The idea of universalism inherited from the French Revolution has been strongly discredited by its colonial history; today, it is also the target of nationalist attacks. What remains of it? Now available in English, Markus Messling's critically acclaimed study shows how contemporary Francophone literatures seek, after European universalism, approaches to a new universality, without which knowledge and justice cannot be organised in world society. With a foreword by Souleymane Bachir Diagne ; The idea of universalism inherited from the French Revolution has been strongly discredited by its colonial history; today, it is also the target of nationalist attacks. What remains of it? Now available in English, Markus Messling's critically acclaimed study shows how contemporary Francophone literatures seek, after European universalism, approaches to a new universality, without which knowledge and justice cannot be organised in world society. With a foreword by Souleymane Bachir Diagne
Reflexivity-the critical examination of how we see the world-is integral to good research practice. From this state-of-the-art, accessible tour of its history and contemporary relevance, readers will learn of its importance to social research and to society generally. The text introduces a host of influential thinkers and their key ideas on reflexivity, and incorporates examples from a range of disciplines and research settings. Drawing on the authors' extensive experience of real research settings, this book: . Pinpoints the importance of reflexivity in social research . Demonstrates its relevance to everyday life . Firmly locates the concept in the history of ideas . Explores key questions about the bases of knowledge and understanding . Presents key thinkers, concepts and issues in easy-to-understand learning boxes The result is a book that provides students and researchers in the social sciences with the knowledge and understanding necessary not only to examine the role of reflexivity in contemporary life, but to apply it in their own research practice.
International audience ; To draw up a balance of historiography on the seventieth anniversary of the civil war would require more than a mere review of the books published in 2006. The issue of the war of 1936 has taken a central place in the public arena and in debate among citizens, to the extent that professional historians today are increasingly faced with manifold demands that have to be attended to in any analysis of historical production. An examination of two broad syntheses on the history of the war serves to measure not only the progress of knowledge but also the interpretative limits of the classical account of the conflict, which is now questioned by several original works. These propose an approach which, if accompanied by a systematic discussion on how the identity of history's actors is forged and how historians handle language, could pave the way for a genuinely new approach to the history of this war, as long as there is a real debate. ; Hacer un balance del setenta aniversario de la Guerra Civil en el plano historiográfico no puede resumirse en una simple revista crítica de los libros publicados durante el año 2006. La cuestión de la guerra de 1936 ha penetrado tan profundamente en el espacio público y en los debates de los ciudadanos, que los historiadores profesionales se enfrentan, hoy más que ayer, a unas exigencias múltiples que hay que incorporar al análisis de la producción histórica. El examen de dos grandes síntesis sobre la guerra permite medir la progresión de nuestro conocimiento del conflicto, pero también los límites interpretativos de un modelo clásico de relato del período que ya ha sido cuestionado en algunos libros originales. Éstos proponen un enfoque que, de acompañarse de una reflexión sistemática sobre la construcción de la identidad de los actores de la historia y sobre el uso del lenguaje por parte del historiador, puede llevar a una verdadera renovación de la historia de esta guerra, a condición de que el debate tenga lugar. ; Faire le bilan du soixante-dixième anniversaire de la guerre civile sur le plan historiographique ne saurait consister en une simple revue des livres parus en 2006. La question de la guerre de 1936 a pénétré profondément l'espace public et le débat parmi les citoyens au point que les historiens professionnels sont confrontés, aujourd'hui plus qu'hier, à des exigences multiples qu'il faut intégrer à l'analyse de la production historique. L'examen de deux grandes synthèses sur l'histoire de la guerre permet de mesurer les progrès de la connaissance, mais aussi les limites interprétatives d'un modèle classique de récit du conflit, qui s'est vu contesté par plusieurs ouvrages originaux. Ceux-ci proposent une approche qui, si elle s'accompagne d'une réflexion systématique sur la construction de l'identité des acteurs de l'histoire et sur le maniement du langage par l'historien, peut permettre un réel renouvellement de l'histoire de cette guerre, à condition que le débat ait lieu.
Seit dem Ersten Weltkrieg galten Massenkommunikation und Propaganda als integrale Faktoren des politischen und militärischen Geschehens. Damit wuchs der Bedarf an systematischer Expertise und wissenschaftlicher Erforschung. Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges und im Kalten Krieg wurde die Planung, Beobachtung und Analyse von Propaganda zu einem wichtigen Feld strategischer Wissensproduktion. Im Wege einer dreiseitig verflochtenen Wahrnehmungs- und Beziehungsgeschichte untersucht Benno Nietzel, welche Rolle Kommunikationsexperten und Wissenschaftler in der Propaganda dreier Länder spielten: in den Vereinigten Staaten, in Deutschland und der Sowjetunion. Verschiedene Akteursgruppen konkurrierten jeweils um Gehör, Einfluss und Zuständigkeiten auf dem Gebiet der Propaganda. Aus ihren Erfolgen und ihrem Scheitern ergibt sich eine alternative Geschichte von Verwissenschaftlichungsprozessen und Expertentum im 20. Jahrhundert, die von Ungleichzeitigkeiten, Gegenläufigkeiten und Widersprüchen gekennzeichnet ist
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В статье исследуется участие македонских националистов в написании истории Македонии. Автор показывает роль, которую македонские националисты сыграли в формировании официального дискурса исторического знания. Особое внимание уделено проблемам интеграции националистической версии истории в авторитарную модель политической культуры. Показан мобилизационный потенциал исторического знания в контексте институционализации македонской политической нации. ; The article is devoted to problems of participation of Macedonian nationalists in writing of Macedonian history. The author shows the role played by Macedonian nationalists in official discourse of historical knowledge formation. Special attention is paid to the problems of the nationalist version of history integration in the authoritarian model of political culture. The author analyze mobilization potential of historical knowledge in the context of the institutionalization of the Macedonian political nation.
Observing that the division between theory and empiricism remains inextricably linked to imperial modernity, manifest at the most basic level in the binary between 'the West' and 'Asia', the authors of this volume re-examine art and aesthetics to challenge these oppositions in order to reconceptualize politics and knowledge production in East Asia.
El artículo analiza el proceso de relación e inserción del África subsahariana en el orden global neoliberal dominado por los países centrales occidentales. Se aplican dos teorías sociales de lo internacional dentro de un equilibrio analítico entre las dimensiones económico-políticas e ideacionales-culturales. Desde la perspectiva de los sistemas-mundo de relaciones internacionales jerárquicas y hegemónicas se observa cómo la región ha seguido inmersa en unas relaciones de dependencia estructural tanto socioeconómica como ideacional-cultural. Desde la perspectiva neo-institucionalista de la sociedad mundo se enfatiza el ambivalente desarrollo de la región, con dificultades en la construcción de estados formalmente homologables internacionalmente, y de integración y empoderamiento regional. Se discuten las relaciones glocales epistémicas de poder definitorio, respecto a las dinámicas globales de conocimiento y la educación superior en la región. Se concluye que: a) la creciente homologación internacional de la región en el orden global neoliberal no ha modificado su dependencia estructural económica y política, la cual se basa en una dependencia cultural-ideacional relativa a su poder epistémico o definitorio; b) el lento proceso de democratización de las sociedades subsaharianas parece ir acompañado de algunas dinámicas de generación de una episteme propia y alternativa que podría posibilitar una contestación glocal al modelo hegemónico neoliberal ; The article analyses the process by which the Sub-Saharan region has become part of the new neoliberal global order. This is analysed with social theories of the international, within an analytical balance between the politico-economic dimensions and the cultural-ideational dimensions. From a world-systems perspective focused on hierarchical and hegemonic international relations it is observed how the Sub- Saharan region has continued to be within clear structural dependence relations both socioeconomic and cultural-ideational. From a world society perspective an ambivalent development is depicted in the region, featured with difficulties in constructing nation-states that can be formally internationally homologated, and limited regional integration and empowerment processes. Moreover, the glocal epistemic relations of definitional power are discussed, in relation to global knowledge dynamics and the role of public higher education. There are two main conclusions: a) region's increasingly formal international homologation in the neoliberal global order has not modified region's structural economic and political dependence, which is based in a cultural-ideational dependence relative to its epistemic and definitional power; and b) as democratization slowly advances there are actual and potential dynamics of generation of own and alternative epistemes, which could enable possibilities for a glocal contestation to a the hegemonic neoliberal model
The article analyses the process by which the Sub-Saharan region has become part of the new neoliberal global order. This is analysed with social theories of the international, within an analytical balance between the politico-economic dimensions and the cultural-ideational dimensions. From a world-systems perspective focused on hierarchical and hegemonic international relations it is observed how the Sub-Saharan region has continued to be within clear structural dependence relations both socioeconomic and cultural-ideational. From a world society perspective an ambivalent development is depicted in the region, featured with difficulties in constructing nation-states that can be formally internationally homologated, and limited regional integration and empowerment processes. Moreover, the glocal epistemic relations of definitional power are discussed, in relation to global knowledge dynamics and the role of public higher education. There are two main conclusions: a) region's increasingly formal international homologation in the neoliberal global order has not modified region's structural economic and political dependence, which is based in a cultural-ideational dependence relative to its epistemic and definitional power; and b) as democratization slowly advances there are actual and potential dynamics of generation of own and alternative epistemes, which could enable possibilities for a glocal contestation to a the hegemonic neoliberal model. ; El artículo analiza el proceso de relación e inserción del África subsahariana en el orden global neoliberal dominado por los países centrales occidentales. Se aplican dos teorías sociales de lo internacional dentro de un equilibrio analítico entre las dimensiones económico-políticas e ideacionales-culturales. Desde la perspectiva de los sistemas-mundo de relaciones internacionales jerárquicas y hegemónicas se observa cómo la región ha seguido inmersa en unas relaciones de dependencia estructural tanto socioeconómica como ideacional-cultural. Desde la perspectiva neo-institucionalista de la sociedad mundo se enfatiza el ambivalente desarrollo de la región, con dificultades en la construcción de estados formalmente homologables internacionalmente, y de integración y empoderamiento regional. Se discuten las relaciones glocales epistémicas de poder definitorio, respecto a las dinámicas globales de conocimiento y la educación superior en la región. Se concluye que: a) la creciente homologación internacional de la región en el orden global neoliberal no ha modificado su dependencia estructural económica y política, la cual se basa en una dependencia cultural-ideacional relativa a su poder epistémico o definitorio; b) el lento proceso de democratización de las sociedades subsaharianas parece ir acompañado de algunas dinámicas de generación de una episteme propia y alternativa que podría posibilitar una contestación glocal al modelo hegemónico neoliberal.
The crisis and the subsequent collapse of the so called 'actually existing' socialism produced a return to Marx. This return meant the revival of a set of threads running through the fields of epistemology of the social sciences, philosophy and political science. Within this framework, our job is to analyze and compare two different interpretations on understanding the course of history in Marx from the perspectives of Ernesto Laclau and Jürgen Habermas. First, we analyze Laclau's objections to the explanation that Marx develops social change as an engine of history. According to Laclau, Marx holds two mutually exclusive concepts: the pair 'productive forces / relations of production' and 'class struggle'. Second, as a critique of this position, we will address the relationship between the two concepts identified from an epistemological theory radically different perspective: made by Jürgen Habermas in his book Knowledge and Human Interests. Finally, we conclude with a summary of both positions. ; La crisis y el posterior colapso del llamado socialismo 'realmente existente' produjeron un retorno a Marx. Este retorno implicó la reactivación de un conjunto de discusiones que atraviesan los campos de la epistemología de las ciencias sociales, la filosofía y la ciencia política. Dentro de este marco, nuestro trabajo se propone analizar y comparar dos interpretaciones divergentes sobre la comprensión del devenir de la historia en Marx desde las perspectivas de Ernesto Laclau y Jürgen Habermas. En primer lugar, nos proponemos analizar las objeciones de Laclau a la explicación que Marx desarrolla sobre el cambio social como motor de la historia. Según Laclau, Marx sostiene dos concepciones mutuamente excluyentes: el par 'fuerzas productivas/relaciones de producción' y la 'lucha de clases'. En segundo lugar, como crítica a esta posición, abordaremos la relación entre las dos concepciones señaladas desde una perspectiva teórico-epistemológica radicalmente opuesta: la formulada por Jürgen Habermas en su libro Conocimiento e Interés. Finalmente, concluimos con una recapitulación de ambas posiciones.
Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. Genesis -- Chapter 2. Servants of the City -- Chapter 3. Strange Slaves -- Chapter 4. The Democratic Order of Knowledge -- Chapter 5. The Mysteries of the Greek State -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Acknowledgments -- Index
The paper deals with a form of functional heart disorder that caused substantial disability among men in military service. By viewing the condition through the dual lenses of history and modern medical knowledge we can analyse the syndrome and trace the changing medical and social attitudes to it. The disorder is still now present after harrowing events, including natural disasters, assault of individuals, episods of mass violence and combat. A historical review of the syndrome is also useful in extending our understanding of the natural history of stress reactions, their prognostic indicators and the way in which we can intervene to reduce the effects of trauma.Key Words: Da Costa's syndrome -War and anxiety disorders - History of cardiology – History of psichiatry
A look into the history of global warming, and the domino effect down to minute organisms. With every rise in temperature, what happens? This book does not seek to tell young readers what they need to do, but to tell stories such that they will take on this knowledge as their own, and their own impetus to make change. The Change Makers series of books will build in children a strong sense of inquiry -- to arm them with knowledge in S.T.E.A.M (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Math) to tackle this brave new world of unknowns.
Descartes has often been called the ''father of modern philosophy''. His attempts to find foundations for knowledge, and to reconcile the existence of the soul with the emerging science of his time, are among the most influential and widely studied in the history of philosophy. This is a classic and challenging introduction to Descartes by one of the most distinguished modern philosophers. Bernard Williams not only analyzes Descartes'' project of founding knowledge on certainty, but uncovers the philosophical motives for his search. With acute insight, he demonstrates how Descartes'' Meditatio
The importance of oil for national military-industrial complexes appeared more clearly than ever in the Cold War. This volume argues that the confidential acquisition of geoscientific knowledge was paramount for states, not only to provide for their own energy needs, but also to buttress national economic and geostrategic interests and protect energy security. By investigating the postwar rebuilding and expansion of French and Italian oil industries from the second half of the 1940s to the early 1960s, this book shows how successive administrations in those countries devised strategies of oil exploration and transport, aiming at achieving a higher degree of energy autonomy and setting up powerful oil agencies that could implement those strategies. However, both within and outside their national territories, these two European countries had to confront the new Cold War balances and the interests of the two superpowers.--Publisher's website.
The article is devoted to the fundamental problem of philosophy - the dialectics of being and existence. The author proceeds from the fact that the main question of philosophy is the question of truth, which in its essence is identical to the question of being and the forms of its existence. The author sees the specificity of philosophical knowledge, which distinguishes it from both scientific and religious knowledge, in the comprehension of the world of finite things - the world of existence - as a mediation of self-being and universal being. The article provides a brief overview of the development of this approach in the history of world philosophical thought.