feature of the unwavering "fate" of this nihilism of the technosphere: from the postmodern condition to the posthuman condition, thought is confronted with the challenge of an event that goes beyond anything seen in the history of Western metaphysics. When the image precedes the language and the writing to speaking, we find ourselves in a closed circle of turns and reversals of metaphysics. It is time to step out of this "vicious circle" in which the living becomes non-living, the Being becomes the information, the system of objects replaces society, and the human-too-human with inhuman as such.

U godini kada obilježavamo 250. obljetnicu hrvatskoga šumarstva, a u tijeku je 169. godina od utemeljenja Hrvatskoga šumarskoga društva i tiskanja 139. godišta našega znanstveno-stručnoga i staleškog glasila Šumarski list, interesantno je baciti pogled na tekstove iz prvih godišta tiskanja časopisa, pa i povući paralelu s današnjicom.Već u prvome godištu 1877 god. pozornost nam privlači članak Adolfa Danhelovskog "Predlozi o štednji drva u proizvadjanju francezkih duga", u kojemu kaže da se postupak proizvodnje neznatno poboljšao, "premda ova vrst robe zaslužuje, da se najvećom štednjom proizvadja, dočim su njoj namijenjeni najkrasniji hrastici". To mora raditi "vješt radnik", jer se inače može "mnogo drva potratiti …., a užje se duge imaju izradjivati od tanjih stabalah ili trupacah". Nastavno, preporuča se radi uštede sortirati trupce sukladno dužini i širini zadanih dimenzija dužica, a slijede ostale preporuke za uštedu. Povucimo sada paralelu s tadašnjim razmišljanjem i preporukama glede štednje i današnjim rasipanjem nacionalnog bogatstva, korištenjem "najkrasnijih hrastika", tako da netržišna cijena sortimenata omogućuje proizvodnju poluproizvoda, a ne visoko finaliziranih proizvoda s velikom dodanom vrijednošću i maksimalnom zaposlenošću. Najžalosnije je kada se furnirski sortiment kamuflira u pilanski prozvod za izvoz, čime se "izvoze" i radna mjesta za kojima plačemo. O tome smo detaljnije pisali u uvodniku ŠL br. 5-6/2012. "Odnos šumarstva i prerade drva". Stoga se ne slažemo s tvrdnjom resornog ministra izrečenoj u razgovoru poslije Konferencije za tisak o kojoj pišemo u rubrici Aktualno, da su potpisani netržišni ugovori s drvoprerađivačima spasili domaću preradu drva od inozemne konkurencije. Za nas je i dalje to način rasipanja nacionalnog bogatstva i trenutačni probitak za račun pojedinaca, a ne za opće dobro.Članak iz trećeg godišta, 1879. god. Alex. Nik. Schultz podnaslovom "Sedam glavnih točaka šumskoga gospodarstva i njihova teoretično-praktična uporaba" započinje motom: "Proizvadjanje najveće kvantitativne i kvalitativne množine drva na najmanjoj površini: i čim vrlije gospodarstvo". U članku navodi kako šumsko gospodarstvo dijeli djelatnosti na temeljne i pripomoćne. Temeljne su računarstvo i prirodoslovlje, a pomoćne: tehnologija, zakonodavstvo, državoznastvo, računovodstvo povijest i geografija. Razdioba praktičnih struka šumskog gospodarstva dijeli na: "gojenje šume, b) zaštita šume zajedno s šumskom stražom, c) šumska poraba za jedno sa šumskom tehnologijom, d) šumska procjena zajedno s uredbom obhodnje i obračunanjem vriednosti i e) šumska uprava i šumsko ravnateljstvo". Ako razmislimo o poanti i današnjem poštivanju mota članka, zaključujemo da se sugerira maksimalno moguće korištenje proizvodnosti pojedinog šumskog staništa, a njegova bi degradacija predstavljala katastrofu. Komentirajući spomenutih sedam točaka, ponajprije navodi da je prva i glavna točka upravljanja i rada "teoretično i praktično naobraženo gospodarstveno osoblje da se može šumom koristno i potrajno gospodariti". Pita se "kako može čovjek uobće, koji neima niti pojma o neophodno nuždnih znanosti, upravljati šumom s mnogimi njezinimi osebujnosti". Druga glavna točka je samostalno odgovorno vođenje gospodarstva "bez pohlepe za dobitkom". Treća točka govori ponajviše o načinima obnove sastojina – umjetnim načinom ili prirodnim pomlađivanjem. U četvrtoj točci bilježimo zaključak: "Pošteni šumar, koji znade računati, ne će nikada privoliti, da njegov gospodar, kada se u momentanoj novčanoj neprilici snadje, te bude prisiljen, uteći se šumi, postane žrtvom takvih švindlera i šumskih pustošnika, te će svu svoju duševnu snagu upotriebiti, da ono što se ne da izbjeći, ograniči bar na najmanji prostor i s obzirom na budućnost". Peta točka tiče se "šumske porabe zajedno sa šumskom tehnologijom i važnija je nego što se na prvi čas čini", a detaljnije obrazlažući zaključuje da joj treba posvetiti dužnu pozornost prateći razvoj i primjenu novih tehnologija. Šesta točka obuhvaća "šumsku taksaciju zajedno s uredjenjem obhodnje i vriednostnim obračunom", a sve spomenute točke međusobno se isprepleću i potrebno ih je ne razdvajati, "jer bez poznavanja jedne ne da se druga izvesti". O sedmoj točci "k šumskoj upravi i ravnateljstvu šuma" nema se što posebno reći kaže on, jer je uglavnom obuhvaćena u prethodnim točkama, ali zaključuje kako prema staroj poslovici "od glave riba smrdi, a preneseno na šumsku industriju: ne valja li ravnateljstvo, to ne valja ni cielo šumsko podčinjeno osoblje. To vriedi kod svake grane gospodarstva, a potvrdjuju to i nebrojeni dokazi u čovječjem družtvenom životu i u svih strukah". Na kraju mi zaključujemo ovaj tekst s porukom – usporedite sami!Uredništvo ; The 250th anniversary of Croatian forestry and the 169th year of the foundation of the Croatian Forestry Association and the publication of the 139th issue of the scientific-professional and specialist magazine Forestry Journal offer an ideal opportunity to look back at the texts published in the first issues and draw a parallel with present times. The very first volume from the year 1877 contains an interesting article by Adolf Danhelovski "Recommendations on saving wood in the production of French staves", which states that the production process has improved slightly "although this type of goods requires maximal saving in its production, since they are produced of the most beautiful oak trees". Work should be performed by a "skilful labourer", otherwise much of the wood "might go to waste". Narrower staves should be made of thinner trees or logs". Furthermore, logs should be classified according to the length and width of stave dimensions required. Other recommendations for saving follow. Let us draw a parallel with the present manner and recommendations related to saving and present squandering of national resources by using "the most beautiful oak forests", so that the non-market prices of the assortments allows the production of semi-finished goods and not high-quality products with a high added value and maximal employment. What is detrimental is the fact that veneer assortments are camouflaged into sawmill products intended for export; this also means "export" of working places which we sorely need. We discussed this in more detail in the Editorial of the Forestry Journal No. 5-6/2012, "The relationship between forestry and wood processing". This is why we do not agree with the words of the competent minister said after a Press conference, which we discuss in the column Current Affairs. The minister claimed that non-market contracts with wood processors had saved home wood processing from foreign competition. We continue to perceive this as a way of squandering national wealth for momentary gain of an individual and not for the benefit of the society as a whole. The article published in the third year of publication in 1879, written by Alex. Ni. Sshulz and entitled "Seven main points of forest management and their theoretical-practical use" starts with a motto: "Production of he highest quantitative and qualitative amount of wood in the smallest area: and the best management". According to the article, forest management activities are divided into basic and auxiliary. The basic activities are mathematics and natural sciences and the auxiliary ones are technology, law-making, political sciences, book keeping, history and geography. Practical parts of forest management are divided into "a) silviculture, b) forest protection together with forest surveillance, c) use of forests together with forest technology, d) forest inventory with rotation and calculation of value and e) forest administration and forest directorate". From the present standpoint, the motto of the article suggests maximum possible use of the productivity of a particular forest site, whose degradation would mean catastrophe. In his comment of the seven points that follow, the author stresses that the first and the main point of management and work lies in "highly educated management personnel who posses theoretical and practical knowledge for useful and sustainable management of forests". He asks himself: "How can a person who has absolutely no knowledge of the basic sciences manage such a highly complex system as a forest?" The second point is independent management devoid of "greed for profit". The third point is primarily concerned with stand regeneration methods - artificial or natural regeneration. The fourth point contains a conclusion: "An honest forester who knows how to calculate will never allow his master, who, if faced with financial problems and forced to exploit his forest, to become a victim of swindlers and forest exploiters, and will use all his spiritual strength to at least limit what is unavoidable to the smallest space with regard to the future". The fifth point refers to "use of forests together with forest technology, which is more important that might seem at first glance". In his detailed explanation, the author concludes that the development and application of new technologies should be given due importance. The sixth point comprises "forest taxation together with rotations and value calculation". All the above points are mutually intertwined and cannot be separated from one another, "since without knowing one it is impossible to perform another". In the author´s words, the seventh point concerning "forest administration and forest directorate" requires no comments because everything is contained in the previous points, but he concludes that, as the old proverb says, "the fish rots from the head down", or translated into forest industry: if the directorate is no good, then the entire subordinate personnel will be no good. This refers to all branches of economy, and has been proven myriad of times in the human society and in all the professions". We conclude this text with the message – compare!Editorial Board

Zdenac (Izdenc, today Zdenci) was in the Middle Ages a specific territorial unit which had initially been an integral part of the Somogy County, afterwards (from the second half of the 13th century) it was part of the Garić County. The big road leading to Virovitica traversed this area and as a travel route it dated back to antiquity when it had been one of the most important routes connecting the Posavina and Podravina main road. In the Middle Ages the most significant settlements alongside this road were Donji Zdenac, where in the 13th-14th century the square, the castrum and the parish church were registered, and Gornji Zdenac, where in the 13th-14th century the parish church and later the castrum were mentioned. Alongside the same road, more westward, there was the Parish Church of St. Stephen the King attached to the adjacent settlement Crna Rijeka, which was situated in the area of Ilovski Klokočevac. On basis of a military map from the 18th century, the text recommends the precise location of two more churches mentioned in the sources of Zdenci from the 14th century – the Church of King St. Stephen (south of Grubišno Polje) and the Church of St. Nicholas (between Mala Barna and Mala Peratovica). Because of the toponym Sesvete, it is also suggested that All Saints' Church be located here; it was mentioned in the 16th century, to the left side of the Ilova River, between Veliki Zdenci and Končanica. ; Zdenac je u srednjem vijeku činio određenu teritorijalnu cjelinu koja se prvo nalazila u sklopu velikog Šomođskog komitata, a zatim (od druge polovice 13. stoljeća) u sklopu Komitata Garić. Ovim područjem prolazila je velika cesta prema Virovitici, koja kao prometni pravac kontinuira iz razdoblja antike kada je bila jedan od značajnih pravaca što su povezivali posavsku i podravsku magistralu. Uz tu su cestu u srednjem vijeku nastala kao značajnija naselja Donji Zdenac, gdje se u 13-14. stoljeću spominju trg, kastrum i župna crkva, te Gornji Zdenac – gdje se u 13-14. st. spominje župna crkva, a kasnije i ...

In this essay the transfer of knowledge and experts between Vienna, Zagreb, inter-war China and the USSR will be analysed through the collaboration between two well-known interwar public health reformers, Aus- trian Julius Tandler and Croat Andrija Štampar. In the 1930s, they worked in China under the auspices of the League of Nations Health Organization and developed intensive cooperation in the field of public health. Based on the diary records of Andrija Štampar and the preserved archival correspondence, their personal and professional contacts were analysed. The main interest was the exchange of experiences and opinions, as well as their observations about the people and ideas they encountered and the situations in which they found themselves. This essay also tries to shed some light on the milieu in which the notions of public health and social medicine advanced, as well as the multiple external factors which influenced those developments. However, the opportunities for constructive work in the field of public health grew increasingly slim in the political constellation of the time. The League of Nations was losing its power and its health organisation followed suit. The local resistance to foreign influences in China was becoming progressively intense. The ever more severe unrest led the world into World War II and pushed the establishment of an international public health order to the margins for some time to come. However, what remained in memory was a flow of ideas and experiences which was formed in Central and Southeastern Europe and which subsequently tried to make their way far to the East and develop not only local but also general and international qualities. Many of these ideas became the basis for a new world-wide public health system that developed after World War II. ; U ovom su radu predstavljeni transfer znanja i stručnjaka između Beča, Zagreba, međuratne Kine i SSSR-a kroz suradnju dvaju poznatih međuratnih reformatora javnog zdravstva, Austrijanca Juliusa Tandlera i Hrvata Andrije Štampara. Ta su dva javnozdravstvena stručnjaka 1930-tih radili u Kini pod pokroviteljstvom Zdravstvene organizacije Lige naroda i razvijali intenzivnu suradnju u području javnog zdravstva i medicinske nastave. Na temelju dnevničkih zapisa Andrije Štampara i sačuvane arhivske korespondencije analizirani su njihovi osobni i profesionalni kontakti. Glavno zanimanje ovog rada se veže uz razmjenu njihovih iskustava i mišljenja, kao i njihova zapažanja o ljudima i idejama s kojima su se susreli te situacijama u kojima su se našli. Ovaj rad također pokušava osvijetliti milje u kojem su se javno zdravstvene i socijalno medicinske ideje razvijale kao i vanjske čimbenika, nevezane uz samu struku, koji su utjecali na njih. Krajem 30-tih godina 20. stoljeća prilike za konstruktivan rad na području javnog zdravstva postajale su sve slabije a pod utjecajem tadašnje političke konstelacije i gubita utjecaja Lige naroda. Lokalni otpor stranim utjecajima u Kini postajao je sve intenzivniji. Sve oštriji nemiri vodili su svijet u Drugi svjetski rat i gurnuli uspostavljanje međunarod- nog javnozdravstvenog poretka u posve drugi plan. Međutim, ono što je ostalo u naslijeđe je bio protok ideja i iskustava koji je zahvatio ne samo lokalno područje Srednje i Jugoistočne Europe već se proširio sve do područja Dalekog istoka. Mnoge od tih ideja postale su temelj novog svjetskog javnog zdravstvenog sustava koji se razvio nakon Drugog svjetskog rata.

U Hrvatskoj su nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata za prehranu i opskrbu ratnih zarobljenika i osoba osuđenih na lišenje slobode s prisilnim radom uvedeni i korišteni novčani bonovi. Za prehranu i opskrbu osuđenica u Zavodu za prisilni rad Požega bonovi su uvedeni najvjerojatnije 1946. (izdanje: Zavod za prisilni rad Požega), bonovi za prehranu i opskrbu osuđenika na prisilnom radu u Fužinama uvedeni su najvjerojatnije 1950. (izdanje: Narodna Republika Hrvatska Uprava osuđeničke radne snage "Hidroelektra" Fužine), a bonovi za prehranu i opskrbu osuđenika na prisilnom radu u Sisku uvedeni su najvjerojatnije 1951. (izdanje: Uprava osuđeničke radne snage Sisak-Predgrađe). Zatvorski/logorski bonovi u Hrvatskoj 1945.-1951. malo su poznati, iako su zanimljiv prilog poznavanju represivnoga sustava, a i novčarske povijesti u razdoblju "narodne demokracije" u Jugoslaviji. ; After the Second World War money coupons were introduced and used in Croatia for the food and supplies of war prisoners and persons deprived of freedom with forced labour. Coupons for the food and supplies of women prisoners in the Forced Labour Institution in Požega were probably introduced in 1946 (issued by the Požega Institution for Forced Labour), coupons for the food and supplies of prisoners sentenced to forced labour in Fužine were probably introduced in 1950 (issued by the People's Republic of Croatia, "Hidroelektra" Fužine Administration for Prisoners' Labour), and coupons for the food and supplies of prisoners sentenced to forced labour in Sisak were probably introduced in 1951 (issued by the Sisak-Predgrađe Administration for Prisoners' Labour). The prison/camp coupons in Croatia from 1945-1951 are not well known although they are an interesting aspect of knowledge about the repression system and monetary history in the period of the "peoples' democracy" in Yugoslavia.

Using as his starting point Hegel's explanation of the principled differentiation between the "manner of studying" & acquiring actual knowledge in the Antiquity & the Modern Age, the author demonstrates that both Hegel & Husserl, each in his own philosophical fashion, try to link the substantiality of Antiquity & the subjectivity of Modernity as well as to deepen &, consequently, put an end to the one-sidedness, both in the ancient tradition of multi-formity ("des sinnlichen Daseins") & in the modern "abstract form" of the manifesting subjectivity. The notion of "the actual knowledge" as actualization and "spiritualization" of the universal, with Hegel ends in "Selbstbewusstsein" & with Husserls in "phanomenologisches Residuum," representing "das Feld einer neuen Wissenschaft," which Husserl calls "die Phanomenologie der Lebenswelt" & Hegel "die Phanomenologie des Geistes." Hegel & Husserl evolve actual knowledge in the "form of science," which is -- as "Wissenschaft von der Erfahrung des Bewusstseins" -- different from the dogmatic metaphysics, empiricism, & positivism of sciences. "Erfahrung" cannot be reduced to sensory experience; it -- as the source of "des neuen wahren Gegenstandes" -- also represents the experience of human thought & understanding. This already envisions in Hegel's works the rehabilitation of different kinds & ways of genuine knowledge conceived by Aristotle in his Nichomachean Ethics. The author emphasizes the significance of practical knowledge, as extrapolated by Hegel in his philosophy of objective spirit &, particularly, in the notion of "Geist-Kapitel" in his Phenomenology of Spirit -- not in the form of metaphysical definitions taken over by Hegel from the practical philosophy into the speculative one, but for the sake of developing the abilities of the spirit as "reality" in the historical world & its own historical "logic." This peculiar logic of The Phenomenology of Spirit differs from the later Science of Logic like metaphysics. While the latter represents the thinking of the world prior to the creation of the world, The Phenomenology of Spirit makes for the practical philosophy of the historical world of life & requires the development of various kinds of knowledge, especially modern spiritual sciences appropriate for the contemporary reality & world history. Adapted from the source document.

The author critically analyzes Helmuth Plessner's views on the lack of a clear idea of the state in German tradition as well as the consequences of that for its development in the 20th century. The author claims that it is not so much a question of the nonexistence of the idea of the state as of the nonexistence of a democratic social stratum that would have prevented the authoritarian & later totalitarian developments. He also rejects the interpretation of history as meaningful, goal-oriented processes, since these presuppose a philosophical knowledge about the goals & purposes of an inimitable historical development, the assumption of which today cannot be methodologically vindicated by any historian. Adapted from the source document.

The author looks into how much, in today's world, the tradition of the philosophy of politics & its reactualization via the contemporary political philosophy as the phenomenology of the political world can help us in illuminating the efforts to designate the concept of the political suitable for the modern phenomena. Using the ideas of Hannah Arendt & Rudiger Bubner, the author outlines some subjects & interpretations that are worthy of the rehabilitation & the reactualization of the concept of the political & its understanding that befits the historical being. The central hypothesis in this analysis of the concept of the political is that these fundamental insights & the overall theory of diverse scientific disciplines should not be left exclusively to individual sciences & their specialists, especially since the fundamental knowledge of politics & practical philosophy cannot be left to political science as a separate political science i.e. the science of politics should not be defined only positivistically. References. Adapted from the source document.

U ovom radu, autorica se osvrće na Lefebvreovu knjigu Proizvodnja prostora, koja nudi zanimljiv pogled na tradiciju filozofskog ophođenja spram pojma prostora. Unutar ovakvoga prikaza, učenja dvojice istaknutih predstavnika filozofije njemačkog idealizma, Kanta i Hegela, imaju posebno mjesto. Lefebvre nudi dovoljno materijala za artikuliranje moderne povijesti filozofije kao epohalnog prijelaza s problematike vremenitosti na problematiku prostora. Autorica nastoji pokazati u kojem se smislu u ovom kontekstu ističe položaj spomenutih filozofa i to s obzirom na njihovo razumijevanje pojma prostora i njegovog odnosa sa shvaćanjem subjektivnosti. Taj odnos nije vezan isključivo za problem spoznaje, nego ujedno za tematizaciju djelovanja u smislu društvene prakse i političkog karaktera znanja unutar društvene zbilje. ; In this paper, the author analyses Lefebvre's book The Production of Space, which gives an interesting perspective on the tradition of the philosophical treatment of the concept of space. Within this framework, two renowned philosophers of German Idealism, Kant and Hegel, occupy a distinguished place. Lefebvre does offer enough material needed for an articulation of modern history of philosophy regarding an epochal change from the problem of temporality towards the problem of space. The author intends to show in what manner is the role and place of those two philosophers distinguished, regarding their understanding of the notion of space and its relation to subjectivity. This relation is not exclusively an epistemological problem, but more importantly, it is tied to the thematising the agency in the sense of social practice and political character of knowledge within social reality.

Xenophon was the first Greek philosopher to clearly separate the economic phenomenon from morality, law & politics, defining it from the standpoint of efficiency, deprivation & welfare. These traits of Xenophon's approach are particularly pronounced in Ways & Means. In this essay he presents an integral discussion of possibilities to increase income of the state of Athens, focusing only on issues pertaining to the boosting of economic activity as source of the state's income & the source of its security. Thus it is rather a development study, a strategy of economic growth, an evaluation of economic power & of ways of increasing it, and, to the extent of our knowledge, it is the first such treatise in history. Although its intent is to provide practical instruction on development policy, it is not conceived as a set of suggestions regarding actual steps to be taken, but as an integrated plan of development, the consistency of which is ensured by theoretical understanding of economic processes & by sober insight into the entire internal structure & external relations of a particular state (Athens) with its surroundings. The predominant evaluation criterion is economic efficiency & citizens' welfare, ie., the narrower economic criterion, by which a state's development policy is to be judged. Adapted from the source document.

In the contemporary world, art education provides the possibilities for the development of pupils' creativity, critical thinking, and critical attitude towards art and culture. However, "the disenchantment of the world" makes "aesthetics" a need to be continuously defined in the present age. The narrow and one-sided nature of traditional aesthetics has become increasingly apparent, and it is difficult for the ideals of beauty and art to provide reliable support for the development of aesthetics. In the late 1980s, perceptual knowledge became a frequently discussed and meaningful keyword in aesthetics research and education. Creativity comes from perceptual knowledge. Creativity is based on popular art training and aesthetic education. Creative thinking should be achieved through the process of diversification to form an area with multi-faceted and abstract structure. Because art has an essential quality (Timbre), I proposed a visual art and aesthetics project based on the implementation of artistic objectives in the teaching of visual arts and the aesthetic encounter of politics, society, history, culture and the environment. The experimental programme was performed at National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts. The results of the research confirmed that implementation of aesthetic perception education can have a positive impact on students' views of art and on the overall popularity of related learning. Examples of education in aesthetic experience and aesthetic perception can be used as guidelines for the implementation of art and multicultural education. Well-rounded and open-minded education (from politics, society, history, culture and the environment, etc.) has become the door to the continuous development of intelligence and thinking. ; Umjetničko obrazovanje u suvremenom svijetu pruža mogućnosti za razvoj kreativnosti, kritičkoga mišljenja i kritičkoga stava učenika prema umjetnosti i kulturi. Ipak, razočaranje u svijetu čini estetiku potrebom koju u sadašnje vrijeme treba kontinuirano definirati. Ograničena i jednostrana priroda tradicionalne estetike postaje sve očitija, stoga je otežan razvoj estetike na pouzdanoj osnovi ideala ljepote i umjetnosti. Kasnih 1980-ih godina perceptivno znanje postalo je ključni pojam o kojemu se često raspravlja u sklopu istraživanja i obrazovanja u području estetike. Kreativnost proizlazi iz perceptivnoga znanja, a zasnovana je na popularnom umjetničkom i estetskom obrazovanju. Kako bi se oblikovalo područje s višestrukom i apstraktnom strukturom, potrebno je razvijati kreativno mišljenje kroz proces diversifikacije. Zbog toga što umjetnost ima esencijalno svojstvo (timbar), predložio sam projekt iz područja likovne umjetnosti i estetike zasnovan na ostvarivanju umjetničkih ciljeva u poučavanju likovne umjetnosti i na estetskom susretu s politikom, društvom, povijesti, kulturom i okolinom. Eksperimentalni program realiziran je u Nacionalnom tajvanskom muzeju likovnih umjetnosti. Rezultati istraživanja potvrđuju da obrazovanje u području estetske percepcije može imati pozitivne učinke na učeničke poglede na umjetnosti i na cjelokupnu popularnost povezanoga učenja. Primjeri razvijanja estetskoga doživljaja i estetske percepcije mogu se koristiti kao smjernice za ostvarivanje umjetničkoga i multikulturnoga obrazovanja. Dobro zaokruženo i otvoreno obrazovanje (od politike, društva, povijesti, kulture, okoline itd.) postalo je prag za kontinuirani razvoj inteligencije i mišljenja.

Ovaj rad analizira povijesne artefakte korištene u rekonstrukciji mode Zagreba s kraja 19. i početka 20. stoljeća. Raznolikost izvora iziskuje postavljanje temeljnih pravila, tj. metoda analize i komparacije, neophodnih za bolje razumijevanje razloga postojanja određenih odjevnih oblika i modnih smjernica. Na primjerima izvora korištenih u rekonstrukciji zagrebačke mode s kraja 19. i početka 20. stoljeća, ukazat će se na zamke krivih i površnih interpretacija. U tom se smislu analiziraju odjevni artefakti, povijesna fotografija, modni tisak, slikarska djela, šaljive likovne anegdote, pisma, te nacrti. Istaknuta je i neophodnost interdisciplinarnog pristupa u istraživanju povijesti odijevanja, kako bi se moda promatrala kao odraz političkih, društvenih, gospodarskih promjena i rezultat kulturnog ozračja. ; The theme of this paper is the artefacts used for reconstruction of late 19th and early 20th century fashion in Zagreb. It will point out new views, methods of analysis and inevitable comparison to reach the goal of supplementing existing knowledge. Although the sources for understanding fashion history do give many information, they are limited in presenting the greater picture. This paper will try to emphasize the source method analysis and the problems that have to be avoided. In that respect clothing artefacts, historical photographs, fashion magazines, paintings, witty art anecdotes, letters and designs will be analyzed. The necessity of interdisciplinary approach of research will be pointed out to ensure the understanding of fashion as a result of historical, social and art influences.

The author first defines the various facets of globalization in today's world, emphasizing the key changes that are intensifying communication among peoples, nations, & cultures all over the world. However, parallel to this, there are other pressing problems: from the ecological crisis, to the realization of human rights, to the anomie of life & work. All this proves that globalization is not only an economic & technical but, ultimately, practically an ethical & political issue. Along the lines of Hegel's philosophy of world history & Aristotle's practical philosophy, the author has come to view contemporary globalization as a step forward for world civilization, ie, as a possibility for the realization of freedom & a good life. Globalization, of course, scares people with its unpredictability & the erratic development of "global society," which (in line with Beck's distinction between the First & the Second Modernism) today is represented as a society of nation-states, on the one hand, & a "global society of transnational actors," on the other. Due to the increasing globalization & the danger of reducing all beings to things, it is central to point out that a human being is not a thing among other things, & that the appreciation & realization of life requires nurturing & cultivating the variety of human knowledge pertinent to different spheres of the historical world of life. Thus, the relevance & the role of practical philosophy is gaining significance regarding the -- to the historical Being -- proper understanding & fulfillment of human potentials in today's world. Adapted from the source document.

Konzervatorsko-restauratorski radovi poduzeti od 2005. do 2013. godine na crkvi sv. Mateja u Prodolu potaknuli su revalorizaciju male ladanjske crkve čiju arhitektonsku jednostavnost nadoknađuje bogat zidni oslik s početka 15. stoljeća. Dosadašnje se spoznaje o tom objektu, objavljene tek u putnom izvještaju Branka Fučića prije šezdeset godina, dopunjuju novim zapažanjima i analizama o povijesti građevine, ikonografiji i stilskim karakteristikama zidnog oslika. U radu se donosi i opis konzervatorsko-restauratorskih radova koje je Hrvatski restauratorski zavod izveo na crkvi. Praksa obnavljanja sličnih, oblikovno ili dimenzijama nerijetko skromnih građevina na izoliranim lokacijama zapuštenih zbog nenaseljenosti ili otežanog pristupa, nije česta, što ladanjsku i ruralnu baštinu čini naročito ugroženom. U tom je kontekstu prodolska crkva važan primjer koji svjedoči o iznimno bogatom kulturnom i povijesnom pejzažu Labinštine te dokaz heterogenog likovnog jezika u Istri na početku 15. stoljeća, kad je još bio osjetan utjecaj akvilejskog patrijarha prije političke i umjetničke dominacije Venecije. ; Conservation work undertaken from 2005 to 2013 in the church of St. Matthew in Prodol initiated a revalorization of this small country church, whose architectural simplicity is complemented by elaborate wall paintings from the early–15th century that testify to the diversity of styles in the Istrian region in the period predating the rule of the Serenissima. Our knowledge so far of this building, published only as a travel report by Branko Fučić some sixty years ago, is supplemented with new insights and analyses of the building's history, iconography, and style characteristics of the wall paintings. The article features a description of work carried out on the building by the Croatian Conservation Institute.