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We examined the application of knowledge in land-use planning as epistemic governance and explored how actors wield institutional power while legitimising the use of knowledge. By applying a neo-institutionalist analytical framework of epistemic governance to discourse analysis, we investigated how actors invoke institutions of science and law while constructing a legitimate rationality. Specifically, we asked how new knowledge of underwater marine areas was invited into a marine spatial planning pilot in Finland. We determined that, while legitimising the use of new marine-life knowledge, the actors invoked law and science by granting the new knowledge various and intermingled meanings that disambiguated and depoliticised nature values into tangible measures. Moreover, uncertainties about the new knowledge spurred doubts which facilitated a stronger political approach that applied precautions. We suggest that in the regulative context of planning there is an institutional demand for techno-legal rationality in which the institutional appropriateness of knowledge is crucial. The lack of legitimate ontological authority allows for a political yet institutionally fit-for-purpose interpretation of reality. Thus, our study contributes to the literature on planning as governance and provides insights of the politics of knowledge use in planning as something not necessarily strategic and conscious, but also routine and institutional. ; publishedVersion ; Peer reviewed

Given the latest knowledge on climate change, the Dutch government wants to anticipate the increased risk of flooding. For the river Meuse in The Netherlands, the design discharge is estimated to increase from 3800m3/s to 4600m3/s. With the existing policy of "Room for the River", this increase is to be accommodated without raising the dikes. At the same time the floodplains are often claimed for other functions, e.g. new housing or industrial estates. In 2001 the Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management started the study "Integrated assessment of the river Meuse (IVM)" with the objectives of making an inventory of the probable physical effects of a design flood, assuming climate change, on the river Meuse in 2050, investigating possible spatial and technical measures to mitigate these effects, and finally combining various measures to create an integral strategy for flood protection, while at the same time increasing spatial quality. This paper presents the results of research into the decision making process that took place in order to achieve these objectives. Special attention was given to the role of scientific and technical knowledge in the decision making process, e.g. by investigating the effect of the quality of input data on acceptance by stakeholders, and the interactive use of a decision support system to visualise hydraulic effects. Conclusions on successes and pitfalls are drawn from observation and interviews with participants. It demonstrates how it is possible to integrate the necessary, technically complex knowledge in a political debate with stakeholders on how to deal with flood risk. Furthermore, the experience indicates in what area improvements could be made.

The article deals with problematic issues regarding the forms of special knowledge use while crime investigation, legislative acts are analyzed. Based on the opinion analysis of criminalistic scientists, forms of special knowledge use divided according to different criteria into procedural and non-procedural, direct and indirect, basic and optional are detailed. The most commonly used forms are indicated, among them: appointment of forensic examinations, involvement of specialist for performing investigative actions, consulting and reference, auditing and monitoring of records, the presence of an investigator during an examination, expert questioning. Legislation changes concerning of examination by a Forensic science institution (expert) only according to the investigating judge decision or court made on the petition of one of the parties to criminal proceedings are analyzed. Positive reform aspects, as well as the argument about the loss of procedural independence of the investigator while decision making under such circumstances were highlighted; it was suggested to review the above changes. Taking into account legislation changes, the role of the specialist during the search relatively of mandatory fixation of this act by means of audio and video recording is indicated. Proposals are offered on the use of several cameras, the use of quadcopters, 3D scanners to capture of the important points for proving of the search. Problem issues existing in the units of criminalistic support during investigative actions are outlined and the mechanism of their solution is proposed. Attention is focused on the use of automated records and prospects for their development. ; Рассмотрены проблемные вопросы, касающиеся форм использования специальных знаний при расследовании преступлений, проанализированы законодательные акты. На основании анализа позиций ученых-криминалистов выделены формы использования специальных знаний, разделяющиеся по различным критериям на процессуальные и непроцессуальные, непосредственные и опосредованные, основные и факультативные и т.д. Обозначены наиболее часто используемые формы, среди которых: назначение судебных экспертиз, привлечение специалиста для проведения следственных действий, консультационно-справочная, ревизии и проверка по учетам, присутствие следователя при проведении экспертизы, допрос эксперта. Проанализированы изменения законодательства, касающиеся проведения экспертизы экспертным учреждением (экспертом) только по постановлению следственного судьи или суда, вынесенным по ходатайству одной из сторон уголовного производства. Отмечены положительные стороны реформы, а также аргументирована точка зрения об утрате процессуальной самостоятельности следователя в принятии решения при таких обстоятельствах, предложено пересмотреть указанные изменения. Учитывая изменения в законодательстве, обозначена роль специалиста во время проведения обыска относительно обязательной фиксации этого действия с помощью аудио- и видеозаписи. Даны предложения по поводу использования нескольких камер, использования квадрокоптеров, 3D сканеров для фиксации важных для доказывания моментов обыска. Очерчены проблемные вопросы, существующие в подразделениях криминалистического обеспечения при проведении следственных действий и предложен механизм их решения. Акцентировано внимание на использовании автоматизированных учетов и перспективы их развития. ; Досліджено проблемні питання, що стосуються форм використання спеціальних знань при розслідуванні злочинів. Проаналізовано законодавчі акти та думки провідних учених з цього приводу. Зроблено спробу надати пропозиції щодо використання окремих форм.

This paper analyses how scientists, policy makers and water users engage with scientific knowledge and uncertainties during a lengthy and complex decision-making process (2000–2014) about water quality, freshwater resources and climate adaptation in the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt estuaries. The research zooms in on lake Volkerak-Zoom. Interviews confirm that 'negotiated knowledge', shaped by the agricultural sector, NGO's and water managers can lead to strategies to improve water quality problems. One such a strategy, based on negotiated knowledge, is to create an inlet to allow limited tides and inflow of saline waters in Lake Volkerak-Zoom. Meanwhile, during negotiations, monitoring showed an autonomous decline in the annually returning algal blooms, leading to new uncertainties and disrupting the negotiations. At another negotiation arena, water users and policy makers repeatedly disputed scientific assessments about costs and benefits regarding additional freshwater supply for agriculture and the knowledge underlying proposed decisions was still considered uncertain in 2014. Several strategies have been observed to deal with uncertainties in decision making, such as deconstruction of certainties, creation of deadlines for decisions and selection of preferred solutions based upon the 'No-regret principle'. The risk of a lengthy decision making process can be reduced when the responsible authorities recognize, acknowledge and give an equal role to these behavioural strategies to address uncertainties. Tailor-made strategies are needed to make knowledge use more efficient, for example, joint-fact-finding (in case of disputed knowledge and ambiguity), additional research and monitoring (in case of epistemic uncertainty) or commissioning research whereby temporarily a protected environment is created to allow research without political interference (in case of ontic/structural uncertainty).

This paper analyses how scientists, policy makers and water users engage with scientific knowledge and uncertainties during a lengthy and complex decision-making process (2000–2014) about water quality, freshwater resources and climate adaptation in the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt estuaries. The research zooms in on lake Volkerak-Zoom. Interviews confirm that 'negotiated knowledge', shaped by the agricultural sector, NGO's and water managers can lead to strategies to improve water quality problems. One such a strategy, based on negotiated knowledge, is to create an inlet to allow limited tides and inflow of saline waters in Lake Volkerak-Zoom. Meanwhile, during negotiations, monitoring showed an autonomous decline in the annually returning algal blooms, leading to new uncertainties and disrupting the negotiations. At another negotiation arena, water users and policy makers repeatedly disputed scientific assessments about costs and benefits regarding additional freshwater supply for agriculture and the knowledge underlying proposed decisions was still considered uncertain in 2014. Several strategies have been observed to deal with uncertainties in decision making, such as deconstruction of certainties, creation of deadlines for decisions and selection of preferred solutions based upon the 'No-regret principle'. The risk of a lengthy decision making process can be reduced when the responsible authorities recognize, acknowledge and give an equal role to these behavioural strategies to address uncertainties. Tailor-made strategies are needed to make knowledge use more efficient, for example, joint-fact-finding (in case of disputed knowledge and ambiguity), additional research and monitoring (in case of epistemic uncertainty) or commissioning research whereby temporarily a protected environment is created to allow research without political interference (in case of ontic/structural uncertainty).

Despite calls for evidence-based policies, the process of using evidence in forest conservation policy implementation has remained unclear. In this paper, we focus on voluntary conservation and investigate complex ways to use evidence in implementation of the Forest Biodiversity Programme METSO in Finland. Data were collected via nine focus group discussions involving a total of 59 forest conservation stakeholders. Through interpretative qualitative analysis, we found that forest owners' and forest advisers' awareness of the voluntary instrument and the smooth interplay of knowledge types are important factors in implementing voluntary conservation. Knowledge use should be locally bound for policy implementation to be effective. Social relationships enable integrating local knowledge. Forest owners, advisers, authorities and other actors interpret scientific and other knowledges (and simultaneously co-produce new knowledge) in practical action. We conclude that educating forest advisers, informing forest owners, and increasing collaboration can enhance evidence flows from research to practice. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ; Peer reviewed

The problematic issues of using scientific, technical, natural and other special knowledge in criminal proceedings for the purpose of revealing, disclosure and investigation of crimes for a long time were always paid with considerable attention as from practical employees, and scientific workers. The actuality of this thematic range is conditioned by constant technical progress, updating ofa technical number ofscientific, criminalistic and other means which are used during revealing, formalizing and seizure of crime traces, by appearance of new types of expert researches, change of special knowledge forms use in criminal legal proceedings and by many other factors. There was pointed out to the lacks ofa legal regulation in the applicable legislation regarding participation of knowledgeable persons in operative-search activity. According to the results of the analysis performed, the author ascertains the absence of such regulation at the level of normative-legal acts defining legal bases for the separate law enforcement bodies activity (except for the National anticorruption bureau of Ukraine), and the normative-legal acts regulating separate kinds of activity of their operative units. In its turn, the similar state of matters can callinto question legality of use of the received results ofsuch activity as proofs in the criminal proceedings. The research of scientific works ofprocessionalists established the absence of the uniform approach to the decision of the specified problematic questions. The paper also studies the level of legal regulation of special knowledge use for achievement of the operative activity goals in the post-Soviet territory countries, in particular, in Republic of Kazakhstan, Republic of Turkmenistan, Republic of Belarus, the Kyrghyz Republic and some other, and there is drawn a conclusion about the presence of the corresponding norms in the legislation of these countries. Taking into account stated, the author proves necessity of formalizing similar provisions in the corresponding normative-legal acts of Ukraine. ; Досліджено деякі питання правової регламентації в чинному вітчизняному законодавстві щодо участі обізнаних осіб у оперативно-розшуковій діяльності. Сформульовано авторські пропозиції стосовно усунення виявлених недоліків шляхом унесення змін до чинних нормативно-правових актів.

The attention in the article is drawn to the fact that despite the obvious need to bring special knowledge into civil and economic procedural proof, this process is progressing rather slowly as the modern practice of using special knowledge constantly reveals gaps and collisions in procedural norms. Defining forensic science as a separate form of using special knowledge, the article focuses on the interpretation of the "special knowledge" concept by scientists, and concludes that scientific papers explicitly indicate that special knowledge is used by a limited number of specialists, they are inherent in a particular science; could be obtained in the process of training, special training and are applied according to the requirements of current legislation. It is noted that a separate procedural form of special knowledge application is the results of forensic examinations, i.e. for forensic examination conduct it is necessary to involve a specialist who, according to the current legislation, possesses the required sum of special knowledge, which allows him to competently conduct measures that are his functional responsibilities − to provide a forensic report based on their own special, professional knowledge. It is argued that according to the evidence classification, the forensic opinion belongs to personal sources of evidence and, if there are no grounded reasons for disagreement with it, should be taken for granted and used in evidence as a result of research work of an authoritative specialist. It is also emphasized that the forensic report, as an independent forensic evidence in the case, can only be the result of forensic examination, appointed and conducted in strict accordance with the requirements of economic or civil procedural law, the signs by which the forensic report differs from other means of evidence are described. The features that distinguish forensic examination from examinations carried out in other areas of human activity are outlined. It is established that the means of verifying a forensic report in civil and economic proceedings are forensic expert testimony, other evidence provided by the procedure participants and comparing the report with the latter, as well as stressed that the distinction between verification and evaluation of evidence should be conducted according to individual criteria, their characteristic is given. ; У статті зазначено, що, незважаючи на очевидну необхідність залучення спеціальних знань до цивільного та господарського процесуального доказування, цей процес просувається досить повільно, оскільки сучасна практика застосування спеціальних знань постійно виявляє прогалини та колізії у процесуальних нормах. Визначаючи судову експертизу як окрему форму застосування спеціальних знань, у статті акцентовано на тлумаченні науковців самого поняття «спеціальні знання». Зауважено, що окремою процесуальною формою застосування спеціальних знань є результати судових експертиз, тобто для проведення судової експертизи необхідним є залучення фахівця, якому, згідно з чинним законодавством, обов'язково потрібно мати спеціальні знання. Наведено ознаки, які відрізняють судову експертизу від експертиз, які здійснюють в інших галузях людської діяльності, та визначено, що розмежування між перевіркою й оцінкою доказів слід здійснювати за окремими критеріями, наведено їхню характеристику.

Phone use is likely to distract cyclists and possibly increase crash risk. Therefore, handheld phone use among cyclists is forbidden by law in some countries, even though cyclists use compensatory strategies to attempt to mitigate distractions and related effects. Both demographic, environmental, and psychological factors have been associated with cyclists' phone use. This study extends the existing literature by including traffic rule beliefs as an explanatory measure in predicting cyclists' handheld phone use and additionally explores how well cyclists know these rules in different legislative contexts. Online questionnaire responses were collected in 2019 among 1055 cyclists living in Denmark (N = 568), where handheld phone use for cyclists was forbidden, and in the Netherlands (N = 487), where it was legal. Responses on phone use, traffic rule knowledge, cycling behaviour, demographic, and psychological measures were used to identify factors contributing to the likelihood of handheld phone use in three regression models; one for all respondents and one for each country. In the combined model, believing there are no rules on handheld phone use increased the likelihood of handheld phone use while cycling. Other significant factors were subjective norm, perceived behavioural difficulty, self-identity as a safe cyclist as well as demographic factors. The country-specific models found that male gender was only associated with more handheld phone use in the Netherlands, while believing there was no ban was only connected to an increase in the likelihood of using handheld phone in Denmark. Correct traffic rule knowledge was almost three times higher in Denmark, where handheld phone use was forbidden. The results identify subjective norms, potential overconfidence, and traffic rule awareness (when there is a ban) as relevant factors in reducing the likelihood of cyclists' handheld phone use. Findings from country-specific models possibly point to a connection between culture and traffic rules. Future research should focus on underlying mechanisms and awareness of traffic rules.

The way in which research-based knowledge is used, interpreted and communicated by different actors can influence the dynamics of conservation conflicts. The conflict that occurs between grouse shooting interests and the conservation of birds of prey in Scotland is notoriously complex, involving multiple actors at multiple levels, and shaped by the values and world views of these actors. This paper explores how research-based knowledge is used in the debate by six key organisations, and looks to understand the drivers that may influence knowledge use and interpretation in this, and other, cases of conservation conflict. Research was used to both legitimise and reinforce certain world views, and to support associated political actions that would cause these to become reality. Actors offered divergent interpretations of the same piece of research, emphasising different findings and outcomes. Research-based knowledge was thus employed by actors to support or counter the 'status quo', and challenge other claims that clashed with their own values. Although the intention of such knowledge use is unclear, the selective reconstruction of research by actors could stem from, and reiterate, divergent value systems. This may pose significant challenges to conflict mitigation efforts; whilst some may look to research-based knowledge as the bringer of truth, its interpretation by different actors may exacerbate existing rifts between stakeholders; promoting polarisation of views. Mitigation strategies should be sensitive to this, and aim to improve the inclusiveness and transparency of the knowledge transfer process.

Contemporary organisations are based more on intangible assets than tangible ones. The notion of the importance of knowledge work has also drawn attention to the management of knowledge workers. To survive in competition, contemporary organisations need managerial processes that support leadership. There are several tools that suit this purpose. This study has its focus on using performance measurement in the knowledge work context. The study is based on a series of action research projects conducted in Finnish knowledge work organisations during the period 2001 – 2003. The study is normative in nature, as it aims to prove the usability of performance measurement and also to provide guidelines for applying performance measurement frameworks. The main objective is to create recommendations of sound use of performance measurement in knowledge work context by identifying and defining the main attributes of quality and productivity of knowledge work, i.e. to point out critical factors of knowledge work and find suitable ways of measurement in that context. The main outcome of this study was that performance measurement in knowledge work context does not per se differ from using performance measurement in a more traditional setting, but success factors in knowledge work are more resource orientated. The measures considering results, external key stakeholders or processes are somewhat similar. In the knowledge work context, the role of employees as the main asset is emphasised. Knowledge worker equals the competencies, i.e. knowledge and skills. The notions of emphasised competencies drive the measurement system toward active approach. Measures should be designed to control the accumulation of knowledge and skills and drive competency development. The rationale for using performance measurement in knowledge work is threefold. Firstly, competencies are emphasised and measurement is also used to focus on new competencies or measuring the result of decided development schemes. Secondly, employees are considered an asset; hence some degree of democracy is required. And thirdly, the intellectual capital management perspective is emphasised, as it is possible to enable knowledge acquiring, disseminating and competence developing activities by defining certain measures for those issues. Always remember, you get what you measure. ; Nykyaikaisten organisaatioiden kilpailukyky perustuu enemmän aineettomille kuin fyysisille panoksille. Asiantuntijatyön merkitys on kiinnittänyt huomion myös asiantuntijoiden johtamiseen. Selvitäkseen kilpailusta, nykyaikaiset organisaatiot tarvitset ihmisten johtamista tukevia käytäntöjä. Johdon työkaluvalikoima tuohon tarkoitukseen on laaja. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan suorituskyvyn mittaamisen käyttämistä asiantuntijoiden johtamisen yhteydessä. Tämän tutkimuksen perustana on sarja toimintatutkimusprojekteja, jotka toteutettiin suomalaisissa asiantuntijaorganisaatioissa vuosina 2001 – 2003. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan normatiivinen, sillä tarkoituksena on osoittaa suorituskyvyn mittaamisen käyttökelpoisuus sekä tuottaa tietoa suorituskyvyn mittaamisen viitekehikoiden soveltamisesta. Keskeisin tavoite on luoda suosituksia suorituskyvyn mittaamisen järkevästä soveltamisesta. Jotta tavoite voidaan saavuttaa, pitää tarkastella asiantuntijatyön laatuun ja tuottavuuteen liittyviä keskeisiä ominaisuuksia eli osoittaa asiantuntijatyön kriittiset menestystekijät ja sopivat mittarit niille. Tutkimuksen keskeisenä tuloksena on, että suorituskyvyn mittaamisen soveltaminen asiantuntijatyöhön ei sinänsä poikkea suorituskyvyn mittaamisen yleisestä soveltamisesta, mutta menestystekijät painottavat enemmän resursseja. Tuloksia, sidosryhmiä tai prosesseja kuvaavat mittarit ovat samoja kuin perinteisessä kontekstissa. Sen sijaan asiantuntijatyö korostaa työntekijöiden asemaa keskeisenä tuotannontekijänä. Asiantuntijoissa ovat organisaation kompetenssit eli tiedot ja taidot. Kompetenssien korostaminen fokusoi myös mittausjärjestelmää aktiivisen kehittämisen suuntaan. Mittareiden suunnittelussa tulisikin huomioida kompetenssien kumuloituminen sekä kompetenssien kehittämisen edistäminen. Suorituskyvyn mittaamisen soveltamiseen asiantuntijatyössä on kolme pääideaa. Ensinnäkin, kompetenssien korostaminen sekä fokusoituminen uusiin kompetensseihin tai kehityksen kontrollointi. Toiseksi, koska työntekijöiden rooli on keskeinen, tulee järjestelmässä olla demokraattinen pohjavire. Kolmanneksi, aineettoman pääoman johtamisen näkökulma on korostunut, jotta voidaan mahdollistaa osaamisen ja tietämyksen hankkiminen ja levittäminen sekä kompetenssien kehittäminen sopivilla mittareilla. On tärkeää muistaa, että sitä saa mitä mittaa.

Media availability and fragmentation and the resulting possibilities of content selection have risen dramatically with the expansion of new digital media. Previous research has found that this may increase knowledge gaps among citizens with different resources and motivations. This article analyses how Internet use affects political knowledge gaps due to education and to political interest in Spain. As expected, frequent Internet users are more knowledgeable about politics than non-users. Furthermore, Internet use increases knowledge more for the highly educated than for citizens with lower levels of education. Thus, the political knowledge gap related to education seems to be growing with the introduction of new media. However, the knowledge gap between citizens with high and low levels of political interest is smaller for frequent Internet users than for non-users. These findings provide a complex picture and partially contradict the pessimistic theory about the impact of increasing media choice on political knowledge. ; La disponibilidad y fragmentación de medios de comunicación y las posibilidades de elegir contenidos han aumentado en gran medida a raíz de la expansión de los medios digitales. Éstos pueden, según investigaciones anteriores, incrementar las diferencias en los niveles de conocimiento entre ciudadanos con distintas características. En este artículo se analiza cómo el uso de Internet afecta a las diferencias en el conocimiento político según el nivel educativo y el interés por la política en España. Los usuarios frecuentes de Internet saben más sobre política que los no usuarios, como era de esperar. Además, el uso de Internet incrementa el conocimiento político de manera más intensa para los usuarios con niveles educativos más elevados. Por tanto, parece que las diferencias en los niveles de conocimiento pueden estar creciendo con la expansión de los medios digitales. Sin embargo, las diferencias en el nivel de conocimiento de los más y menos interesados en política son menos pronunciadas entre los que usan Internet frecuentemente. Los resultados ofrecen una imagen compleja y matizan las teorías pesimistas sobre el impacto de la creciente posibilidad de elección de contenidos en los medios sobre el conocimiento político.

The role of knowledge in the policy process remains a central theoretical puzzle in policy analysis and political science. This article argues that an important yet missing piece of this puzzle is the systematic exploration of the political use of policy knowledge. While much of the recent debate has focused on the question of how the substantive use of knowledge can improve the quality of policy choices, our understanding of the political use of knowledge and its effects in the policy process has remained deficient in key respects. A revised conceptualization of the political use of knowledge is introduced that emphasizes how conflicting knowledge can be used to contest given structures of policy authority. This allows the analysis to differentiate between knowledge creep and knowledge shifts as two distinct types of knowledge effects in the policy process. While knowledge creep is associated with incremental policy change within existing policy structures, knowledge shifts are linked to more fundamental policy change in situations when the structures of policy authority undergo some level of transformation. The article concludes by identifying characteristics of the administrative structure of policy systems or sectors that make knowledge shifts more or less likely.

This article examines expert knowledge utilization in public policy processes. We study how much expert knowledge is employed and the extent to which decision-makers deliberate on the information provided by the experts, under various conditions of political disputes and public attention. We suggest four hypotheses. It is proposed that expert knowledge will be used more, but that there will be less deliberation in situations of political disputes. It is also suggested that expert knowledge will be consulted more and the decision-makers will take a more deliberative approach when there is a lot of attention from citizens. Our empirical findings, based on original data from local politics in Sweden, are in line with the hypotheses. The findings highlight the importance of both studying the extent of expert knowledge use and the way expertise is utilized. Another important insight is that politics seem to matter in relation to the role expert knowledge plays in public policymaking.

Research background: Knowledge management is currently one of the most important factors determining the company's market position. It depends not only on the skilful use of resources, but also on obtaining a synergistic effect. To manage knowledge, managers must possess not only the appropriate resources of knowledge, but also must have determined management structure with the assistance of the IT tools. Purpose of the article: The purpose of the article was to present how the modern enterprise knowledge management process is supported by information technology. For this purpose, was summarized selected indicators characterizing the use of ICT in various types of enterprises in the country. It assumed that it is important not only the equipment the companies with information technology tools, but also the degree of use of these tools. Methodology/methods: In this paper was used data published by the Central Statistical Office (GUS), Eurostat, the World Data Bank and Gartner Group. The analyzed indicators of ICT usage are presented in Polish enterprises divided according to the type of activity and size (small, medium, large). National indicators were related to the values occurring in the EU. Findings: Usage of ICT in Poland reaches ratios much lower than the average for the European Union. Large differences in the use of information technology occurs in individual groups of companies. Larger companies have reached a much higher degree of saturation of IT tools than smaller objects. For example, the number of Polish enterprises with computers was 94.7%, in the case of large companies it is 99.8%. Even greater discrepancy relates to access to the Internet. You may also notice differences in each province. Introduction of modern technologies related to computer science and computers (eg. cloud computing, big data, social media, e-commerce etc) enables effective knowledge management in companies. The indicators show that the management team appreciates the importance of knowledge and consistently invests for its development.