Suchergebnisse

Everyday work of Belarusian citizens during the German occupation is explored on the basis of German trophy documents. The article is based on the materials of the Fund 378 of the National Archives of the Republic of Belarus. The documents give an idea of many aspects of occupational life through the prism of the activities of one institution – the Main Railway Directorate «Minsk» and shed light on many «white spots» of the everyday work of the population of Belarus. The presented study aims, first of all, to introduce into scientific circulation a significant set of factual material on the problem of everyday work and the use of local people labour by the occupation authorities. That shows the problem from a new perspective and creates factual basis for further conceptual study of the issue. The German occupation authorities gave exceptional importance to the issue of gaining the support of the population of Belarus. With this purpose, they developed directive documents, analyzed the mood and labour potential of local workers. Using the method of «carrots and sticks», the railway management in occupied Belarus understood that it depended on the local population, therefore, in addition to repressive methods and the organization of the control system, the issues of providing products and creating social guarantees were raised. The wage premiums, bonuses, rewards, delivery of products and delicacies, charity and assistance to the families of employees were supposed to increase productivity and stimulate the work of local railway workers. However, the occupation authorities regularly noted a low desire to work and the escape of local workers to the partisans. The introduction to the scientific turnover of the information of the unique documents of Main Railway Directorate «Minsk» can not only significantly extend the factual basis of the research of the period of German occupation of Belarus, but also pose a number of theoretical questions. New documentary sources make it possible to add to the currently existing assessment of the use of labour by the local population solely as betrayal or forced slave labor. Using new sources and modern methodological approaches, the survival strategies of ordinary people under occupation should be analyzed. Information sources of the сollection of documents of the Main Railway Directorate «Minsk» raise questions about the conditions of survival of local workers at other enterprises, in other fields of labour and regions of the occupied territory of Belarus.

Basing on the particular historical and educational methods of «the history of the country through regional history», the paper aims to reveal the process of creation and functioning of Krasnoyarsk Forced Labour Camp of the USSR National Commissariat of Military Affairs. The example of the history of the Kraslag (Krasnoyarsk Forced Labour Camp of National Commissariat of Military Affairs of the USSR) is used to characterize the specifics of the prison system in Krasnoyarsk Region in emergency wartime conditions. The features of the camp contingent composition are identified and the number of prisoners is calculated. ; Цель статьи – на основе применения конкретного историко-образовательного метода «история страны через историю регионов» раскрыть процесс создания и функционирования Красноярского ИТЛ НКВД СССР. На примере истории Краслага охарактеризовать специфику развития пенитенциарной системы в Красноярском крае в чрезвычайных условиях военного времени. Выявить особенности состава лагерного контингента и рассчитать численность заключённых.

Раздел "Международные экономические отношения" ; Усиление международной интеграции, падение социалистического строя, отмена государственных ограничений на перемещение рабочей силы через государственные границы стран, рост товарного оборота обусловили расширение самостоятельного участия субъектов в процессах международной миграции рабочей силы и появление на основании региональных рынков труда единых трансграничных рынков. Сущность последних заключается в возможности эффективного использования исторически и географически сложившихся социальных, культурных и производственных связей между приграничными регионами в решении социально-экономических проблем безработицы и предоставления взаимных гарантий. В настоящее время еще не разработаны специальные нормативно-правовые акты, отсутствует система трансграничной информации по регулированию трансграничных рынков труда. Автором анализируются теоретико-методологические аспекты, особенности развития, факторы и модели формирования трансграничного рынка труда в Республике Беларусь, система трансграничной информации, процессы интеграции и субъекты трансграничных рынков, территориальные новообразования на трансграничных рынках — еврорегионы. Деятельность последних выступает интеграционным фактором на рынке труда при условии консолидации трудовых ресурсов вокруг интеррегиональних целей и ослабления внутренних конфликтов. = Strengthening of international integration, the collapse of the socialist regime, abolition of state restrictions on labour transborder migration, world trade turnover growth have determined independent participation in the international migration process and formation of transborder markets based on regional labor markets. The nature of transborder labour markets essentially offers an opportunity of effective use of the existing social, cultural and industrial links rooted in history and geography to solve the problems of unemployment and of granting mutual guarantees. Special legislation has not been developed yet and there is no system of transborder information on regulation of transborder labor markets. The author analyzes the methodological aspects, features of the development and particular factors and models of transborder labour market formation in Belarus, the system of transborder information, processes of regional integration as well as the subjects of markets in question, new territorial formations in the transborder areas — euroregions. Euroregions activity is considered as an integration factor at the labor market, on condition of manpower consolidation around interregional processes and relaxation of internal conflicts.

Проанализирована трудовая эмиграция украинцев в Польшу. Исследованы причины и основные этапы этого явления с конца XVIII до начала XXI в. Особое внимание обращено на поиск работы украинскими крестьянами Галичины с конца XIX до конца ХХ в. Выявлены основные направления трудовой эмиграции украинцев в исследуемый период. Представлены результаты анализа современной трудовой эмиграции украинцев в Польшу. Обсуждаются причины внешней трудовой миграции, четыре из которых выделены как основные. Определяется понятие трудовой миграции. Отмечается, что в процессе реализации принципов, принятых в Европейском Союзе, Польша создала организационные основы, в том числе правовые нормы трудовой миграции. ; The article analyses labour emigration of the Ukrainians to Poland. The causes of this phenomenon, as well as the main stages of labour emigration of the Ukrainians during the late XVIII to – early XX centuries are investigated. Particular attention is paid to the search for work by the Ukrainian peasants of Galicia in the late XIX to XX centuries. The main directions of emigration of the Ukrainians during the period under investigation are identified. The article presents the results of the analysis of contemporary migration of Ukrainian citizens to Poland and discusses the causes of foreign (external) migrations; the four of them are shown as the major ones. The author defines the concept of labour migration. During the process of implementing the rules adopted in the European Union Poland has adopted the organisational foundations, including legal norms regarding the rules of employing economic migrants.

Two stages are revealed in the development of state labour reserves. The first period lasted from 1945 to 1948, and the second period - from 1949 to 1952. The distinctions of these two stages were determined. The author analyzes the dynamics of quantity and the structure of institutions in the system of state labour reserves in the Astrakhan, Saratov and Stalingrad regions in postwar years. The social and economical factors that had influence on this system were identified. The characters of principal patterns of SSLR's education institutions is provided, the common lines and singularities, significance changes were denoted. The share of young ones from the childish houses into the industrial, handicraft and railways schools in Low Volga River is exposed. The criteria of entering into the education institutions were determined. The interaction of SSLR with children houses was exhibited. The author highlights the status of stuff basis of SSLR in postwar years: shortage of educational buildings and student's homes, equipment's deficiency in industrial workshops and textbooks. The positive changes in staff-technical guarantee of educational institutions to the end of learning period are opening; their causes were analyzed. The author reveals the alterations in staff structure of SSLR and calculates the number of preparing workmen from factory and plant instruct schools; industrial, handicraft and railways schools for enterprises of the Lower Volga region in the fourth five-year plan. The article marks the significance of SSLR in the solution of economic and social problems in postwar society. The author distinguishes the common and the individual in the development of SSLR in the Lower Volga region and in Russia on whole. (author's abstract)

The author studies the specifics of lace in the territory of the South Black Earth Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries. The author has analyzed the history of lace crafts in the Yelets and Mtsensk districts of the Orlovsk province, and in the Zadonsk district of the Voronezh province. Based on archive materials the article determines such features of lace crafts development as the uniqueness of lace; the dependence of the growth of the influence of buyers on the pace of industry development; presence of the qualitative indicators of the manufacturing process inversely proportional to the quantitative; expanding the range of manufactured lace; the expansion of the sales area of lace; activation of the attention of individuals and public institutions to revive the specificity and individuality of local products lace. It was concluded that the impact of identified features on the pace of development of the lace industry in the South Black Earth Russia and on the development of Russian business in general.

Analyzing the history of lace crafts, the author describes the conditions of industrial activity lace, which showed the formation of the capitalist forms of lace makers' work. The features of the capitalist forms of labour which characterized crafts activity are pointed out. The peculiarities of lace sales organization in local and distant markets are studied. In addition to interprovince and interdistrict markets the author investigates the material on exporting goods abroad. The main reasons for the expansion of sales geography determine the change in product mix.

The author raises the issue related to the history of the preservation of unique lace made following the traditions of Russian folk art of their ancestors. The problem consisted in the fact that the buyers were not interested in the originality and identity of the goods. As a result, this led to the reduction of the original performance by increasing the amount of work on the standard models.

Исследуются закономерности возникновения и история принудительных работ как меры социальной защиты в уголовном законодательстве советских республик (на примере России и Беларуси) периода их становления (начало ХХ в.). Отмечается, что принудительные работы обусловили формирование наказаний, не связанных с лишением свободы. Обосновывается тезис о влиянии экономических, политических, социальных условий, а также управленческой деятельности субъекта исполнения на формирование этого правового института, режима его исполнения и применения средств исправления к осужденным. = The article examines the patterns of occurrence and history of forced labour as social protection measures in the criminal legislation of the Soviet republics (on the example of Russia and Belarus) since their formation in the early twentieth century, influenced the formation of punishments not related to deprivation of liberty. Substantiated conclusions about the regularities of the influence of economic, political, social conditions and management activities of the subject of performance to the formation of this legal institution, its mode of execution and use of means of correction for convicts.

Mark Meerovich proposed a model of Soviet history of architecture and town-planning based on the principles of Georgy Petrovich Shchedrovitsky's activity theory. Georgy Petrovich's students used these principles as a baseline for articulation of the issue and handling of the situation. That is why the analysis of the Soviet housing legislation, which defines the character of solutions and the activity on different levels, enabled Mark Meerovich to see architectural and town-planning problems from another point of view. He formulated a holistic concept of Soviet principles of settlement, explained the reason of the failure of the idea of the garden city in the USSR and showed the principles of arrangement of "socialist cities", described the phenomena of "labour and household teams" and communal housing, and demonstrated the Soviet mechanisms of people management. Meerovich introduced for scientific use a lot of unknown materials concerning the activity of prominent Soviet and foreign architects of Stalin's era. ; Марк Меерович предложил модель советской истории архитектуры и градостроительства, выстроенную по принципам теории деятельности Георгия Петровича Щедровицкого. Принцип деятельности для учеников ГП был исходным для постановки проблем и ориентации в ситуации. Именно поэтому анализ советского жилищного законодательства, определяющего характер принимаемых решений и деятельности на разных уровнях, дал ему возможность выстроить целостную концепцию советских принципов расселения, объяснил провал идеи города-сада в СССР, показал принципы организации «соцгородов», описал феномены «трудо-бытовых коллективов» и коммунального жилья, а также показал советские механизмы управления людьми. Меерович ввел в научный оборот огромное количество неизвестных материалов, касающихся деятельности выдающихся советских и иностранных архитекторов сталинской эпохи.

This article discusses the history of establishment of an agricultural labour commune in Kaluga Province in 1918 by a private landowner with the involvement of individuals who had had a privileged position prior to 1917. The author describes the way in which the most well-educated, enthusiastic and well-off representatives of the population of Maloyaroslavets district established the commune and their interaction with the new local authorities. Among the members of the commune, there was a private landowner, a son of a nobleman and landowner, a member of the Uyezd Land Department, a former financial Commissioner of the Uyezd Commission, a former hereditary honorary citizen, a granddaughter of a large landowner, etc. Referring to archival materials, the author reveals that the factor which had a dominant role in the decision on the establishment of the commune was the desire to find an adaptation survival model for the non-proletarian strata of the population within the new socialist reality. It is established that the reason for the elimination of the commune as a "counterrevolutionary organisation" was not only its inconsistency with the proletarian doctrine of the new government, but the use of old communicative practices and patterns by the founders of collective farms, as well as their desire to restore the former financial prosperity through a new form of economic organisation and their unpreparedness for hard peasant labour. The latter caused a collision of personal and material interests among the members of the commune (which had informal connections with some local managers with a low level of proletarian consciousness) with representatives of the Bolshevik government and led to open conflicts, which were not ideological debates, but personal and social hostility, greed, and often actions of criminal nature. ; В статье рассматривается сюжет о создании сельскохозяйственной трудовой коммуны в Калужской губернии в 1918 г., организованной частным собственником земли с привлечением лиц, имевших привилегированное положение до 1917 г. Представлен процесс создания коммуны наиболее предприимчивой, образованной и состоятельной частью населения Малоярославецкого уезда и ее взаимодействие с новой местной властью. В составе коммуны оказались частный землевладелец, сын дворянина и помещика, член уездного земельного отдела, бывший комиссар уездной финансовой комиссии, бывшая потомственная почетная гражданка, внучка крупного помещика и др. На основе архивных материалов выявлено, что фактором, имевшим доминирующее значение при принятии решения о создании коммуны, явилось стремление к поиску адаптационной модели выживания непролетарских слоев населения в рамках новой социалистической реальности. Установлено, что причиной быстрой ликвидации коммуны как «контрреволюционной организации» явилось не только несоответствие пролетарской доктрине новой власти, но и использование прежних коммуникативных практик и шаблонов организаторами коллективного хозяйства, а также стремление к восстановлению прежнего материального благополучия через новую форму организации хозяйства и неготовность к тяжелому крестьянскому труду. Последние обстоятельства вызывали столкновение личных и материальных интересов членов коммуны (имевших неформальные связи с некоторыми местными управленцами с низким уровнем пролетарской сознательности) и представителей большевистской власти и приводили к открытым конфликтам, в основе которых лежали не идеологические споры, а личная и социальная неприязнь, корысть и нередко действия преступного характера.

The article considers the educational strategy of Russian history, Russian language and basics of the Russian legislation, implemented among labour migrants in terms of their work permit, citizenship of the Russian Federation after the positive exams. The analysis showed that this important work is conducted in the Russian University of friendship of peoples, which is one of the developers of modules for all the above disciplines and Creator of test tasks, unique methods of teaching foreigners, etc. that will start to be implemented in full since January 2015, This work is connected with the fact that currently the Russian Federation and, in particular, the Moscow region are experiencing difficulties in the field of migration policy. In this situation the state authorities tried to provide possible assistance to people in difficult life situation. In particular, migrants were allocated premises for permanent and temporary residence, land for construction of housing, provided medical care, conducted training and education of children in schools and kindergartens, for seniors and low-income issues were resolved on payment of pensions and allowances, etc. But at the same time, financial opportunities of the Russian regions for solution of all problems of migrants did not increase. Such problems are standing before the authorities practically all subjects of the Russian Federation. With this in mind, the article suggests ways of solving these problems. ; В статье рассматриваются образовательные стратегии по истории России, русскому языку и основам российского законодательства, реализуемые среди трудовых мигрантов на предмет положительной сдачи ими комплексного экзамена. Проведенный анализ показал, что эта важная работа активно проводится в Российском университете дружбы народов, который является одним из разработчиков модулей по всем вышеназванным дисциплинам и создателем тестовых заданий, уникальных методик обучения иностранцев и т.д., которые начнут реализовываться в полном объеме с января 2015 г

The article describes what primary employment is, according to the labour law system of Russian Federation. It reveals that there is no definition of such concept and tries to derive it through the legal history. A workbook was the unique and remains one of the main characteristics of the primary employment, so the paper discusses, is it possible to combine legally two or more primary employers having more workbooks. The judicial opinion is analysed and there are shown different approaches that result from the lack of legal definition of primary employment in the Labour Code of Russian Federation. The author's approach based on the law branch principle of combining state and contractual regulation of labor relations and on the primacy of the labour contract proves that one could have more primary employments. The type of employment is one of the terms of labour contract. Multiple primary employment is not prohibited, so the author concludes, that such employment is legal, but the main point is not regulated because of the lack of legal definition what primary employment is. This causes ill effects for the worker, because he's not protected as well. Therefore a primary employment is without specifying that it is offtime job.

The paper is based on the documents stored in the Archive of the Russian Foreign Policy, the Russian Archive of Social and Political History and the Russian Archive of Economy. A considerable part of the documents is published and introduced into scientific use for the first time. We prove the defining role of one of the first Bolshevik diplomats V. L. Kopp (the partly empowered RSFSR representative in theWeimarRepublic) in the formation of many-sided Soviet-German scientific tights in 1919 – 1921. Special attention is paid to his participation in establishing good working conditions for the specialists fromRussia; the author also notes the activities of this diplomat devoted to the realization of orders for new general and special literature from abroad received fromMoscow. The paper emphasizes Kopp's involvement into the establishment of Berlin Bureau for foreign science and technology, which was significant for the Russian scientists to renew the regular contacts with foreign colleagues under the conditions of global isolation. It is for the first time in historiography that the paper, basing on the archive sources, marks the role of V. Kopp in the implementation of Kremlin's project of organizing mass migration of workers and engineers from Weimar Germany to the RSFSR. But for all that the author pays special attention to failures and even scandals that occured during the realization of this plan. ; Статья подготовлена преимущественно на документах из Архива внешней политики РФ, Российского архива социально-политической истории и Российского архива экономики. Значительная часть источников вводится в научный оборот впервые. В публикации доказывается большая, а подчас определяющая роль одного из первых большевистских дипломатов («полулегального полпреда» РСФСР в Веймарской республике) Виктора Леонтьевича Коппа в становлении многосторонних советско-германских научных связей в 1919 – 1921 гг. В частности, обращено внимание на его участие в создании нормальных условий работы для специалистов из России, въехавших в Германию, отмечена деятельность этого дипломата в реализации заказов Москвы на новейшую зарубежную общеобразовательную и специальную литературу, подчеркнута вовлеченность В. Л. Коппа в открытие Берлинского Бюро иностранной науки и техники, которое для российских ученых в условиях международной изоляции большевистского режима стало прорывным в деле возобновления регулярных контактов с иностранными коллегами. Кроме того, в представленной статье с опорой на архивные источники впервые в историографии показана роль В. Коппа в осуществлении проекта кремлевских вождей по организации массовой миграции рабочих и инженеров из Веймарской Германии в РСФСР. При этом особое внимание обращено на неудачи и даже скандалы, возникшие при реализации этого проекта в начале 1920-х гг.

The article deals with the logical and theoretical structure of K. Marx's «Capital». In the «Theories of Surplus Value», there is the ascent from the concrete to the abstract in the history of economic thought. This ascent allowed to define the goods as a starting point for the political economy of the capitalist mode of production. But there is no direct way to the economic theory of Marx, whose subject is not the products labour activity, but the material production relations arising during these activities. While researching the goods, Marx uses the «power of abstraction», which allows separating «economic matter» from the «naturally tangible» material basis: use value, concrete labour, etc. An integral system of economic categories is based on the synthesis of natural historical thinking phenomena discovered by Aristotle; Hegel's understanding of purposive activity; specific goals of social production, which are realized in property relations. K. Marx introduces into scientific knowledge the notion of economic progress as a change of social formations. He considers the significance of different models of the division of labour for determining the concept of value. In A. Smith's model, the value is determined a posteriori, after market evaluation of the products or services produced. A unit of measurement is not working time in itself, but economic information on the effectiveness of its use, i.e. money. In the model of K. Marx, the value is determined a priori, in the form of labour costs in the physiological sense. Given a choice, the labour expended receives a marginal evaluation in the form of alternative costs (loss of profits). The meaning of the «absolute, universal law of capitalist accumulation» is identified as a causa finalis, which determines the value of the commodity labour, variable capital, surplus value. I conclude that the development of the dialectics of the topic and the focus of an economic study allows using the method of rational eclecticism if the corresponding material is subject to a subsequent dialectical-materialistic interpretation. © 2018 Economy of Region. All rights reserved.

The article deals with the logical and theoretical structure of K. Marx's «Capital». In the «Theories of Surplus Value», there is the ascent from the concrete to the abstract in the history of economic thought. This ascent allowed to define the goods as a starting point for the political economy of the capitalist mode of production. But there is no direct way to the economic theory of Marx, whose subject is not the products labour activity, but the material production relations arising during these activities. While researching the goods, Marx uses the «power of abstraction», which allows separating «economic matter» from the «naturally tangible» material basis: use value, concrete labour, etc. An integral system of economic categories is based on the synthesis of natural historical thinking phenomena discovered by Aristotle; Hegel's understanding of purposive activity; specific goals of social production, which are realized in property relations. K. Marx introduces into scientific knowledge the notion of economic progress as a change of social formations. He considers the significance of different models of the division of labour for determining the concept of value. In A. Smith's model, the value is determined a posteriori, after market evaluation of the products or services produced. A unit of measurement is not working time in itself, but economic information on the effectiveness of its use, i.e. money. In the model of K. Marx, the value is determined a priori, in the form of labour costs in the physiological sense. Given a choice, the labour expended receives a marginal evaluation in the form of alternative costs (loss of profits). The meaning of the «absolute, universal law of capitalist accumulation» is identified as a causa finalis, which determines the value of the commodity labour, variable capital, surplus value. I conclude that the development of the dialectics of the topic and the focus of an economic study allows using the method of rational eclecticism if the corresponding material is subject to a subsequent dialectical-materialistic interpretation. © 2018 Economy of Region. All rights reserved. ; Рассмотрена логико-теоретическая структура "Капитала" Карла Маркса. Представлено значение различных моделей разделения труда для определения субстанции стоимости. Проанализирована диалектика предмета и объекта экономического исследования в "Капитале".

The article addresses methodological issues of labour statistics in the context of ongoing work of international organizations, first of all the International Labor Organization (ILO), as well as eff orts of national governments on implementing the system of indicators to monitor progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The paper shows conceptual approaches of the oldest international organization (that is the ILO) to the development of its statistical base in the 21st century and focusing its activities on the Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by the UN General Assembly. The paper reviews the ILO centenary history of work on improving social and labour relations and labour statistics. It analyzes the activities of the International Labor Organization related to the development of its statistical base; special attention is paid to the development of a system of indicators to monitor progress in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Despite the definite positive changes in in the ILO's work, comparative analysis of recent ILO and World Bank reports revealed unresolved problems in the fields of international standards and labour statistics. Considerable attention has been paid to the main ILO initiatives on improving employment indicators reflected in the content of international conferences of labour statisticians. The role of indicators of decent work was especially highlighted, while the author noted that the very concept of ≪decent work≫, in contrast to the concept of ≪quality of work≫, did not receive sufficient statistical content. The article formulates the need for changes in Russian labour and social statistics in connection with the development of a list of SDG indicators and acute attention that is given to the "international poverty line" and "working poor". It is necessary to bring Russian terminology of statistical indicators of ≪working poor≫ into line with the methodology and terminology of the ILO and the World Bank. ; Статья посвящена организационно-методологическим вопросам статистики труда в контексте проводимой международными организациями, и прежде всего Международной организацией труда (МОТ), а также национальными правительствами работы по внедрению системы показателей для мониторинга достижения Целей устойчивого развития ООН (ЦУР). В работе определены концептуальные подходы старейшей международной организации - МОТ к развитию своей статистической базы в XXI веке и ориентации ее деятельности на Повестку дня в области устойчивого развития, принятую Генеральной ассамблеей ООН. Отмечается роль МОТ в течение столетнего периода ее существования в совершенствовании социально-трудовых отношений и статистики труда. Дана характеристика деятельности МОТ по развитию ее статистической базы, особое внимание уделяется подготовке системы показателей для наблюдения за прогрессом в достижении Целей устойчивого развития. Несмотря на значительные положительные изменения в работе МОТ, на основе сравнительного анализа докладов МОТ и Всемирного банка выявлены нерешенные проблемы в области международных стандартов, в том числе в сфере статистики труда. Значительное внимание уделено основным начинаниям МОТ, направленным на совершенствование показателей в области занятости и отраженным в содержании международных конференций статистиков труда. Подчеркнута роль в информационном обеспечении реализации социальных программ индикаторов достойного труда, при этом отмечено, что сама концепция ≪достойного труда≫ в отличие от понятия ≪качества труда≫, по мнению автора, не получила адекватной статистической интерпретации. В статье обоснована актуальность усовершенствований в российской статистике труда и социальной статистике в связи с разработкой перечня показателей ЦУР и повышенным вниманием к таким индикаторам, как ≪международная черта бедности≫ и ≪работающие бедные≫. Отмечена необходимость приведения методологии оценки статистического показателя ≪работающие бедные≫ в соответствие со стандартами МОТ и Всемирного банка.