Suchergebnisse

The article studies rejected patent applications in Finland at the end of the nineteenth century. It examines the development of the patent system as part of the nation's emerging liberal economic institutions. Internationally, patents have been employed to study technological and economic development, however, the rejected patents and the agency of the patent officials have received little attention. The article examines newly collected applications related to patenting from 1864-1884 and asks, whose applications were rejected and why. The article shows how foreigners, and Swedish applications in particular, were typical among the rejected applicants. Most applications were rejected because the officials did not see the invention as novel or assessed the application as incomplete. In their examination, the Finnish patent officials heard experts and used material objects as evidence. The article shows how the Finnish patent officials followed modern practices of patent examination already in the early 1870s—before the actual legislation and more rigorously than in the neighbouring Sweden. Even though the interests of the domestic industries were raised in some cases, the officials managed and guided the national industrial property rights by developing the patenting principles in the state administration. ; Artikkelissa tutkitaan Suomessa hylättyjä patenttihakemuksia ja tarkastellaan näiden valossa autonomisen Suomen patenttijärjestelmää osana maan taloudellisten instituutioiden rakentamista 1800-luvun lopulla. Kansainvälisesti patentteja on hyödynnetty teknisen ja taloudellisen kehityksen tutkimuksessa, mutta hylätyt patentit ja patenttiviranomaisten toimijuus ovat jääneet vähemmälle huomiolle. Artikkelissa käydään läpi Senaattiin saapuneet patentteja koskevat anomukset vuosilta 1864-1884 ja kysytään: keiden patentit hylättiin ja miksi? Artikkeli osoittaa, että hylätyissä patenttihakemuksissa korostuivat ulkomaiset, etenkin ruotsalaiset hakijat. Yleisin syy hylkäämiselle oli, ettei keksintö ollut viranomaisten näkökulmasta uusi tai että hakemus oli puutteellinen. Viranomaiset kuulivat patenttihakemusten arvioinnissa asiantuntijoita ja käsittelivät jopa esinetodisteita. Artikkeli näyttää, että Suomen patenttiviranomaiset seurasivat patenttien tutkintaan liittyviä moderneja käytäntöjä jo 1870-luvun alussa – ennen varsinaista lainsäädäntöä ja tiukemmin kuin esimerkiksi Ruotsissa. Vaikka muutamassa tapauksessa viitattiin kotimaisen teollisuuden etuihin, tapahtui teollisten omistusoikeuksien ohjaus ja rajaaminen ennen kaikkea viranomaisten omaksumien patenttiperiaatteiden kautta.

"Gendered and sexualized abuse and other forms of violence are visibly present in the culture of the third millennium. Especially bodies that are gendered as female are – both dead and alive – objects of multiple forms of abuse and violence in the texts and imageries of contemporary culture. Men, on the other hand, are often represented as abusive towards women and as the violent gender or, as targets of other men's violence. Structural violence has also an impact on many areas of everyday life, and it is materialized in, for example discrimination and inequality. Gender and Violence: The Ethics and Politics of Reading scrutinizes gendered violence as a complex phenomenon of contemporary culture. The authors study the ways in which ways representations of violence can be read, viewed and received. They also discuss what kind of politics the violent representations implement and actualize, and how they affect their audience.
Gender and Violence takes a critical stance on the intersections of gender, power, and violence in literature, film, television and the internet. The analysis focuses on, for example, sci-fi, Nordic Noir and North American comedy series, poems, young adult literature (YA) and nationalist blog texts. The book presents both Finnish and international academic discussions, in which researchers in the fields of gender studies, arts and literature, and cultural studies challenge contemporary English abstract 279 understanding of gender, sexuality, power, and violence. Moreover, Gender and Violence provides tools for critical discussions on violence and in-depth scrutiny about its cost on all of us.
Gender and Violence is an anthology of academic research articles. It works well as an academic textbook, but it also provides timely and new knowledge for everyone interested in questions of gender and violence – phenomena that touch upon all of us."