The scientific article is devoted to the study of land (land plot) as an object of civil rights. The article indicates that the relevance of writing an article is due to the land reform in Ukraine. Delimitation of the legal concept of "land" and "land plot" is carried out. The article analyzes the rules of law on a land plot as an object of property rights. An integrated theoretical approach to the legal regime of land and a land plot as an object of civil rights is considered. The features of a land plot as an object of civil rights have been determined. The importance of protecting the lands of Ukraine by the state has been substantiated. It was found out how the legal regime of a land plot differs from the legal regime of other real estate or other things. Land and land plot are identified with the boon as an object of civil rights. The view of the land plot is illuminated as an intangible and material boon. A critique of the scientific definition of land as an object of land relations is given. It is determined that there is a need for a compromise between private interests, the interests of the land market and environmental interests, which can simultaneously contribute to the protection of the civil law regime of land and the protection regime of a natural object. A distinction is made between the legal regime of construction real estate and the legal regime of land as real estate. It also indicates the difference between a land plot as an object of property rights and other objects of property rights. The conclusion is made about the need for comprehensive legal regulation of land relations, about the limited legal regime of the land plot. Some shortcomings of land legislation were identified, and proposals were made for its improvement. Further, these objects are examined as an intangible boon and a material boon, and both objects are defined. It is noted that the legal regulation of land relations, the object of which is intangible and material benefits, should be comprehensive, not only private, but ...
The article is devoted of the using block chain technology in the field of land management. The foreign experience of using block chain technology (USA, Japan, Brazil, Ghana, Honduras, Georgia and Sweden) and the prospects of its implementation in Ukraine are analyzed. Examples of using block chain technology in Ukraine during electronic auctioning, land registration and land management are presented. The main advantages and disadvantages of this technology are identified; the main principles of block chain operation are formulated. The main risks of using a distributed registry (block chain) in public land management are outlined. Sequence of transmission and transformation information based on block chain's technology in the system of land resources management is submitted.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal institute of trust ownership of land plots in accordance with the latest changes introduced in the current civil and land legislation of Ukraine. According to the land legislation, the trust ownership to land plots performs at the same time the function of the measure to ensure the fulfillment of obligations and serves as the title of the use of the land plot. The author analyses both Civil and Land Codes and uncovers inconsistencies in the ways, the trust ownership is implemented in civil and land legislation. The confusion of the features of the trust ownership and legislator's desire to use at the same time it to satisfy different purposes gives rise to contradictions that the legislature has not eliminated. The author made an attempt to find out the legal nature of the institute of trust ownership incorporated in the legislation in view of its features and the regulatory impact on land relations. The author provides a comparison of the suggested legal instrument with theoretical models of similar classic legal phenomena – civil fiduciary, common law trust, as well as with variations of their introduction into the legislation of countries of different legal systems. It is concluded that legislation of different states implements different variations of the trust ownership as a legal phenomenon in the legislation. In particular, legislations of the states representing the continental legal family may include trust-like institutes. In this case all features of the trust should be clearly and precisely defined. Therefore, the intention of the Ukrainian legislator to mix different functions within the same legal institute seems to be vague. The contradictions arising from the dual legal nature of the trust ownership implemented in the current Ukrainian legislation are shown. The author concludes that it is necessary to improve the existing land and civil legislation in order to eliminate contradictions in the interpretation of the essence of the trust ownership ...
In this article, the author makes a statistical analysis of Ukrainian territories and populations that came under Polish authority as a result of the military defeat of the Ukrainian Revolution. The author analyzes only those provinces and counties where Ukrainians make up the majority of the population. These were the territories of the former Russian (Volyn and Kholmshchyna) and Austrian (Galicia) empires. In total, Poland occupied 135,192 km2 of Ukrainian land with a total population of 9.5 million, of whom more than 6 million were Ukrainians. On the other hand, based on the 1921 census, the author shows the assimilation policy of the Polish government in the occupied territories, when Ukrainians were also attributed to Poles. By such measures, the Polish administration sought to justify the rights to occupy Ukrainian lands.
The article presents a comparative analysis of the structure of the land fund of European countries. The analysis of agricultural, forestry, housing and other types (types) of land use and land ownership of European countries in comparison with Ukraine. The condition and saturation of the infrastructural objects of the investigated territories are analyzed. The researches of the specific land use in EU countries significantly increased after Ukraine had elected the European Integration vector. Equally important is the issue of the research of effective land use for different economic purposes by European land users as the main basis of their economic activity. The analysis of the land-use condition and the experience of EU countries can be used as a vector of effective and rational land-use and it can be a guide in organization of effective land policy with further integration into European space. The works of domestic and foreign scientist were devoted to actual questions of study of the modern condition and prospective use of urbanized, natural and agricultural areas – they are D.S.Dobriak, C.N.Volkova, Y.F.Dehtiarenko, SH.I.Ibatullin, O.P.Kanash, M.G.Lyhoghrud, A.G.Martyn, Y.M.Paleha, A.M.Tretiak, V.M.Drughak, A.Y.Stupen', A.Smith, J.Keynes, V.Kristaller, P.Krugman, R.Lucas and others. At the same time the prospective of intensified land-use as the main spatial of production basis was not researched enough. Comparative characteristic of land-use structures is still actual, that gives an opportunity to assess the effectiveness оцінити ефективність and prospects for further use of land potential. Setting targets consists in identification of features and comparative assessment of the land state, natural landscape systems and areas with different levels of urbanization within countries of the European Union and Ukraine . Summarising the results of the research it leads to the following conclusions: • by analysing the structure of land-use in EU countries we find a significant heterogeneity in it's structure; • ...
Historical background sharing of land in UkraineZaplitnya I.Abstract. The article analyzes the political, economic and social conditions, with the onset of which there is a need of sharing of land in Ukraine. The study determined that the political pre requisites for sharing landin Ukraine became a political change of power, the independence of Ukraine, the need toup date the legislation. Economic – the desire of individual samassl arge areas of agricultural land, and social - tocreate a new segment of the population – land owners.Keywords: sharing, conditions, land reform, land owners and land relations.
The urgency of writing the article is conditioned by land reform in Ukraine. The land is a national wealth and a profit-making entity. According to the legislation of Ukraine, the land plot is the object of civil rights and the object of public administration of public social relations, which consist of the protection and use of land as a natural resource. When creating the land market, it is necessary to carry out private legal regulation and public administration. The state have to ensure the rational use and protection of the country's single land fund regardless of ownership. The legislator should enshrine the special legal regime of land plots as objects of civil rights. Land management and cadastral records are of an administrative and legal nature, the activity of these organizations is required for the land market. State and local management of this land fund should be aimed at ensuring the rational use and protection of the country's single land fund. Authorities are required to keep records and control of land boundaries. Special legal regulation is required if the subject of sale is the soil layer of the site. Certain parcels of land may be withdrawn or restricted. There are problems when the land is connected with real estate or moving things. It is necessary to carefully distinguish the right to the land from the right to the subsoil. The state should control the targeted use of the land, as there are limited natural resources. Land ownership has a social function. Agriculture meets the important needs of society. The balance of interests of the owner and the society must be reached. Land legislation must be comprehensive, public and private. The International Monetary Fund is a creditor of Ukraine and is pushing for Ukraine to make Ukrainian land an object of sale. Politicians believe that this will make Ukraine a third world country. The primary task of the legislator is to create a systematic agrarian socio-economic policy of the state, approved in a national referendum.
Здійснено ґрунтовний аналіз нормативно-правового забезпечення встановлення, реалізації та припинення обтяжень прав на землю, обмежень у використанні земель та виявлено, що механізм правового регулювання цього процесу потребує надання науково-роороррпобґрунтованих пропозицій з його вдосконалення, особливо, в частині обмежень у використанні земель та їх реєстрації в процесі землеустрою, як важливого засобу впливу на суб'єктів цих прав з метою забезпечення раціонального використання та охорони земель. Обґрунтовано, що ефективність прийнятих управлінських рішень при встановленні обмежень у використанні земель щодо цільового призначення та режиму використання земель можливе на підставі проведення зонування земель, для чого необхідно прийняти Закон України «Про зонування земель». Крім того, поряд із чинною класифікацією обмежень у використанні земель запропоновано їх класифікацію за типами, а саме: правовими, природоохоронними, еколого-технологічними, санітарними, містобудівними та спеціальними. Результатом проведених науково-практичних досліджень є запропонована модель методологічного процесу землевпорядних дій щодо формування територіальних обмежень та обтяжень у використанні земель, сформованої на принципах забезпечення безпеки держави, поєднання державних і місцевих інтересів, досягнення збалансованого співвідношення економічних та екологічних інтересів суспільства й забезпечення раціонального землекористування. Ключові слова: правове регулювання, обтяження прав на землю, обмеження у використанні земель, землеустрій, класифікація, методологія. ; The question of balanced consolidation of social legislation in a reasonable ratio of land rights and the interests of society as a whole, as well as local communities, citizens and legal entities established by them are general in nature and require specificity it is. Proved that one way of solving this problem is the establishment of restoictions of land rights, restrictions in land use. However, the mechanism of regulation establishment, implementation and termination of restrictions on the rights to land are not very functional and needs improvement. Current legislation in Ukraine does not contain a balanced set of regulations that would determine the nature and objectives of the restrictions, including encumbrances of land rights, their types, the reasons establishing and implementing restrictions of ownership and other rights to land and so on.Based on our analysis, we provide scientifically grounded suggestions on improving the legal framework, particularly, in terms of restrictions on land use and registration in the land management process, as an important means of influence on those rights in order to ensure rational land use and protection it is. Proved that the efficiency of administrative decisions during setting restrictions on land use purpose and usage of land is possible on the basis of land zoning, thus, it is necessary to adopt the Law of Ukraine "On land zoning."In addition, the current classification of land use restrictions, which was proposed by prominent scientists in Ukraine AM Tretyak (classification of restrictions in land use by functional features), and D.S. Dobryak and D.I. Babmindra (classification of restrictions on land use based on their placement by owners and land users), is complemented by types, namely: legal, environmental, ecological, technological, sanitation, urban and special.In the result of scientific studies,we have proposed a model of methodological process of land management actions on formation of territorial restrictions in land use, formed on the principles of state security, a combination of state and local interests, to achieve a balanced ratio of economic and environmental interests of society and to ensure rational land use.Information on restrictions on land use rights and encumbrances on the land, was amended land systematized:• formation of land use and protection zones of objects and territories nature reserve fund objects Environmental Network;• definition (specification) of borders of natural and agricultural zoning and parcels with especially valuable land;• definition (specification) of land borders and security zones and areas of historical, cultural, health and recreational purposes;• definition (specification) of land borders and security zones, objects (industry, transport, communications, defense, etc.) and their protection zones;• definition (specification) of limits of water protection zones and coastal strips, objects of sanitary protection;• definition (specification) of limits of radioactive contaminated territories, and contaminated by heavy metals;• definition (specification) limits encumbrances established easements, contracts, court order;• definition (specification) limits areas formed in accordance with the previously approved land management documentation;• definition (specification) boundaries of territories with special regime of land use;• definition (approval) of the legal regime of land use in areas of special protection of land and formation of restrictions and encumbrances in land use.Keywords: legal regulation, burdening land rights, restrictions in land use, land management, classification methodology.
The subject of research is theoretical and practical aspects of transformation of land relations. The purpose of the study is to reveal the specifics of the market transformation of land ownership. Research methods. The set of methods and approaches is used in the work, including the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, systematic, historical, method of data generalization, which allowed to ensure conceptual unity of research. Results of work. The specifics of the market transformation of land ownership, which is manifested in the presence of a large number of restrictions and the decisive role of state regulation, due to the special properties of land as a basic factor of production in the agrarian sector, are revealed. Unlike the prevailing one–sided characteristics in the economic literature of this process, it is proposed to consider the specifics of the market transformation of land ownership comprehensively, in the unity of such processes as liberalization and democratization of property, institutional and structural changes in the agricultural sector of the economy. Conclusions. The institutional framework of land regulation in Ukraine should consistently orient society to the strictly targeted use of agricultural land, socially, economically and environmentally attuned to the interests of the state methods and relations of their production exploitation, circulation and market. However, legislative effectiveness substantially reduces the absence in the composition or mechanisms of support for individual acts elaborated with the necessary clarity of procedures that mediate their practical implementation.
This article discusses the issue of land inventory. It is noted that land inventory is one of the main means of ensuring effective land management. In addition, the problems that can be solved by land inventory for the effective management of land resources are demonstrated. It is stated that land inventory is a certain tool for land policy through land monitoring, which allows to identify inconsistencies in land use and land condition. It was revealed that the main purpose of the inventory is to create an information basis for maintaining the state land cadastre, control over land use and registration of land plots. It is considered that the clarification of the legislative regulation of land inventory will contribute to the quality of state management of land resources of Ukraine. The article explored two objects. The current state of use of their lands is analyzed. As a result, ways to solve the problems that exist in the use of land of the State Enterprise «Experimental Farm «Victory» Volyn State Agricultural Research Station of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine» and the Experimental Station of Tobacco of the National Research Center «Institute of Agriculture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine».Key words: land inventory, land resources management, State Land Cadastre, land relations, State Register of Real Property Rights, land use. ; У даній статті розглянуто питання інвентаризації земель. Відзначено, що інвентаризація земель є одним із головних засобів забезпечення ефективного управління земельними ресурсами. Крім того, продемонстровані проблеми, які дозволяє вирішити інвентаризація земель задля ефективного управління земельними ресурсами. Констатовано, що інвентаризація земель виступає певним засобом для проведення земельної політики шляхом моніторингу земель, який і дозволяє виявити невідповідності у використанні земельних ділянок та стан земель. Виявлено, що основною метою проведення інвентаризації є створення інформаційної основи для ведення державного земельного кадастру, проведення контролю за використанням земель та реєстрація земельних ділянок. Розглянуто, що уточнення законодавчого регулювання інвентаризації земель сприятиме якості державного управління земельними ресурсами України. У статті було досліджено два об'єкта. Проаналізовано сучасний стан використання їх земель. У підсумку було запропоновано шляхи вирішення проблем, які існують у використанні земель Державного підприємства «Дослідне господарство «Перемога» Волинської державної сільськогосподарської дослідної станції Національної академії аграрних наук України» та Дослідної станції тютюнництва Національного наукового центру «Інститут землеробства Національної академії аграрних наук України».Ключові слова: інвентаризація земель, управління земельними ресурсами, Державний земельний кадастр, земельні відносини, Державний реєстр речових прав на нерухоме майно, землекористування.
The issue of the existing agricultural land improvement effectiveness in the course of land reform is scrutinized in the article. The research relevance is predefined by the need for the fragmented land optimization as a constituent of the sustainable land tenure in Ukraine. Land exchange substantiation in the course of the existing agricultural land tenure and land ownership improvement under current social and economic conditions is the goal of the research. Key aspects of land exchange aiming at land tenure optimization within the agricultural land mass in accordance to the legislation in effect have been exemplified. Sources of the existing agricultural land tenures and land ownerships drawbacks have been singled out. Land tenure areas of agricultural enterprises situated in Ukraine and Kyiv Region have been analyzed. Land exchange based on a set of the qualitative, spatial and technological characteristics has been suggested. Land exchange has been realized based on the example of one of agricultural enterprises in Kyiv Region. As the result, the improvement of the agricultural enterprise land tenure spatial characteristics as a factor of agricultural activity effectiveness has been achieved. The research results can be used at the existing land tenure and land ownership improvement in accordance to the legislation, the land consolidation strategy development in Ukraine, land owners and land users private efforts and the scientific researches in the future.Key words: land exchange, land sublease, agricultural land, agricultural activity effectiveness, land reform. ; У статті розглядається питання підвищення ефективності проведення впорядкування існуючих сільськогосподарських земель в умовах реформування земельних відносин. Актуальність дослідження обумовлена необхідністю оптимізації фрагментованих земель в Україні як складової досягнення сталого землекористування. Метою дослідження є обґрунтування обміну земель при впорядкуванні існуючих сільськогосподарських землеволодінь і землекористувань в сучасних соціально-економічних умовах. Наведено ключові аспекти обміну земель з метою оптимізації землекористування у межах масивів земель сільськогосподарського призначення відповідно до останніх змін законодавства. Виокремлені передумови формування недоліків існуючих сільськогосподарських землеволодінь і землекористувань. Проаналізовано сільськогосподарські підприємства України та Київської області за площею землекористувань. Запропоновано проведення обміну земель за сукупністю якісних, просторових та технологічних характеристик. Обмін реалізовано на прикладі сільськогосподарського підприємства Київської області. У результаті досягнуто покращення просторових характеристик землекористування підприємства як чинника зростання ефективності сільськогосподарської діяльності. Результати дослідження можуть бути використані при заходах щодо впорядкування існуючих землеволодінь і землекористувань відповідно до законодавства, у розрізі формування стратегії консолідації земель в Україні, при індивідуальних ініціативах землевласників і землекористувачів, у наступних наукових дослідженнях.Ключові слова: обмін земель, суборенда земель, сільськогосподарські землі, ефективність сільськогосподарської діяльності, земельна реформа.
UK: Відсутність національної стратегії (програми) щодо консолідації земель, яка б була інтегрована до земельної політики країни, обумовила прийняття у 2018 р. Закон України № 2498-VIII "Про внесення змін до деяких законодавчих актів щодо вирішення питання колективної власності на землю, удосконалення правил землекористування у масивах земель сільськогосподарського призначення, запобігання рейдерству та стимулювання зрошення в Україні". Цей закон покликаний розв'язати існуючі проблеми землекористування щодо раціонального використання земельних ділянок. Проте задекларовані законом засади не набули практичного застосування донині. Метою статті є аналіз процедури формування масиву земель сільськогосподарського призначення для забезпечення раціонального використання земельних ділянок за рахунок запровадження обміну прав користування як альтернативи консолідації земель. Детальний аналіз Закону № 2498-VIII дозволив скласти алгоритм формування масивів земель сільськогосподарського призначення щодо обміну земельними ділянками та правами їх користування, який дозволив структуровано і комплексно підійти до вирішення поставленої проблематики. Встановлено, що дозволений обмін земельними ділянками та правами користування в межах масиву земель сільсько- господарського призначення не є консолідацією земель ані у класичному, ані у будь-якому іншому її розумінні. Аналіз правових норм Закону № 2498-VIII виявив їх невідповідність "Добровільним керівним принципами відповідального управління з питань володіння та користування земельними, рибними та лісовими ресурсами у контексті національної продовольчої" та кращій міжнародній практиці щодо консолідації земель. Ідентифіковано існуючі перешкоди реалізації норм законодавства щодо удосконалення правил землекористування у масивах земель сільськогосподарського призначення, що дозволило виділити три ключові причини їх виникнення: технічну, юридичну та організаційну. EN: The lack of a national strategy (program) for land consolidation, which would be integrated into the country's land policy, led to the adoption in 2018 of the Law of Ukraine № 2498-VIII "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine in Respect of the Issue of Collective Ownership of Land, Improvement of Agricultural Land Use Rules, Prevention of Raidership and Stimulation of Irrigation in Ukraine". This law is designed to solve the existing problems of land use concerning the rational use of land parcels. However, the principles declared by the relevant law have not gained practical application to this day. The purpose of the article is to analyse the procedure for the formation of the agricultural land layout to ensure the rational use of land through the exchange of rights of use as an alternative to land consolidation. A detailed analysis of the Law № 2498-VIII allowed to develop an algorithm for the formation of the agricultural land layout with the purpose to exchange of land parcels and their rights of use. This has allowed approaching the solution of the set problem in a more structured and comprehensive way. It has been established that the permitted exchange of land parcels and rights of use within the agricultural land layout is not a land consolidation either in the classical or in any other sense. An analysis of the legal provisions of Law № 2498-VIII has revealed their inconsistency with the "Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security" and best international practice on land consolidation. The existing obstacles to the implementation of the legislation on improving the rules of land use in the agricultural land layout have been found out. Three key causes of their occurrence (technical, legal and organizational) have been identified.
The article deals with the problem of land market circulation in Ukraine and its peculiarities. At the moment, this problem is of great importance because of the need for rapid economic growth. To solve it, two aspects are considered: theoretical and practical. Theoretical is the development of optimized land legislation, the definition of national features. Legislation should include: allocating the percentage of land to be allocated for agriculture, setting prices for landowners and tenants, acquiring property rights over time of ownership, determining ways of transferring land rights, etc. National features constitute geographical and geological features. The practical aspects include: the method of implementation of the circulation of land rights, features of land market management, form of management. Among the ways of implementation are: introduction through a national referendum, adoption by parliament. Management features are precisely the bodies that will carry out operational and practical management, the control bodies that will ensure legality, etc. Forms of management include: rigid and flexible management. The difference is the control over the alienation and acquisition of land rights, the number and rigidity of the procedures required for the rational use of the land. In order to ensure speed, progressive functioning of the land rights market, experience should be gained from other countries, among them France, as Ukraine is similar in territorial features: the presence of cities with special status, similar administrative and territorial structure, the existence of regions with special status. Therefore, in order to solve the above issue comprehensively, all the above points should be analyzed
The analysis of the nature of management of agricultural land use as a key compo‐ nent of a holistic land‐property complex in the light of land rights, studied their char‐ acteristics as part of the economic and legal relations of land ownership under the current legislation of Ukraine
Обґрунтовано поняття «землевпорядний процес», «землевпорядна процедура», «землевпорядні дії» та їх співвідношення у системі землеустрою України. Встановлено необхідність чітко розняти дані поняття. Обґрунтована важливість належної реалізація землевпорядних процесуальних норм для суспільства та держави.Ключові слова. Землеустрій, землевпорядний процес, землевпорядний проект, землевпорядна процедура, землевпорядні дії. ; The state significance of land management activities is manifested in those legal consequences that arise after the issuance of land management documentation and are conditioned by the need to secure unsupported land rights and the use and protection of land in a state-guaranteed manner. The procedural activity of land surveyors and other persons authorized by the state to commit land management operations must be carried out in a certain order established by the state and obey the rights and obligations of the persons specified by the legislation at each stage of the development of such relations.The main goal of applying to land management organizations and land surveyors is landuse documentation, which is made in accordance with the requirements of the law and with which the relevant legal properties of the land management procedure are associated.First of all, let's dwell on such basic concepts as "land management process" and "land management procedure". Consideration of the term "land management process" implies a preliminary analysis of the category "process". At the same time, it must be admitted that the development of the procedural form of this category has not been paid attention. Considering the concept of "land management process", its place and role in the system of social relations, emphasis will be placed on the concept of a broad understanding of the legal process, the problem of which exists for decades.Thus, the legal process is a regulated by the procedural rules procedure for the activities of competent state bodies, consisting of the preparation, adoption and documentary consolidation of legal decisions of a general and individual nature. In the land law, the category "process" is specific and serves to designate relationships that provide regulatory and security land-property relationships.Particularly difficult today is the question of the delimitation of the concepts of "process" and "procedure" in general. Regarding the land management process, we believe that the land management process is an activity directly related to the need to use different methods and means of legal acts. Elements of the land management process are its subjects, stages and proceedings, which allow to outline the boundaries in space and time and the substantive composition of this form of activity. Many scholars regard the procedure as a broader concept that should absorb the process.The stability of any procedure, including land management, will depend on its perfection, which is determined by the duration of its application or the "test of action". Consequently, if the procedure is a static norm, and procedural activity is its dynamic criterion, then the latter must constantly check the land management procedure for its compliance with its needs of individuals and society.Any procedure should have certain limits. Regarding land management procedures, it should provide legal certainty (veracity) to land-based operations. Consequently, its boundaries should be legislatively enshrined. The action and its regulation by law may differ, indicating the need to compare them as relatively independent legal categoriesin some cases. Thus, for land management science and practice, it is necessary to consolidate two relatively independent concepts of "land management" and "land management procedure", which will distinguish the actual behavior of subjects from the regulated by law.Keywords. Land management, land management process, land management project, land management procedure, land management actions.
