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In this book an international group of authors reflects mechanisms of the cultural and social construction of landscapes. International migration and global exchange are associated with a multitude of different cultural meanings of landscapes. The logics of multi-cultural perceptions and meanings of landscape call for trans-disciplinary research, and for guidance on addressing culturally sensitive issues and inclusion in practical planning.

Contents; Preface and Acknowledgements; Notes of Editors; Notes of Contributors; Chapter 1 Introduction; 1.1 Introduction, content of this book, research perspectives, previous work; 1.1.1 Understanding landscapes multi-culturally: An emerging field of study; 1.1.2 Content of this book; 1.1.3 Research perspectives; 1.2 Results and Perspectives of the Conference "Landscapes: Theory, Practice and International Context"; Chapter 2 Concepts of Landscape; 2.1 Historical Developments The Evolution of the Concept of Landscape in German Linguistic Areas; 2.1.1 Introduction

This volume breaks new ground in the study of landscapes, both rural and urban. The innovative notion of this landscape collection is rupture. The book explores the ways in which societal, economic and cultural changes are transforming the meanings and understandings of landscapes. The text explores both how landscapes are contesting changes in society and changing society. The volume combines empirically fine-grained accounts of landscape rupture, from different parts of the world, with a sustained effort to explore, rethink and analytically extend the concept of rupture itself. The book therefore combines fresh empirical data with innovative theoretical approaches to open understanding of landscape as a dynamic, living entity subject to abrupt change and unpredictable disruptions. Through this dual reflection the volume is able to provide a powerful demonstration of the possibilities that are available for human action, social change and material landscape to combine.

"Landscape Bionomics," or "Bio-integrated Landscape Ecology," radically transforms the main principles of traditional Landscape Ecology by recognizing the landscape as a living entity rather than merely the spatial distribution of species and communities on the territory, often analysed in separate themes (water, species, pollution, etc.). To be more exact, the landscape is identified as the "life organization integrating a set of plants, animals, and human communities and its system of natural, semi-natural, and human cultural ecosystems in a certain spatial configuration." This new perspective inevitably leads to significant changes in how to assess and manage the environment. This book represents the culmination of an endeavor begun by the author, with the support of Richard Forman and Zev Naveh, more than a dozen years ago. It builds on the author's previous successful publication, Landscape Ecology, A Widening Foundation, by addressing a range of additional topics and discussing the new theoretical and methodological concepts that have emerged during the past decade of research. Particular attention is paid to the fact that interventions in the landscape can be made with the best intentions yet cause serious damage! Against this background, the author explains the need to study "landscape units" by applying methods comparable to those used in clinical diagnosis - hence ecologists can be viewed as the "physicians" of ecological systems

Seasonality is so obvious that it is typically omitted from landscape research. It is expressed both in the natural rhythms of the landscape and in human lifestyles. This book opens new perspectives on how seasons are perceived by people and societies in different parts of the world, it offers interdisciplinary perspectives on seasonality research, and discusses its applications to planning.

Landscape Biographies explores the long, complex histories of landscapes from personal and social perspectives. Twenty geographers, archaeologists, historians, and anthropologists investigate the diverse ways in which landscapes and monuments have been constructed, transmitted, and transformed from prehistory to the present, from Manhattan to Shanghai, Iceland to Portugal, England to Estonia.

"Preface to the Second Edition" -- "Preface to the First Edition" -- "Contents" -- "List of Figures" -- "List of Tables" -- "1 The First Hurdle" -- "Objections to Explicit Valuation Techniques" -- "References" -- "2 The Costs of Landscape" -- "Financial Costings" -- "Factors of Production in a Landscape" -- "Costing a Project" -- "Opportunity Costs" -- "Unit Costs of Landscape" -- "Inadequacies in the Unit-Cost Approach" -- "Cost of Landscape as Implied Benefit" -- "References" -- "3 Opportunity Costing of Land: For Landscape Professionals, or for Land Economists?" -- "Stock Resources and the Time Dimension" -- "An Excursion into Forest Economics" -- "Externalities" -- "Climate Change" -- "Spatial Externalities" -- "Renewable Energy Versus Landscape" -- "Does Social Pricing Go on for Ever?" -- "Probabilistic Evaluation and Hope Values" -- "Setting a Boundary" -- "References" -- "4 The Constitution of Value" -- "Defining the Quantum of Landscape" -- "Consumption of Characteristics" -- "Aesthetic Quality" -- "Normality" -- "Peculiarity" -- "Diversity" -- "Familiarity" -- "Stability" -- "Variability in Value of Consumer-Hours" -- "Interfaces of Demands" -- "Passive Use Value: A Benefit to Absentees" -- "Landscape as Producers' Good" -- "Landscape as Medication" -- "Landscape as Social Therapy" -- "Landscape as Merit Good" -- "References" -- "5 Aesthetic Experts' Approaches" -- "Systematising Aesthetics: Landscape Assessment" -- "Preferences and Principles" -- "Quantifying Aesthetics: Holistic Systems" -- "Quantifying Aesthetics: Components Systems" -- "Subjectivity and Related Words" -- "Problems of Ordinal Scales" -- "A Short History of Landscape Evaluation?" -- "Representative Evaluation" -- "Elitist View" -- "Paternalist View" -- "Populist View" -- "Creative Expertise" -- ""The Expert Seal of Approval"?" -- "References