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Planska komasacija građevinskog zemljišta u načinu parcelacije jedinstvene parcele ; Planned building land consolidation in the context of land subdivision of a unique plot
Utvrđen je model planske komasacije građevinskog zemljišta, a predstavlja jedno strukturno pravilo prostornog planiranja i doprinos je tehničkih znanosti u polju arhitekture i urbanizma. Primijenjena je empirijska i matematička metoda. Rezultati planske komasacije su kombinirani postupak primjene izraza jednadžbi i dijelova dokumenta plana prostornog uređenja u načinu sređivanja vlasništva u obuhvatu jedinstvene parcele. Sređivanje vlasništva uključuje diobu površina građevinskog zemljišta privatnog i javnog interesa. Zemljišta privatnog interesa se dijele na isto-namjenske površine. Pojedine isto-namjenske površine, primjenom jednadžbi i brojčanih podataka iz spomenutog plana se ravnomjerno oblikuju, položajno i veličinom vlasničkih komada zemljišta za parcelaciju i uknjižbu. Plansko zemljište javnog interesa se ravnomjerno iz površina suvlasništva odvaja za komunalne parcele, parcelira i knjiži za nadležno tijelo vlasti. ; The model of planned building land consolidation has been determined, representing a structural rule of spatial planning and technical sciences contribution to the field of architecture and urbanism. Empirical and mathematical methods were applied. The planned land consolidation results represent a combined process of application of expression of equations and of the parts of the spatial planning document regarding the manner in which ownership is arranged in the scope of a unique plot. Ownership arrangement includes even subdivision of building land surface areas of both private and public interests. Private interest land is divided into surface areas intended for the same purpose. Some of them are shaped, both location-wise and according to their size, into pieces of land in private ownership. Public interest land is, in one piece, taken out for communal plots and for the competent government authority. Following the adoption of the said planning document, the defined ownership pieces of land and, in some cases, also co-ownership ones are subdivided and entered into the Land Register and Land books.
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Urbana komasacija u Bavarskoj ; Urban land consolidation in Bavaria
Urbana komasacija, institut javnog građevinskog prava, sredstvo je komunalne politike kojom su se jedinice lokalne samouprave država srednje Europe tijekom XX. stoljeća najviše koristile i kojom se još uvijek koriste u postupku uređenja građevinskog zemljišta. Urbanom komasacijom omogućuje se smišljeno, svrhovito i gospodarski opravdano plošno urbanističko planiranje i usklađivanje privatnog i javnog interesa, zaštita vlasničkih prava, ali ne i »geometrije« vlasništva. U ovom radu prikazuje se postupak provedbe urbane komasacije u Bavarskoj: sudionici, tijela za provedbu postupka, dodjela građevinskih čestica oblikovanih sukladno provedbenom urbanističkom planu, postupci izračuna pripadajućih površina i primjer raspodjele unesenih privatnih površina prema mjerilu vrijednosti i prema mjerilu površine. ; Urban land consolidation is an institute of public construction law and a means of the most frequently used communal policy in local self-government units in central European countries during the 20th century. It is still used in the procedures of building land consolidation. Urban land consolidation renders possible rational, purposeful, and cost-effective town planning as well as the harmonisation of the private and public interests, and protection of property rights. The author shows the process of urban land consolidation in Bavaria. The paper outlines the information about the parties in the procedure, the bodies in charge of the procedure, appropriation of building lots formed in accordance with the executive zoning plan, procedures for calculating the appropriate areas, and an example of distribution of private building lots according to their market value and their area.
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Promjene zemljišnog pokrova i načina korištenja zemljišta u Donjoneretvanskom kraju od 1990. do 2020. godine ; Land use and land cover changes in the Lower Neretva Region from 1990 to 2020
Promjene zemljišnoga pokrova i načina korištenja zemljišta rezultat su složene interakcije čovjeka i okoliša. U radu se analizira promjena zemljišnoga pokrova i načina korištenja zemljišta u Donjoneretvanskom kraju 1990. – 2020. godine. Promjene političkoga i ekonomskoga sustava početkom 1990-ih posredno su i neposredno utjecale na promjene u pejzažu. Obradom multispektralnih snimaka izrađeni su kartografski prikazi zemljišnoga pokrova i načina korištenja zemljišta za 1990., 2005. i 2020. godinu. Osnovni izvor podatka bile su multispektralne satelitske snimke Landsat 5, Landsat 7 i Landsat 8. Struktura zemljišnoga pokrova i načina korištenja zemljišta utvrđena je hibridnim pristupom, tj. kombinacijom nenadzirane i ručne (vizualne) klasifikacije. Vrednovanje točnosti klasifikacija odrađeno je s pomoću matrice konfuzije i kappa koeficijenta. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je u navedenom razdoblju došlo do porasta udjela izgrađenih površina za gotovo 33 %. Poljoprivredne površine te šume i travnjaci također su zabilježili porast, dok je udio močvara i površina s oskudnom vegetacijom reduciran. ; Changes in land use and land cover are the result of complex interactions between humans and their environment. This study examines land use and land cover changes in the Lower Neretva Region between 1990 and 2020. Political and economic changes in the early 1990s resulted in changes in the landscape, both directly and indirectly. Multispectral image processing was used to create thematic maps of land use and land cover for 1990, 2005, and 2020. Satellite images from Landsat 5, Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 were the main source of data. Land use and land cover structure was assessed using a hybrid approach, combining unsupervised and manual (visual) classification methods. An assessment of classification accuracy was carried out using a confusion matrix and kappa coefficient. According to the results of the study, the percentage of built-up areas increased by almost 33%. Agricultural land and forests and grasslands also increased, while the proportion of swamps and sparse vegetation areas decreased.
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Zemljišni pokrov i upotreba zemljišta u Slovačkoj unutar paneuropske usklađene izmjere LUCAS 2015 ; Land Cover and Land Use in Slovakia within the LUCAS 2015 Pan-European Harmonized Survey
Projekt LUCAS pokrenut je na temelju odluke Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća Europske unije u svibnju 2000. Eurostat je 2001. godine pokrenuo pilot projekt LUCAS u bliskoj suradnji s Ravnateljstvom za poljoprivredu i tehničku podršku ruralnom razvoju Zajedničkog istraživačkog centra. Glavni je cilj projekta zajednička, usklađena izmjera poljoprivrednih podataka i podataka okoliša in situ primjenom dokumentacije GNSS-a i fotografija određenih, georeferenciranih točaka. Istraživanje je provedeno u Slovačkoj u razdoblju od tri godine s početkom 2006. godine. U 2009. provedena je procjena zemljišnoga pokrova i upotrebe zemljišta. U radu se opisuje postupak pripreme, osiguravanja, vođenja i upravljanja istraživanjem zemljišnog pokrova i upotrebe zemljišta u Slovačkoj. Izmjera je pokrenuta 2012. godine. Osnova klasifikacije sastoji se od osam glavnih klasa zemljišnog pokrova i upotrebe zemljišta koje se dijele u detaljnije klase. Rezultat istraživanja je strukturirana baza slika i digitalnih zapisa za 2455 odabranih točaka. Najveća kartirana klasa je šumsko zemljište. Stabilizacija sheme uzorkovanja omogućila je izradu vremenskih nizova za nadzor promjene zemljišnog pokrova na odabranim tipovima zemljišnog pokrova. ; The LUCAS project was launched following a decision by the European Parliament and Council of the European Union in May 2000. Eurostat started the LUCAS pilot project in close cooperation with the technical support of the Directorate General for Agriculture and Rural Development's Joint Research Centre in 2001. The main aim of the project is to provide a common, aligned, in situ overview of agricultural and environmental data, using GNSS and photo documentation for specific, georeferenced points. Research was carried out in Slovakia over a three-year period, starting in 2006. In 2009, an evaluation of land cover/use was carried out. This article presents the process of preparing, securing, conducting and researching the management of land cover and land use in Slovakia. The survey was launched in 2012. The classification base consists of eight categories of land cover and land use, which are broken down into more detail. The result is a structured database of images and digital records for 2,455 selected points. The largest class mapped is forestland. The stabilization of the sampling scheme allowed the construction of a time series for monitoring land cover changes for selected types.
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Land Administration Systems in Transition Countries ; Sustavi upravljanja zemljištem u tranzicijskim zemljama
The paper contains an analysis of land administration systems in transition countries on the example of South Eastern European countries. An analysis of regulation on registration of real estate registration and rights was done in addition to the comparison of institutions and jurisdictions. Also an analysis of registers of real estates and real estate rights has been done and their main features listed. The paper provides insight into some of the technological achievements in the field of improvement and modernization of land administration systems. ; U radu je provedena analiza sustava upravljanja zemljištem u tranzicijskim zemljama na primjeru zemalja jugoistočne Europe. Analizirani su propisi o upisu nekretnina i prava na njima te je obavljena usporedba institucija i nadležnosti. Analizirani su upisnici nekretnina i prava na njima te navedene njihove glavne značajke. Također je dan uvid u neka od tehnoloških dostignuća na području unaprjeđenja i modernizacije sustava upravljanja zemljištem.
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POVRŠINE I PROCJENA POLJOPRIVREDNOG ZEMLJIŠTA U HRVATSKOJ ; AREA AND AGRICULTURAL LAND EVALUATION IN CROATIA
Potpuno točnih podataka o korištenju poljoprivrednog zemljišta u Hrvatskoj nema zbog ne sređene nacionalne baze podatka, odnosno nepovezanosti nadležnih tijela u provođenju učinkovite zemljišne politike. Ne postoji jedinstvena evidencija o poljoprivrednom zemljištu i o oblicima uporabe i raspolaganja. Katastar nije usklađen s gruntovnicom, a to dvoje nije usklađeno sa stvarnim stanjem. Od 60-tih i 70-tih godina prošlog stoljeća u Hrvatskoj se koriste: Bonitiranje zemljišta, Kovačević P. i sur. 1987., Kovačević P. (1983.), Pravilnik o mjerilima za utvrđivanje osobito vrijednog obradivog (P1) i vrijednog obradivog (P2) poljoprivrednog zemljišta, NN 23/19, te Okvir za procjenu zemljišta, FAO 1976 u dorađenoj verziji Vidaček Ž., 1981. Preporučena je primjena uz doradu FAO okvira procjene zemljišta, ibidum. U cilju kvalitetne implementacije predloženo je osnivanje "Projektnog savjeta za procjenu poljoprivrednog zemljišta Hrvatske" pri Ministarstvu poljoprivrede, Hrvatske agencije za poljoprivredu i hranu, Centru za tlo, dakako u suradnji sa znanstvenim institucijama. ; Fully accurate data on the use of agricultural land in Croatia are missing due to disordered national database, that is, the incompatibility of the competent authorities in the implementation of an effective land policy. There is no uniform record of agricultural land, forms of use and management. The cadastre is not aligned with the land register, and the two are not aligned with the actual situation. Since the 1960s and 1970s, the following have been used in Croatia: Land evalation, Kovačević P. et al. 1987, P. Kovačević (1983), Ordinance on the criteria for determining particularly suitable arable (S1) land and suitable arable (S2) land, NN 23/19, and finally A Framework for Land evaluation, FAO 1976, as revised by Vidaček Ž., 1981. The implementation of the FAO Framework is recommended to be refined and we propose the establishment of a "Project Council for Agricultural Land evaluation in Croatia" at the Ministry of Agriculture, Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food, Soil Center, in collaboration with scientific institutions.
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Land Cover and Land Use in Slovakia within the LUCAS 201 5 Pan-European Harmonized Survey ; Zemljišni pokrov i upotreba zemljišta u Slovačkoj unutar paneuropske usklađene izmjere LUCAS 2015
The LUCAS project was launched following a decision by the European Parliament and Council of the European Union in May 2000. Eurostat started the LUCAS pilot project in close cooperation with the technical support of the Directorate General for Agriculture and Rural Development's Joint Research Centre in 2001 . The main aim of the project is to provide a common, aligned, in situ overview of agricultural and environmental data, using GNSS and photo documentation for specific, georeferenced points. Research was carried out in Slovakia over a three-year period, starting in 2006. In 2009, an evaluation of land cover/use was carried out. This article presents the process of preparing, securing, conducting and researching the management of land cover and land use in Slovakia. The survey was launched in 201 2. The classification base consists of eight categories of land cover and land use, which are broken down into more detail. The result is a structured database of images and digital records for 2,455 selected points. The largest class mapped is forestland. The stabilization of the sampling scheme allowed the construction of a time series for monitoring land cover changes for selected types. ; Projekt LUCAS pokrenut je na temelju odluke Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća Europske unije u svibnju 2000. Eurostat je 2001. godine pokrenuo pilot projekt LUCAS u bliskoj suradnji s Ravnateljstvom za poljoprivredu i tehničku podršku ruralnom razvoju Zajedničkog istraživačkog centra. Glavni je cilj projekta zajednička, usklađena izmjera poljoprivrednih podataka i podataka okoliša in situ primjenom dokumentacije GNSS-a i fotografija odrebenih, georeferenciranih točaka. Istraživanje je provedeno u Slovačkoj u razdoblju od tri godine s početkom 2006. godine. U 2009. provedena je procjena zemljišnoga pokrova i upotrebe zemljišta. U radu se opisuje postupak pripreme, osiguravanja, vođenja i upravljanja istraživanjem zemljišnog pokrova i upotrebe zemljišta u Slovačkoj. Izmjera je pokrenuta 2012. godine. Osnova klasifikacije sastoji se od osam glavnih klasa zemljišnog pokrova i upotrebe zemljišta koje se dijele u detaljnije klase. Rezultat istraživanja je strukturirana baza slika i digitalnih zapisa za 2455 odabranih točaka. Najveća kartirana klasa je šumsko zemljište. Stabilizacija sheme uzorkovanja omogućila je izradu vremenskih nizova za nadzor promjene zemljišnog pokrova na odabranim tipovima zemljišnog pokrova.
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Vojna topografja I – Topografski objekti zemljišta i Vojna topografija II – Orijentacija i topografske karte autora Mladena Pahernika ; Military Topography I – Topographic Land Objects and Military Topography II – Orientation and Topographic Maps by Mladen Pahernik
Udžbenik Vojna topografija, koji se sastoji iz dva dijela: Vojna topografija I – Topografski objekti zemljišta i Vojna topografija II – Orijentacija i topografske karte, objavljen je 2012. godine. Izdavač je Ministarstvo obrane Republike Hrvatske – Oružane snage Republike Hrvatske – Hrvatsko vojno učilište "Petar Zrinski", autor je pukovnik doc. dr. sc. Mladen Pahernik. Recenzenti su bili prof. dr. sc. Aleksandar Toskić i doc. dr. sc. Robert Župan, a lektorica i korektorica Gabrijela Capjak, prof."Koncepcija sadržaja ovog udžbenika vezana je za postavljen koncept izobrazbe iz područja vojno-geografske grupe predmeta unutar vojnih škola Hrvatskog vojnog učilišta. Na temeljnoj razini školovanja časnika i dočasnika, potrebno je polaznicima dati temeljno znanje iz vojne topografije koje uključuje prikaz topografskih elemenata zemljišta, orijentaciju u prostoru i čitanje topografskih karata. Upravo su te teme razrađene kroz udžbenike Vojna topografija I – Topografski objekti zemljišta i Vojna topografija II – Orijentacija i topografske karte. …" (iz Predgovora). ; The Military Topography textbook was published in 2012, consisting of two parts: Military Topography I – Topographic Land Objects and Military Topography II – Orientation and Topographic Maps. It was published by the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Croatia – Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia – Croatian Military Academy "Petar Zrinski". The author is Colonel Assist. Prof. Dr. Mladen Pahernik. The textbook was reviewed by Prof. Dr. Aleksandar Toskić and Assist. Prof. Dr. Robert Župan and proofread by Gabrijela Capjak, Prof."The concept of this textbook's content is associated with the concept of education in the military-geographic group of subjects within military schools of the Croatian Military Academy. The fundamental level of educating officers and non-commissioned officers needs to provide attendants with basic military topography knowledge, including representation of topographic land objects, orientation in space and reading topographic maps. These topics are discussed in textbooks Military Topography I – Topographic Land Objects and Military Topography II – Orientation and Topographic Maps…" (Preface).
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Popisi i obračuni poreza u Hrvatskoj u XV i XVI stoljeću
In: Izvori za hrvatsku povijest 3
Women's Teacher Education within Slovenian and Croatian Regions of Austria-Hungary - comparative analysis ; Obrazovanje učiteljica u slovenskim i hrvatskim zemljama Austro-Ugarske Monarhije – komparativna analiza
This article is the first comparative study on the education of primary college women teachers in Slovenian and Croatian lands of Austria-Hungary through legislation and the organisation of women's teacher training colleges. The study consists of a historical comparative analysis covering the period from the emergence of the dualist Austria-Hungary (1867) until World War I (1914). During the period covered in this article, many changes were implemented in women's teacher education. Before the year 1869, women who wanted to become teachers acquired the necessary knowledge as nuns in monasteries, in private girls' schools, or at home. The Austrian school legislation of 1869 had a quantitative and qualitative influence on the development and organisation of women's teacher training colleges and on the quality of women's teacher education. Women teachers became state employees. Analysis of the legislation showed differences between the syllabuses of women's teacher training colleges in Slovenian and Croatian lands. The syllabuses were adapted to the requirements of individual lands. A comparison of their activities also shows differences in development, number, and organisation. New state women's teacher training colleges and private ones with public accreditation appeared. In Slovenian lands, under the Austrian school legislation, the development of four-year women's teacher training colleges was somewhat faster than in Croatian lands. The comparison shows that private women's teacher training colleges were predominant and women's teacher education became more standardised and professionalised both in Slovenian and Croatian lands. ; Rad daje uvid u obrazovanje osnovnoškolskih učiteljica u slovenskim i hrvatskim zemljama Austro-Ugarske Monarhije preko zakonodavstva i organizacije ženskih učiteljskih škola. Istraživanje se sastoji od povijesne komparativne analize razdoblja između 1867. i 1914. godine. Pojavom Dvojne Monarhije dolazi do promjena u obrazovanju učiteljica. One se mogu najprije identificirati na temelju školskoga zakonodavstva. Učiteljice postaju državne službenice. Javljaju se nove državne ženske učiteljske škole, ali i one privatne s pravom javnosti. Analiza zakonodavstva pokazala je razlike između nastavnih planova u učiteljskim školama u slovenskim i hrvatskim zemljama unutar Monarhije. Komparacija njihovih aktivnosti također pokazuje razlike u razvoju, broju i organizaciji. U slovenskim zemljama, koje potpadaju pod austrijsko školsko zakonodavstvo, razvitak četverogodišnjih škola za učiteljice tekao je nešto brže nego u hrvatskim zemljama. Usporedba pokazuje da u slovenskim i hrvatskim zemljama dominiraju privatne škole za učiteljice.
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Obrazovanje učiteljica u slovenskim i hrvatskim zemljama Austro-Ugarske Monarhije – komparativna analiza ; Women's Teacher Education within Slovenian and Croatian Regions of Austria-Hungary - comparative analysis
Rad daje uvid u obrazovanje osnovnoškolskih učiteljica u slovenskim i hrvatskim zemljama Austro-Ugarske Monarhije preko zakonodavstva i organizacije ženskih učiteljskih škola. Istraživanje se sastoji od povijesne komparativne analize razdoblja između 1867. i 1914. godine. Pojavom Dvojne Monarhije dolazi do promjena u obrazovanju učiteljica. One se mogu najprije identificirati na temelju školskoga zakonodavstva. Učiteljice postaju državne službenice. Javljaju se nove državne ženske učiteljske škole, ali i one privatne s pravom javnosti. Analiza zakonodavstva pokazala je razlike između nastavnih planova u učiteljskim školama u slovenskim i hrvatskim zemljama unutar Monarhije. Komparacija njihovih aktivnosti također pokazuje razlike u razvoju, broju i organizaciji. U slovenskim zemljama, koje potpadaju pod austrijsko školsko zakonodavstvo, razvitak četverogodišnjih škola za učiteljice tekao je nešto brže nego u hrvatskim zemljama. Usporedba pokazuje da u slovenskim i hrvatskim zemljama dominiraju privatne škole za učiteljice. ; This article is the first comparative study on the education of primary college women teachers in Slovenian and Croatian lands of Austria-Hungary through legislation and the organisation of women's teacher training colleges. The study consists of a historical comparative analysis covering the period from the emergence of the dualist Austria-Hungary (1867) until World War I (1914). During the period covered in this article, many changes were implemented in women's teacher education. Before the year 1869, women who wanted to become teachers acquired the necessary knowledge as nuns in monasteries, in private girls' schools, or at home. The Austrian school legislation of 1869 had a quantitative and qualitative influence on the development and organisation of women's teacher training colleges and on the quality of women's teacher education. Women teachers became state employees. Analysis of the legislation showed differences between the syllabuses of women's teacher training colleges in Slovenian and Croatian lands. The syllabuses were adapted to the requirements of individual lands. A comparison of their activities also shows differences in development, number, and organisation. New state women's teacher training colleges and private ones with public accreditation appeared. In Slovenian lands, under the Austrian school legislation, the development of four-year women's teacher training colleges was somewhat faster than in Croatian lands. The comparison shows that private women's teacher training colleges were predominant and women's teacher education became more standardised and professionalised both in Slovenian and Croatian lands.
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Posjedovna struktura hrvatske poljoprivrede - limitirajuci cinitelj agrarne proizvodnje
In: Politicka misao, Band 35, Heft 4, S. 224-238
The ownership structure is one of the determining factors in the development of all agricultures; Croatia's is not an exception to this rule. In the long run, the ownership structure is undoubtedly going to determine the direction of the development of the market-oriented Croatian agriculture. The process of building the ownership structure appropriate to the market economy is neither simple not fast, let alone cheap. An overnight change in the ownership structure is neither possible nor prudent. The existing ownership structure of Croatian agriculture is the result of a century & a half long historical development. Socioeconomic & political factors exerted a strong influence on the process of the ownership structure's formation. Today Croatia has an "atomized" estate of only 2.9 hectares. A century ago the average size of estates was 8 hectares. This fragmentation is a direct result of the agrarian reform & colonization in the second Yugoslavia when the land maximum was reduced to 10 hectares. The existing -- very unfavorable structure -- should be in the transitional period gradually adapted to the family economy as the basis of future development, which will be market-oriented, cost-effective, & profitable. 3 Tables, 23 References. Adapted from the source document.