International audience ; L'ancrage territorial de l'agriculture est une clé de compréhension de la durabilité de l'agriculture de territoires mixtes, périurbains ou ruraux-touristiques. En ce sens, la méthode d'analyse-diagnostic des systèmes agraires est enrichie et étoffée à partir du concept de " système agraire territorialisé " : l'inscription du système agraire dans un méta-système territorial conduit à rendre compte de l'articulation entre les trajectoires d'exploitations et les logiques collectives et institutionnelles du territoire dans lequel elles s'inscrivent. Cette démarche conceptuelle, méthodologique et pratique est appliquée à l'évaluation de la durabilité d'une agriculture côtière sous pression touristique, celle de Balagne, territoire rural-touristique situé au nord-ouest de la Corse. L'agriculture, entre pression foncière et valorisation touristique du patrimoine rural, y est au cœur d'enjeux contradictoires et sa durabilité est largement dépendante de la maîtrise foncière, bien que cette dernière n'en soit pas une condition suffisante.
In the run-up to a governmental invitation to tender for the construction offshore wind farms in the Languedoc Rousillon, coastal municipalities have been voicing fear about their potential impact on the tourist industry. To understand how offshore wind farms may affect tourism, we conducted a choice experiment with coastal tourists in Languedoc Rousillon. We elicited willingness to pay and willingness to accept compensation for wind turbines at different distances from the shore and examined whether potential visual nuisances may be compensated by associating the wind farm with recreational opportunities (observational boating, diving at artificial reefs and turbine foundations) or by adopting a coherent environmental policy. We show that the compensation required for the visual nuisance depends on the age segment of the tourists, their nationality, their vacation activities and their degree of loyalty to Languedoc Rousillon coastal community resorts. Our policy recommendation is two-fold: Everything else equals, wind farm implantation 12 km offshore is preferable from the viewpoint of favouring the tourist industry. With simultaneous application of a coherent environmental policy and wind farm associated recreational activities, a wind farm can be conceived from 5 km and outwards without a loss in tourist revenues.
The Emergency medical system in French Guyana receives the emergency calls from remote gold mining sites. Collecting accurate information is the key for choosing the appropriate response, from simple counseling to expensive vectors mobilization. Starting from the quantitative analysis of emergency calls over 6 years, this study makes proposals for improving the management of these emergencies; the recommended measures need to be assessed with gold miners, healthcare providers and authorities. The recommendations are the implementation of a telemedicine network, with first responders trained in basic emergency care, with access to decision-making tools, and an on-site pharmacy they can use following precise procedures. Awareness programs about infectious diseases need also to be implemented for gold miners, as it represents the main cause of emergency calls. Finally, it is essential to clearly address this issue as being part of an efficient health organization at a cross-border level. ; Les appels d'urgence des sites d'orpaillage de Guyane sont régulés par le SAMU. La prise de décision nécessite des informations précises et exploitables, qui peuvent impliquer d'engager des moyens héliportés coûteux. A partir d'une analyse quantitative de ces appels sur 6 ans, ce travail propose d'améliorer la prise en charge globale de ces urgences, grâce à des mesures évaluées auprès des orpailleurs, des acteurs de santé et des autorités sanitaires. Les recommandations visent principalement à créer un réseau de télémédecine dont les correspondants sur site sont formés aux gestes et soins d'urgence, équipés d'outils d'aide à la décision, et dotés d'une pharmacie utilisable selon des règles précises. Les orpailleurs doivent aussi être sensibilisés à la prévention des problèmes infectieux, principal motif d'appel. Enfin, il est déterminant que cette problématique soit explicitement intégrée dans le projet régional de santé ainsi que dans une politique sanitaire transfrontalière.
The intent of this research was to find out what is the state of Finnish energy policy when reviewing it from the vantage point of biogas as a motor vehicle fuel. It seemed, according to previous research, that Finnish energy policy is lead by an elite and that there was a lack in transparency of energy policy. Therefore, in addition to researching the question of transparency and the possible elite structure, the research questions were: Who are these elites? Why do they exist and what makes others not members of the elite? Within what context do they exist? The question "Who?" will define the elite structure in Finland. "Why?" will tell us why this elite structure exists, thus giving possible solutions to prevent or keep the elite from becoming too strong. "Within what context they exist?" will tell us what are the prerequisites that make it possible for this elite to exist. Within what context do the elites exist? The European Union and the market economy define the framework in which the aforementioned members exist. The EU sets the legislation which defines the political prerequisites and barriers in this area. The market economy sets the financial prerequisites and barriers, but what is profitable and what is not is also related to politics and policies. Policy guides what is profitable and what is not. They are interrelated. This leads to the unified political and economic elite. Who are members of the elite? The power elite of biogas as a motor vehicle fuel consists of the top three ministers and two ministries (Minister and Ministry of Employment and the Economy, Minister and Ministry of Finance and the Prime Minister), the industries which have the biggest effect on the Finnish economy, the interest groups Finnish Energy Industries (ET), the Cabinet, and the political bureaucrats. The level of influence of different actors is related to personal characteristics, education, experience, and knowledge. The actor trying to affect political outcomes has to be strong, educated, and experienced. Experience can also mean being a part of the networks of relevant actors, because becoming a member requires knowing the members of the network. Power is related to the institutional position of the actor or the institution itself. The institution must also be financially strong or be an important institution in society. The more financial resources the actor has to lobby, the more they have influence. The same matters conversely make others not members of the elite. Also, the question about which fuel will be dominant in the future was researched. This was not the intention of this thesis; but, the significance of liquid biofuels arose when doing this research. Liquid biofuels were not directly mentioned in the interviews, but when investigating which fuel the dominant companies produce, and what they have invested in, liquid biofuels were discovered.
The use of remote sensing for environmental policy development is now quite common and well-documented, as images from remote sensing platforms are often used to focus attention on emerging environmental issues and spur debate on potential policy solutions. However, its use in policy implementation and evaluation has not been examined in much detail. Here we examine the use of remote sensing to support the implementation and enforcement of policies regarding the conservation of forests and wetlands in the USA. Specifically, we focus on the "Roadless Rule" and "Travel Management Rules" as enforced by the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service on national forests, and the "No Net Loss" policy and Clean Water Act for wetlands on public and private lands, as enforced by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the US Army Corps of Engineers. We discuss several national and regional examples of how remote sensing for forest and wetland conservation has been effectively integrated with policy decisions, along with barriers to further integration. Some of these barriers are financial and technical (such as the lack of data at scales appropriate to policy enforcement), while others are political.
International audience ; L'ancrage territorial de l'agriculture est une clé de compréhension de la durabilité de l'agriculture de territoires mixtes, périurbains ou ruraux-touristiques. En ce sens, la méthode d'analyse-diagnostic des systèmes agraires est enrichie et étoffée à partir du concept de " système agraire territorialisé " : l'inscription du système agraire dans un méta-système territorial conduit à rendre compte de l'articulation entre les trajectoires d'exploitations et les logiques collectives et institutionnelles du territoire dans lequel elles s'inscrivent. Cette démarche conceptuelle, méthodologique et pratique est appliquée à l'évaluation de la durabilité d'une agriculture côtière sous pression touristique, celle de Balagne, territoire rural-touristique situé au nord-ouest de la Corse. L'agriculture, entre pression foncière et valorisation touristique du patrimoine rural, y est au cœur d'enjeux contradictoires et sa durabilité est largement dépendante de la maîtrise foncière, bien que cette dernière n'en soit pas une condition suffisante.
International audience ; Different techniques for the determination of total tin in beverage and canned food by atomic spectrometry were compared. The performance characteristics of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (HG-ICP-AES), Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ETA-AAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) were determined in term of linearity, precision, recovery, limit of detection, decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCβ) (Decision 2002/657/EC). Calibration ranges were covered from ng/L to mg/L level. Limits of detection ranged from 0.01; 0.05; 2.0; 200 µg/L were respectively reached for ICP-MS; HG-ICP-AES; ETA-AAS and ICP-AES. Precision, calculated according to ISO 5725-2 for repeatability and within lab-reproducibility and expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), ranges from 1.6 to 4.9% and recovery, based on the decision 2002/657/EC, was found between 95 to 110%. Procedures for the mineralization or extraction of total tin were compared. Wet digestion, sequentially, with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide provided the best results. The influence of possible interferences present in canned food and in beverage was studied and no interference on the determination of tin was observed. Since maximum levels for tin established by the European legislation vary from 50 mg/kg in canned baby foods, infant food to 200 mg/kg in canned food, ICP-AES was chosen as the preferred technique for routine analysis thanks to its good precision, reliability and easy to use. The accuracy of this routine method was confirmed by participating in 6 proficiency test schemes with z-scores ranging from -1.9 to 0.6. Several canned foodstuffs and beverage samples from local market were analysed with this technique.
L'Union Européenne (UE) a progressivement accru la place des questions environnementales dans les objectifs et les instruments de la politique agricole commune (PAC). Les mesures agri-environnementales, généralisées à tous les pays membres dans les années 90, sont basées sur une adhésion volontaire des agriculteurs. Avec la conditionnalité de l'ensemble des aides directes de la PAC imposée par l'UE depuis 2005, la quasi-totalité des exploitations agricoles sont maintenant soumises à des contraintes environnementales et sanitaires minimales. L'efficacité de ces dispositifs et leur cohérence avec les instruments préexistants sont cependant discutables, comme le montrent divers travaux de recherche et d'évaluation. Cependant, la production de biens publics par l'agriculture apparaît comme un objectif légitime de la politique agricole, même si la volonté affichée de simplifier la PAC s'accommode mal d'une prise en compte élargie de la problématique des biens publics en agriculture. Cet article propose donc un examen de la PAC au regard de cet objectif. La production de biens environnementaux est plus particulièrement étudiée à partir du bilan des actions passées et des évolutions récentes. Par ailleurs, nous nous interrogeons si la PAC doit, et peut, accompagner les agriculteurs dans des objectifs de production d'environnement. C'est sur ces questions actuellement en débat que nous proposons d'apporter un éclairage constructif. Enfin, une mise en perspective des mécanismes et instruments économiques est proposée en vue de la nouvelle définition de la PAC (post-013).
In the run-up to a governmental invitation to tender for the construction offshore wind farms in the Languedoc Rousillon, coastal municipalities have been voicing fear about their potential impact on the tourist industry. To understand how offshore wind farms may affect tourism, we conducted a choice experiment with coastal tourists in Languedoc Rousillon. We elicited willingness to pay and willingness to accept compensation for wind turbines at different distances from the shore and examined whether potential visual nuisances may be compensated by associating the wind farm with recreational opportunities (observational boating, diving at artificial reefs and turbine foundations) or by adopting a coherent environmental policy. We show that the compensation required for the visual nuisance depends on the age segment of the tourists, their nationality, their vacation activities and their degree of loyalty to Languedoc Rousillon coastal community resorts. Our policy recommendation is two-fold: Everything else equals, wind farm implantation 12 km offshore is preferable from the viewpoint of favouring the tourist industry. With simultaneous application of a coherent environmental policy and wind farm associated recreational activities, a wind farm can be conceived from 5 km and outwards without a loss in tourist revenues.
International audience ; Roflumilast is a selective once daily, oral phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor that has recently been registered in all European Union countries as novel targeted therapy for COPD, while FDA approval for the USA market is expected in 2011. In several phase III trials in patients with moderate to (very) severe COPD and in patients with symptoms of chronic bronchitis and recurrent exacerbations, roflumilast showed sustained clinical efficacy by improving lung function and by reducing exacerbation rates. These beneficial effects have also been demonstrated when added to long-acting bronchodilators (both LABA and LAMA), underscoring the anti-inflammatory activity of roflumilast in COPD. Pooled data analysis showed overall mild to moderate, mostly self-limiting adverse events, mainly consisting of nausea, diarrhea and weight loss. In this review we discuss the results of the 4 registration studies showing promising effects of roflumilast in COPD and provide an overview of the topics that still need to be addressed.
In Bangladesh, maternal health programs are not yet reaching the desired level of facility-based obstetric care service. Most deliveries are conducted by untrained persons at home, demonstrating inequity in access to recommended maternal health care services and underutilization of existing obstetric and newborn care services. Suboptimal performance by providers is a key barrier to improving availability and quality of maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) services. To increase use of facility-based services, an operations research study of "pay-for-performance" (P4P) incentives for providers and subsidization of consumer costs was initiated in 2010. The study, part of the Government of Bangladesh–United Nations MNCH and maternal and newborn health projects, has been included as a human resource innovation project under the operational plan of the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Bangladesh. The Population Council provided technical assistance in implementing the study, with collaboration from James P. Grant School of Public Health of BRAC University. This policy brief describes the implementation of the P4P operations research study and its consequent implications for policymakers.
"Presenting a social history of colonial food practices in India, Malaysia and Singapore, this book discusses the contribution that Asian domestic servants made towards the development of this cuisine between 1858 and 1963. Domestic cookbooks, household management manuals, memoirs, diaries and travelogues are used to investigate the culinary practices in the colonial household, as well as in clubs, hill stations, hotels and restaurants. Challenging accepted ideas about colonial cuisine, the book argues that a distinctive cuisine emerged as a result of negotiation and collaboration between the expatriate British and local people, and included dishes such as curries, mulligatawny, kedgeree, country captain and pish pash. The cuisine evolved over time, with the indigenous servants consuming both local and European foods. The book highlights both the role and representation of domestic servants in the colonies. It is an important contribution for students and scholars of food history and colonial history, as well as Asian Studies"--
La médecine humanitaire intéresse tout soignant mais demeure en général un concept flou, de par l'absence de définition réelle, et l'hétérogénéité de sa pratique qui n'en fait pas une discipline au sens propre. En effectuant une synthèse de la littérature écrite par des humanitaires, nous pouvons mieux comprendre les nombreux enjeux propres à cette pratique, et les difficultés générales qui entravent la réalisation des actions humanitaires. Ainsi nousprendrons conscience de l'influence historique de l'Occident et l'impunité du Bien qui auréolent l'humanitaire, et rendent plus ardue la tâche d'effectuer une critique objective des missions. Aussi, des enjeux financiers, politiques, idéologiques, de santé publique interfèrent avec les objectifs humanitaires d'une Organisation Non Gouvernementale, et accroissent les risques de détournement de l'aide.Les réflexions et dilemmes qui ont accompagné les missions antérieures dans l'histoire de l'humanitaire participent à nourrir l'élaboration d'outils pour mieux penser dans ces situations toujours complexes.De plus, la médecine humanitaire met en lumière certains aspects de la médecine générale. Il est intéressant de confronter la médecine humanitaire et la médecine générale à travers leurs définitions, leur histoire, puis leurs pratiques. Nous constaterons que les situations de précarité en France s'apparentent à des terrains humanitaires ; puis nous verrons en quoi certains enseignements tirés de l'histoire de l'humanitaire sont applicables à la pratique de la médecine générale, notamment à propos de la relation médecin-patient, de la formed'engagement qu'implique toute médecine pour son patient, de l'influence hygiéniste sur la gestion de la santé publique, et des difficultés d'indépendance du médecin vis-à-vis des champs politiques et économiques.L'humanitaire remet au centre le pouvoir dangereux de la médecine à gouverner les vies, et place chaque médecin devant sa responsabilité de citoyen du monde.