Problem setting. In modern theoretical (as well as in political) discourse, the concept of «identity» is a very popular subject of study of completely different spheres of scientific knowledge - history, philosophy, sociology, pedagogy, psychology, literary studies, etc. The relevance of the study of the problem of identity in the modern world is conditioned by the situation of multiculturalism, the presence of signs ofasynchronous development of the world, the spread of mosaic and multiple identities. The reason for the author's interest in the chosen topic is also the aggravation of the identification processes in Ukrainian society and the urgent need to preserve the historically conditioned identity. The widespread use in science, in politics, in the media of this concept requires a clear delineation/definition of the defined concept, based on its close connection with the real social and cultural problems of society. Identity research is today an independent and advanced field of knowledge, and the very concept of «identity» has become a prism through which important features of modern life are studied and evaluated. Recent research and publications analysis. The problem of identity has been the subject of analysis in western science since the second half of the 1960s. She was approached by E. H. Ericsson, Y Habermas, E. Fromm and others. In Soviet science, the concept of identity was not used, but in the post-Soviet sociohumanities it was actively studied. The most developed concepts of identity within the post-modern world belong to J. Habermas, E. Erickson, A. Etzioni, M. Castels, S. Huntington, V. Hesle, K. Hübner and others. For the domestic academic community, the problem of identity became urgent since the mid-1990s, when the problem of national identity began to be actively explored in the works of E. Bystritsky, M. Golovaty, E. Glovakha, O. Zabuzhko, V. Stepanenko, V Kremen, V. Tkachenko, M. Ovcharik, L. Nagorny, M. Obushniy, N. Pelagesh, Y. Rimarenko, A. Ponomaryova, M. Popovich, M. Stepiko, M. ...
The article is devoted to the history of formation of criminalistics knowledge in different countries of the world. Some issues of the history of systematization of forensic knowledge have been studied by such scientists as R. S. Belkin, M. V. Danshin, V. A. Zhuravel, V. P. Kolmakov, V. O. Konovalova, V. V. Yusupov, V. Yu. Shepitko and al. However, the works do not reveal the historical aspect of systematization and formation of the system of criminalistics knowledge. The purpose of the article is to consider issues related to the history of systematization of criminalistics knowledgeAttention is drawn to the differences in the understanding of different scholars of the system of criminalistics knowledge in different historical periods. The process of systematization of criminalistics knowledge in different countries of the world is analyzed. Issues related to the formation of a system of criminalistics knowledge are outlined.The history of systematization of criminalistics knowledge covers several stages. Scientific works are characterized, which contain a certain system of criminalistics knowledge proposed by various authors. Yes, one of the first to summarize and classify criminalistics knowledge was Hans Gross. Also in different countries of the world, scientists have proposed their vision of the system of criminalistics knowledge. In particular, in the works of Uils William, A. Chebyshev-Dmitriev, RA Reissa, S.M. Tregubov, E. Locar, etc., as well as in many legislative acts of France, England, Scotland, North America contain criminalistics recommendations for the investigation of crimes
В статті мовиться про освітні системи в країнах ЄвропейськогоСоюзу, активізацію там інвестицій в людські ресурси і професійну підготовку фахівців, використання в освіті телекомунікаційної інфраструктури, підвищення знань протягом життя. Зазначається, що освітні ініціативи ЄС виходять за його межі, зокрема надається допомога українським освітянам і науковцям. ; The article says about educational systems in the countries of the European Union, about the activation of investment into human resources and professional training of specialists, about the usage of telecommunication technologies in education and about the improvement of knowledge during the lifetime. It is indicated that educational initiatives of the European Union go beyond its borders, in particular, the support Ukrainian educationalists and scientists. In 2015 Ukraine entered the European research space having become an associated member of the EU framework program for Research and Innovation "Horizon 2020". It gives Ukrainian scientists an opportunity to join common European researches and to overcome isolation. The systems of higher education of the European countries are one of he best in the world. Top 5 includes the USA, Canada, Sweden, Finland and Denmark. In top 25 there are 16 countries, including Ukraine. ; W artykule rozpatrywano systemy oświaty w państwach należących do UniiEuropejskiej, aktywizację tam inwestycji w zasoby ludzkie i przygotowaniezawodowe fachowców, wykorzystanie infrastruktury telekomunikacyjnej w oświacie, udoskonalenie wiedzy w ciągu życia. A także zaznaczono, że inicjatywy oświatowe Unii Europejskiej wychodzą za jej zasięgi, w szczególności wspierają ukraińskich pracowników oświaty i naukowców.
Purpose: to attract the attention of doctors to the problem of tuberculosis through knowledge of the historical past and to warn against mistakes in the future. Materials and Methods. It is based on literary reports, official statistical reporting data, as well as our own long-term observations and studies. Results. The article provides the most important historical data on tuberculosis both globally and in Ukraine. The statistical data on morbidity, mortality from tuberculosis, effectiveness of its treatment for decades are analyzed. Attention is drawn to unfounded misconceptions that all questions about tuberculosis have already been resolved and there are utopian predictions about its eradication as a common disease in many countries of the world. Ukraine suffered the same fate, which led to the tuberculosis epidemic (1995). Thanks to international assistance, the targeted actions of the Ukrainian government, it was possible to stop the outbreak of the epidemic. Despite successes in overcoming TB in Ukraine in recent years, there have been some strategic mistakes in the fight against this disease. Perceptions of the best international experience, its implementation on the reorganization of the TB service in Ukraine are discussed. Conclusions. The experience of world and domestic phthisiatry allows specialists to better understand the problem of tuberculosis as a disease with its polymorphic pathomorphism and failures in the fight against it. However, strategic miscalculations are appearing, antituberculous institutions are being hurriedly closed, the number of beds and the number of TB specialists are decreasing. ; Мета: привернути увагу лікарів до проблеми туберкульозу через знання історичного минулого і застерегти від помилок на майбутнє. Матеріали і методи. В основу покладено літературні повідомлення, дані офіційної статистичної звітності, а також власні багаторічні спостереження та дослідження. Результати. У статті наведено найважливіші дані щодо туберкульозу в історичному аспекті як у світовому масштабі, так і в Україні. Проаналізовано статистичні дані про захворюваність, смертність від туберкульозу, ефективність його лікування в розрізі десятиліть. Звернено увагу на необґрунтовано хибні думки, що всі питання про туберкульоз вже вирішені та є утопічні прогнози про його ліквідацію як розповсюдженого захворювання у багатьох країнах світу. Україну спіткала така ж ситуація, що призвело до епідемії туберкульозу (1995 р.). Завдяки міжнародній допомозі, цілеспрямованим діям українського уряду вдалося зупинити спалах епідемії. Попри успіхи у подоланні туберкульозу в Україні за останні роки виникли деякі стратегічні помилки в боротьбі з цим захворюванням. Обговорено сприйняття передового світового досвіду, його втілення щодо реорганізації протитуберкульозної служби в Україні. Висновки. Досвід світової та вітчизняної фтизіатрії дозволяє фахівцям повніше зрозуміти проблему туберкульозу як захворювання з його поліморфним патоморфозом і невдачами в боротьбі з ним. Проте проявляються стратегічні прорахунки, поспішно закриваються протитуберкульозні заклади, скорочується ліжковий фонд і кількість фтизіатрів.
Purpose: to attract the attention of doctors to the problem of tuberculosis through knowledge of the historical past and to warn against mistakes in the future. Materials and Methods. It is based on literary reports, official statistical reporting data, as well as our own long-term observations and studies. Results. The article provides the most important historical data on tuberculosis both globally and in Ukraine. The statistical data on morbidity, mortality from tuberculosis, effectiveness of its treatment for decades are analyzed. Attention is drawn to unfounded misconceptions that all questions about tuberculosis have already been resolved and there are utopian predictions about its eradication as a common disease in many countries of the world. Ukraine suffered the same fate, which led to the tuberculosis epidemic (1995). Thanks to international assistance, the targeted actions of the Ukrainian government, it was possible to stop the outbreak of the epidemic. Despite successes in overcoming TB in Ukraine in recent years, there have been some strategic mistakes in the fight against this disease. Perceptions of the best international experience, its implementation on the reorganization of the TB service in Ukraine are discussed. Conclusions. The experience of world and domestic phthisiatry allows specialists to better understand the problem of tuberculosis as a disease with its polymorphic pathomorphism and failures in the fight against it. However, strategic miscalculations are appearing, antituberculous institutions are being hurriedly closed, the number of beds and the number of TB specialists are decreasing. ; Мета: привернути увагу лікарів до проблеми туберкульозу через знання історичного минулого і застерегти від помилок на майбутнє. Матеріали і методи. В основу покладено літературні повідомлення, дані офіційної статистичної звітності, а також власні багаторічні спостереження та дослідження. Результати. У статті наведено найважливіші дані щодо туберкульозу в історичному аспекті як у світовому масштабі, так і в Україні. Проаналізовано статистичні дані про захворюваність, смертність від туберкульозу, ефективність його лікування в розрізі десятиліть. Звернено увагу на необґрунтовано хибні думки, що всі питання про туберкульоз вже вирішені та є утопічні прогнози про його ліквідацію як розповсюдженого захворювання у багатьох країнах світу. Україну спіткала така ж ситуація, що призвело до епідемії туберкульозу (1995 р.). Завдяки міжнародній допомозі, цілеспрямованим діям українського уряду вдалося зупинити спалах епідемії. Попри успіхи у подоланні туберкульозу в Україні за останні роки виникли деякі стратегічні помилки в боротьбі з цим захворюванням. Обговорено сприйняття передового світового досвіду, його втілення щодо реорганізації протитуберкульозної служби в Україні. Висновки. Досвід світової та вітчизняної фтизіатрії дозволяє фахівцям повніше зрозуміти проблему туберкульозу як захворювання з його поліморфним патоморфозом і невдачами в боротьбі з ним. Проте проявляються стратегічні прорахунки, поспішно закриваються протитуберкульозні заклади, скорочується ліжковий фонд і кількість фтизіатрів.
Зацікавлення трагічною й, водночас, героїчною долею предків обумовило не лише обрання автором фаху військового історика, але і його участь у русі з відродження козацьких традицій. Тривале наукове дослідження надбань козацької доби сприяло й опануванню певних навичок і вмінь козацького бойового мистецтва, що дозволило як на науковому, так і на спортивно- мистецькому рівнях засвідчити непересічність військово-козацької спадщини та залучити до її вивчення небайдужу молодь. Поряд із цим, намагання неупереджено проаналізувати не лише козацьку спільноту, але й життя окремих історичних особистостей сприяли кращому розумінню сутности історії. Все це свідчить про те, що в процесі пізнання минулого можна змінювати й удосконалювати як себе самого, так і своє оточення. ; An interest in the tragic and heroic destiny of his ancestors led the author to embrace the vocation of a military historian and to engage actively in the movement for the revival of Cossack traditions. His long-time research in the field of Cossack history helped him to master some elements of Cossack martial arts that allowed him to demonstrate – from the perspective of both science and sports and arts– the unique qualities of the Cossack military heritage and to attract the youth to its study. Attempts to analyze not only the Cossack community but also particular historical personalities led to a better understanding of the essence of history. All in all, his personal experience proves that in the process of exploring the past one can change and improve both oneself and one's milieu.
Actuality. Management as a phenomenon of culture and an exclusively unique object of scientific knowledge occupies a special place in the life of society. As historical development of mankind is complicated as organizational structures, as well as the culture of management and a set of theories that describe them. However, modern science does not take into account that radical changes in organizational reality occur not continuously, but during the bifurcation of civilization. A specific culture that arose precisely in such conditions is mechanistic management, the study of which is devoted to this article. Purpose and methods. The purpose of the article is a theoretical and historical analysis of the culture of mechanistic management, the identification of the basic determinants of the genesis of this management culture and the formation of the main directions of its development in conditions of industrialism. The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical principle of cognition, systemic, civilization, historical approaches to the study of social phenomena and processes, and the fundamental provisions of the theory of management. Results. The objective preconditions of the formation of a culture of mechanistic management are determined: European science and mechanism arising from the Newtonian picture of the world – the presentation of organizational reality as a machine, as well as atomism, rationalism and social Darwinism as a "natural law" about inter-species struggle; Protestant ethics as a justification of profit; political economy, which introduced the economy in the form of a machine operating under the laws of Newtonian mechanics; great scientific and technical discoveries, demanding new forms of organization of production. The essence of the article is given, comparative characteristics are given and prospects of further application of the main directions of culture of mechanistic management: scientific organization of labor and management are outlined; administrative management; the ...
The modern cynological service of Ukraine is an integral part of the National Police of Ukraine, the National Guard of Ukraine, the State Border Guard Service, the State Emergency Service of Ukraine.The purpose of this study was to shed light on the history of cynology. To address this issue, the task was to collect and systematize data on the development of cynology. The main purpose of dog training in the law enforcement system is primarily to assist employees of these structures in improving the effectiveness of their activities to prevent, stop, detect and investigate crimes, using the special knowledge of dog handlers, as well as their skillful use of service dogs as a special means.The following research methods were used in the research process: general scientific – logical analysis, generalization, classification, systematization, actualization and comparison; historical – biographical, problem-chronological, comparative-historical.The history of the human-dog relationship dates back more than 500,000 years. Archival documents contain records of the use of dogs in military affairs more than 6,000 years ago in Eurasia, Africa and North America. As early as 7000 BC, purposeful dog breeding was widespread.No other animal species shows such diversity. Today there are more than 400 breeds of dogs, not counting crossbreeds. Despite this biodiversity, all domestic dogs belong to the same family, the Canis familiis, whose wild ancestor is the wolf, as evidenced by DNA analysis.To date, there are three main areas of dog breeding: service, which includes herding, associated with various branches of animal husbandry, riding (harness) and own service – the use of dogs for guard, search and other services; hunting (industrial and sports); decorative (breeding of mostly domestic dogs of original forms, companion dogs).Thus, the study of the history of cynology will allow more extensive use of the capabilities of dogs in the modern cynological service. ; Сучасна кінологічна служба України є невід'ємною складовою частиною Національної поліції України, Національної гвардії України, Державної прикордонної служби, Державної служби України з надзвичайних ситуацій.Метою даного дослідження було висвітлити історію становлення кінології. Для вирішення цього питання було поставлено завдання зібрати та систематизувати данні стосовно розвитку кінології.У процесі досліджень було використано наступні методи досліджень: загальнонаукові – логічного аналізу, узагальнення, класифікації, систематизації, актуалізації та порівняння; історичні – біографічний, проблемно-хронологічний, порівняльно-історичний.Історія відносин людини і собаки бере свій початок більше 500 тис. років тому. В архівних документах збереглись записи про використання собак у військовій справі більше 6000 років тому в Євразії, Африці та Північній Америці. Вже 7000 років до н.е., було широко поширене цілеспрямоване розведення собак.На сьогоднішній день розрізняють три основних напрямки собаківництва: службове, що включає пастуше, пов'язане з різними галузями тваринництва, їздове (упряжне) і власне службове – використання собак для караульної, розшукової та інших служб; мисливське (промислове і спортивне); декоративне (розведення переважно кімнатних собак оригінальних форм, собак-компаньйонів).Отже, вивчення історії кінології дасть змогу більш широко використовувати можливості собак в сучасній кінологічній службі.
The article deals with theoretical approaches to the problem of formation of legal competence of future teachers of history and law. Applying different scientific methods, we have analyzed the definition of a competence in general and a law competence in particular. The definition of a law competence of future teachers of history and law has been considered as both personal and professional qualities, which can be gained by knowing the core of law and the system of legislation, and applying appropriately the knowledge of the law in the professional activity. It has been defined that in universities the competence of future teachers of history and law is considered as a profound knowledge of law and professional and personal qualities which can make the work of teachers more effective. It has been proved that the law competences of future teachers of history and law include diagnostics and prediction, management, and law knowledge.
It is established that at the present stage of development of Ukrainian society the vector of political cooperation has changed, which increased the requirements to professional training of the future teachers, particularly teachers of history, who the most detailed and professionally, using modern innovative technologies, introduce the young man with the past, compares with the present, forms the world outlook. In this regard, they require a high level of intellectual development, civil position, national identity, social competence, active and responsible attitude to life, independence and flexibility of thinking, willingness to the effective explanation of problem situations, ability to continuous personal and professional improvement. Speaking about these components, we realize that they are the components of the competencies that should be taught and that should be developed by the student of pedagogical University. It is proved that with the change of the political situation the person is in the state of splitting, and it is education that can overcome this condition, education with a new vision, new methods and new priorities, that is, people of competence training which focuses not on «knowledge for knowledge», but «knowledge for survival». It is proved that the competence reflects both praxeological and gnoseological side and is understood as the mastering of knowledge, and the ability to flexibly apply it in real life. So, competence is nothing more than a situational category, which is expressed in the willingness to engage in any activity in specific professional situations. According to this it is established that the components of professional competence, which is formed during training in higher educational institution while obtaining a degree a teacher of history. Therefore, the task of higher educational institution in training history teachers involves not only enriching the student's knowledge of historical facts, events, but also teaching him or her how to compare, evaluate historical ...
Abstract. Mykhailo Sergiiovych Hrushevskyi, an outstanding scientist, a man of broad erudition, extraordinary diligence, takes one of the honorary places in the history of Ukrainian science and culture of the late 19th – first third of 20th century. Possessing encyclopedic scientific knowledge, the ability to comprehensively analyze and reproduce historical processes in an artistic form, he clearly manifested himself in many fields of knowledge: history, archeography, literary studies, folklore, and others. But first of all, Mykhailo Hrushevskyi is a prominent historian and patriot of his people, who created the first most complete, generalizing study of the history of Ukraine from ancient times to the second half of the 17th century. The scientific concept of Mykhailo Hrushevskyi is based on the organic unity of high professionalism of materials presentation, deep knowledge of literature and sources, and originality of their interpretation.As a politician, he worked his way from the founder of the National Democratic Party of Galicia and the Society of Ukrainian Progressives in Kyiv to the creator of the foundations of an independent Ukrainian state. He was Chairman of the Central Rada, and later recognized the Soviet regime in Ukraine and expressed readiness to serve it. His views were changing; socio-political concepts and philosophical perceptions of life were evolving but love for his people and for the historical truth for him have always been the highest standard in scientific creativity and political activity. Mykhailo Hrushevskyi was the son of his time. As well as many other prominent figures of Ukraine, he presented the tragic historical fate of the Ukrainian lands dismembered by political borders, which were deprived of their own statehood, in his works. As a scientist and politician, Mykhailo Hrushevskyi was deeply saddened by the fate of his people.Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, prominent Ukrainian historian, politician, writer, publicist, editor, publisher, also made a significant contribution to the development of the native journalism.Work and studying of the bibliographic sources, important periods in the creative life and work of Mykhailo Hrushevskyi allowed to identify the main periodicals that he edited and published or acted as a leading publicist (reviewer, reader, literary critic, author of iconic and travel essays, notes, articles, etc.). The article enlights the organizational talent in the field of publishing and editorial skills in the newspaper and magazine area of Mykhailo Hrushevskyi in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The purpose of this article is to trace the main milestones of the journalistic activity of the scientist and politician, to find out the essential issues reflected by Mykhailo Hrushevskyi in the pages of newspapers and magazines. ; Анотація. В історії української науки і культури кінця XIX — першої третини XX ст. одне із почесних місць по праву належить Михайлу Сергійовичу Грушевському – видатному вченому, людині широкої ерудиції, надзвичайної працьовитості. Володіючи енциклопедичними науковими знаннями, здатністю всебічно аналізувати і в художній формі відтворювати історичні процеси, він яскраво виявив себе в багатьох галузях знань: історії, археографії, літературознавстві, фольклористиці та ін. Але насамперед М. С. Грушевський – це визначний історик і патріот свого народу, який створив перше найбільш повне, узагальнююче дослідженню з історії України від найдавніших часів до другої половини XVII ст. Наукова концепція М. С. Грушевського ґрунтується на органічній єдності високого професіоналізму викладу матеріалів, глибоких знаннях літератури і джерел та оригінальності їх трактування.М. С. Грушевський як політик пройшов шлях від засновника національно-демократичної партії Галичини і Товариства українських поступовців у Києві до творця засад української незалежної держави. Він був головою Центральної Ради, а згодом визнав Радянську владу на Україні і висловив готовність служити їй. Змінювалися його погляди, еволюціонували суспільно-політичні концепції, філософське сприйняття життя. Але любов до свого народу і до історичної істини для нього завжди були вищим мірилом в науковій творчості і політичній діяльності. Він був сином своєї епохи, тому в житті та діяльності М. С. Грушевського, як і багатьох інших визначних діячів України, з усією глибиною відбилася трагічна історична доля розчленованих політичними кордонами українських земель, що були позбавлені власної державності. Як вчений і політик М. С. Грушевський боляче переживав за долю свого народу. Видатний український історик, політичний діяч, письменник, публіцист, редактор, видавець, Михайло Грушевський зробив також чималий внесок у розвиток вітчизняного журналістикознавства.
Problem setting. In modern theoretical (as well as in political) discourse, the concept of «identity» is a very popular subject of study of completely different spheres of scientific knowledge - history, philosophy, sociology, pedagogy, psychology, literary studies, etc. The relevance of the study of the problem of identity in the modern world is conditioned by the situation of multiculturalism, the presence of signs ofasynchronous development of the world, the spread of mosaic and multiple identities. The reason for the author's interest in the chosen topic is also the aggravation of the identification processes in Ukrainian society and the urgent need to preserve the historically conditioned identity. The widespread use in science, in politics, in the media of this concept requires a clear delineation/definition of the defined concept, based on its close connection with the real social and cultural problems of society. Identity research is today an independent and advanced field of knowledge, and the very concept of «identity» has become a prism through which important features of modern life are studied and evaluated.Recent research and publications analysis. The problem of identity has been the subject of analysis in western science since the second half of the 1960s. She was approached by E. H. Ericsson, Y. Habermas, E. Fromm and others. In Soviet science, the concept of identity was not used, but in the post-Soviet sociohumanities it was actively studied. The most developed concepts of identity within the post-modern world belong to J. Habermas, E. Erickson, A. Etzioni, M. Castels, S. Huntington, V. Hesle, K. Hübner and others. For the domestic academic community, the problem of identity became urgent since the mid- 1990s, when the problem of national identity began to be actively explored in the works of E. Bystritsky, M. Golovaty, E. Glovakha, O. Zabuzhko, V. Stepanenko, V. Kremen, V. Tkachenko, M. Ovcharik, L. Nagorny, M. Obushniy, N. Pelagesh, Y. Rimarenko, A. Ponomaryova, M. Popovich, M. Stepiko, M. Shulga, T. Yashchuk and others. Modern scientific reflection on identity has proved to be sufficient, but this debate is far from over. The author considers that in the scientific space insufficient attention is paid to comprehending the theoretical construct «historical identity».Paper objective. The purpose of our study is to theoretical analysis ofscientific sources for the study of the concept of «historical identity», as well as its distinction as a theoretical construct of social and humanitarian knowledge, establishing its connection with other components of the identification process.Paper main body. The task to comprehending the the theoretical construct «historical identity» is conditioned by a revival of interest in the historical experience, in the historical past, which is caused by the loss of previous social identity, an urgent need for a new interpretation of history through a kind of «acceleration of time». History provides a resource for identifying identity: appealing to the study of history, to individual significant historical events, of historical figures aids the process of identification. The tradition of considering identity as a historical process begins with the G. Hegel 's philosophy of history, which applied this concept to the existence of an individual, entire nations and states. The identification process has both a spatial and a temporal dimension. The history of the people, nation, society is not just a calendar past, but a culturally sound interpretation of the events and activities ofprominent figures. Thus, historical identity is conditioned by historical memory. Historical memory, as a complex system, is a common conception of the past of a country, a nation, a person, which shapes socio-cultural identities. It serves both as the ability of subjects to retain the experience gained and as a result of a certain ordering of memories and experiences. Historical memory can be imagined as a kind of spiritual core through which knowledge and information about evolution, specific stages of development, conditions of existence and cultural potential of society (people, nations) are stored. It directly influences the understanding that is of the highest value for self-awareness and well-being in society, and provides identification processes. Historical memory is determined by identity, that makes sense of the experience of history, overcoming «polyphonic» interpretation of historical events based on the constant revision of history and its stereotypes with socio-historical memory. At the same time, history is one of the most effective factors in the formation of identity, since the historical past determines the relation to the present, which in turn determines the perception of the future. The historical identity of the subject is identified with its historical past. This means that for the social subject, including in the situation of identity crisis, there is always an opportunity to distinguish his past from another's past, to know and to know himself in his past. The structure of historical identity is shaped by mentality, historical experience, traditions, religion, national symbols, status of the mother tongue. The source of historical identity is the process of interpreting and constructing history. Constructing historical identity depends to a large extent on a well-balanced ideological strategy, on the controlled competition of interpretations of history.Conclusions of the research. Our studies have shown that historical identity is a component of sociocultural identity and at the same time is its foundation. The factor of historical (self)identification, along with national, ethnic, professional, racial, linguistic, territorial, geographical, confessional, regional, corporate etc., plays an essential role in the structuring of identity. In a generalized sense, the theoretical construct «historical identity» emerges as the essential correlation of the social subject with its past. The theoretical construct «historical identity» can be defined as an unfinished, unsteady, relational one that is actively constructed institutionally to form established, lasting bonds in society based on building a universally accepted version of a unified historical past. «Historical identity» is a continuous process ofupdating and supplementing our knowledge of our past in the search for historical identity. ; Статья посвящена осмыслению проблемы идентичности в период трансформационных изменений современного общества, проанализирована связь исторической идентичности и исторической памяти. Автор считает, что теоретическое определение «исторической идентичности» как конструкта социально-гуманитарного знания является основой для процесса самоидентификации личности или социальной группы в современном культурном пространстве и обосновывает свою позицию относительно дистинкции указанного конструкта. ; В статті розглянуто актуальність осмислення проблеми ідентичності в період трансформаційних змін сучасного суспільства, проаналізовано зв'язок історичної ідентичності та історичної пам'яті. Автор вважає, що теоретичне визначення «історичної ідентичності» як конструкту соціально-гуманітарного знання постає важливою основою для процесу самоідентифікації особистості або соціальної групи в сучасному культурному просторі та висловлює позицію щодо дистинкції означеного конструкту.
Problem setting. In modern theoretical (as well as in political) discourse, the concept of «identity» is a very popular subject of study of completely different spheres of scientific knowledge - history, philosophy, sociology, pedagogy, psychology, literary studies, etc. The relevance of the study of the problem of identity in the modern world is conditioned by the situation of multiculturalism, the presence of signs ofasynchronous development of the world, the spread of mosaic and multiple identities. The reason for the author's interest in the chosen topic is also the aggravation of the identification processes in Ukrainian society and the urgent need to preserve the historically conditioned identity. The widespread use in science, in politics, in the media of this concept requires a clear delineation/definition of the defined concept, based on its close connection with the real social and cultural problems of society. Identity research is today an independent and advanced field of knowledge, and the very concept of «identity» has become a prism through which important features of modern life are studied and evaluated.Recent research and publications analysis. The problem of identity has been the subject of analysis in western science since the second half of the 1960s. She was approached by E. H. Ericsson, Y. Habermas, E. Fromm and others. In Soviet science, the concept of identity was not used, but in the post-Soviet sociohumanities it was actively studied. The most developed concepts of identity within the post-modern world belong to J. Habermas, E. Erickson, A. Etzioni, M. Castels, S. Huntington, V. Hesle, K. Hübner and others. For the domestic academic community, the problem of identity became urgent since the mid- 1990s, when the problem of national identity began to be actively explored in the works of E. Bystritsky, M. Golovaty, E. Glovakha, O. Zabuzhko, V. Stepanenko, V. Kremen, V. Tkachenko, M. Ovcharik, L. Nagorny, M. Obushniy, N. Pelagesh, Y. Rimarenko, A. Ponomaryova, M. Popovich, M. Stepiko, M. Shulga, T. Yashchuk and others. Modern scientific reflection on identity has proved to be sufficient, but this debate is far from over. The author considers that in the scientific space insufficient attention is paid to comprehending the theoretical construct «historical identity».Paper objective. The purpose of our study is to theoretical analysis ofscientific sources for the study of the concept of «historical identity», as well as its distinction as a theoretical construct of social and humanitarian knowledge, establishing its connection with other components of the identification process.Paper main body. The task to comprehending the the theoretical construct «historical identity» is conditioned by a revival of interest in the historical experience, in the historical past, which is caused by the loss of previous social identity, an urgent need for a new interpretation of history through a kind of «acceleration of time». History provides a resource for identifying identity: appealing to the study of history, to individual significant historical events, of historical figures aids the process of identification. The tradition of considering identity as a historical process begins with the G. Hegel 's philosophy of history, which applied this concept to the existence of an individual, entire nations and states. The identification process has both a spatial and a temporal dimension. The history of the people, nation, society is not just a calendar past, but a culturally sound interpretation of the events and activities ofprominent figures. Thus, historical identity is conditioned by historical memory. Historical memory, as a complex system, is a common conception of the past of a country, a nation, a person, which shapes socio-cultural identities. It serves both as the ability of subjects to retain the experience gained and as a result of a certain ordering of memories and experiences. Historical memory can be imagined as a kind of spiritual core through which knowledge and information about evolution, specific stages of development, conditions of existence and cultural potential of society (people, nations) are stored. It directly influences the understanding that is of the highest value for self-awareness and well-being in society, and provides identification processes. Historical memory is determined by identity, that makes sense of the experience of history, overcoming «polyphonic» interpretation of historical events based on the constant revision of history and its stereotypes with socio-historical memory. At the same time, history is one of the most effective factors in the formation of identity, since the historical past determines the relation to the present, which in turn determines the perception of the future. The historical identity of the subject is identified with its historical past. This means that for the social subject, including in the situation of identity crisis, there is always an opportunity to distinguish his past from another's past, to know and to know himself in his past. The structure of historical identity is shaped by mentality, historical experience, traditions, religion, national symbols, status of the mother tongue. The source of historical identity is the process of interpreting and constructing history. Constructing historical identity depends to a large extent on a well-balanced ideological strategy, on the controlled competition of interpretations of history.Conclusions of the research. Our studies have shown that historical identity is a component of sociocultural identity and at the same time is its foundation. The factor of historical (self)identification, along with national, ethnic, professional, racial, linguistic, territorial, geographical, confessional, regional, corporate etc., plays an essential role in the structuring of identity. In a generalized sense, the theoretical construct «historical identity» emerges as the essential correlation of the social subject with its past. The theoretical construct «historical identity» can be defined as an unfinished, unsteady, relational one that is actively constructed institutionally to form established, lasting bonds in society based on building a universally accepted version of a unified historical past. «Historical identity» is a continuous process ofupdating and supplementing our knowledge of our past in the search for historical identity. ; Статья посвящена осмыслению проблемы идентичности в период трансформационных изменений современного общества, проанализирована связь исторической идентичности и исторической памяти. Автор считает, что теоретическое определение «исторической идентичности» как конструкта социально-гуманитарного знания является основой для процесса самоидентификации личности или социальной группы в современном культурном пространстве и обосновывает свою позицию относительно дистинкции указанного конструкта. ; В статті розглянуто актуальність осмислення проблеми ідентичності в період трансформаційних змін сучасного суспільства, проаналізовано зв'язок історичної ідентичності та історичної пам'яті. Автор вважає, що теоретичне визначення «історичної ідентичності» як конструкту соціально-гуманітарного знання постає важливою основою для процесу самоідентифікації особистості або соціальної групи в сучасному культурному просторі та висловлює позицію щодо дистинкції означеного конструкту.
The article is devoted to the history of formation of criminalistics knowledge in different countries of the world. Some issues of the history of systematization of forensic knowledge have been studied by such scientists as R. S. Belkin, M. V. Danshin, V. A. Zhuravel, V. P. Kolmakov, V. O. Konovalova, V. V. Yusupov, V. Yu. Shepitko and al. However, the works do not reveal the historical aspect of systematization and formation of the system of criminalistics knowledge.The purpose of the article is to consider issues related to the history of systematization of criminalistics knowledgeAttention is drawn to the differences in the understanding of different scholars of the system of criminalistics knowledge in different historical periods. The process of systematization of criminalistics knowledge in different countries of the world is analyzed. Issues related to the formation of a system of criminalistics knowledge are outlined.The history of systematization of criminalistics knowledge covers several stages. Scientific works are characterized, which contain a certain system of criminalistics knowledge proposed by various authors. Yes, one of the first to summarize and classify criminalistics knowledge was Hans Gross. Also in different countries of the world, scientists have proposed their vision of the system of criminalistics knowledge. In particular, in the works of Uils William, A. Chebyshev-Dmitriev, RA Reissa, S.M. Tregubov, E. Locar, etc., as well as in many legislative acts of France, England, Scotland, North America contain criminalistics recommendations for the investigation of crimes ; В статье исследовано историю формирования криминалистических знаний в разных странах мира. Внимание уделено отличиям в пониманиях учеными системы криминалистических знаний в разные исторические периоды. Проанализирован процесс систематизации криминалистических знаний в разных странах мира. Обозначены вопросы, связанные с формированием системы криминалистических знаний. ; У статті досліджено процес формування криміналістичних знань та їх систематизацію у різних країнах світу. Звернено увагу на розбіжності в розумінні вченими системи криміналістичних знань у різні історичні періоди. Окреслено питання, пов'язані з формуванням системи криміналістичних знань
З позицій філософського, психологічного, культурологічного аналізу розкрито сутність толерантності особистості. Розглядається принцип толерантності в змісті історичної освіти майбутніх учителів історії. Наведено низку освітніх технологій, що сприяють формуванню толерантності в майбутніх учителів історії. Необхідно розглядати нові можливості, зокрема використання зарубіжного досвіду, для ефективнішого формування толерантного ставлення студентів до інших народів і культур, особливо тих, які проживають на території сучасної України. ; On the basis of philosophical, psychological, culturological analysis the essence of tolerance as a basic moral quality of the personality, which presupposes respect, acceptance and appreciation of other cultures, peculiarities of behavior and lifestyle is revealed. It is stressed that today the tolerance is a vivid indicator of the degree of development of democratic state and one of the necessary conditions for its development. The principle of tolerance in the content of historical education of future teachers of history is revealed. The future history teachers' tolerance formation involves the acquisition of objective historical knowledge, developing the ability to think critically, impartially evaluate the information, to be responsible and to respect the position of other people. It is noted that one of the main tasks of professional training of future teachers of history at the pedagogical University is the development of the personal-value attitude to the history and culture of different nations, and especially those that live on the territory of modern Ukraine. The number of educational technologies, contributing to the formation of tolerance of the future history teachers, in particular the discussion-dialogue technology, the technology cooperative learning, technology of development of critical thinking using multidimensional method of studying the historical sources and historical empathy. These technologies of organization of the educational process are aimed at the development of professionally significant (intellectual, communicative, reflexive) abilities of the students of historical faculties. The use of the proposed educational technologies aimed primarily not at the presentation of the teacher of the higher school of ready-made knowledge, their memorizing and reproduction, but at the independent acquisition of knowledge and skills and development of relations in the process of active thinking and practical activity. It is necessary to consider new possibilities, in particular the use of foreign experience, for more effective promotion of tolerant attitudes of students of the pedagogical educational institutions among other nations and cultures.