Suchergebnisse

La storia della Repubblica di Genova nel tardo medioevo e nella prima età moderna ha riscosso negli ultimi anni un interesse crescente sia in Italia che a livello internazionale. Questo volume, realizzato con l'apporto di studiosi francesi, inglesi, italiani e tedeschi, dà conto di alcuni recenti indirizzi di studio, proponendo una riflessione su due aspetti di storia politica: i rapporti con le potenze esterne, della penisola e dell'Europa, e il dominio interno del territorio. Genova, più volte sotto la signoria dei duchi di Milano e dei re di Francia tra il XIV e l'inizio del XVI secolo, mantenne un legame conflittuale con il Sacro Romano Impero e il papato, e in età moderna s'inserì saldamente nel sistema imperiale spagnolo, svolgendo un ruolo chiave dal punto di vista politico territoriale, come porta di accesso alla penisola, e finanziario, grazie alla sua pervasiva rete mercantile. Sul piano interno, il dominio della Repubblica comprendeva, come in altre zone d'Italia, numerose enclaves feudali, ma alcuni territori in Liguria e nel Mar Nero e la vicina Corsica furono controllati da un'istituzione senza precedenti e paragoni nella storia del Quattro e Cinquecento: la Casa di San Giorgio, preposta alla gestione del debito pubblico, attraverso la partecipazione e il denaro di privati cittadini.

Today, the situation of regional languages raises many questions, particularly with regard to the hinge and transition linguistic zones, such as the Alpes Maritimes department. A language contact zone between French, Italian, and more precisely Ligurian - present as far as Menton, where it is in transition with Provençal - the Roya valley is a complex plurilingual and pluricultural territory.On the French side, our study focuses on the languages of the villages of Tende, La Brigue and Breil-sur-Roya (from the north to the south of the upper valley of the French Roya), on which the linguists Werner Forner and Jean-Philippe Dalbera have worked extensively. On the Italian side, I focused my research on the towns of the lower Roya valley, Sanremo and Ventimiglia, in the south of Western Liguria, and on the villages of Triora and Pigna, further north.Beyond the conflicts of identities and the urgency of safeguarding languages through their transmission in associations, one of the thorniest problems remains the linguistic classification of local languages. Although the territory of the valley is officially considered to be an Occitan area, linguists firmly oppose Ligurian-Alpine membership. From a sociolinguistic point of view, our aim will be to go beyond purely linguistic considerations to bring out the speakers' representations of their culture and of speaking to them.As far as our fieldwork is concerned, it is part of "the study of authentic language practices in a social context is a matter of sociolinguistics, in the broadest sense" Gadet (2003: 5) within a socioconstructivist epistemological framework of complex thinking and ethno-sociolinguistics theory (Calvet, 1993, Blanchet, 2000). Our research is situated in the field of languages in contact and is oriented towards a variationist (Labov, 1976) and interactional (Hymes, 1982; Gumperz, 1989 a and b) sociolinguistics, with the study of the heterogeneity of the linguistic systems and the linguistic heterogeneity of the social groups in our survey. We also ...

Today, the situation of regional languages raises many questions, particularly with regard to the hinge and transition linguistic zones, such as the Alpes Maritimes department. A language contact zone between French, Italian, and more precisely Ligurian - present as far as Menton, where it is in transition with Provençal - the Roya valley is a complex plurilingual and pluricultural territory.On the French side, our study focuses on the languages of the villages of Tende, La Brigue and Breil-sur-Roya (from the north to the south of the upper valley of the French Roya), on which the linguists Werner Forner and Jean-Philippe Dalbera have worked extensively. On the Italian side, I focused my research on the towns of the lower Roya valley, Sanremo and Ventimiglia, in the south of Western Liguria, and on the villages of Triora and Pigna, further north.Beyond the conflicts of identities and the urgency of safeguarding languages through their transmission in associations, one of the thorniest problems remains the linguistic classification of local languages. Although the territory of the valley is officially considered to be an Occitan area, linguists firmly oppose Ligurian-Alpine membership. From a sociolinguistic point of view, our aim will be to go beyond purely linguistic considerations to bring out the speakers' representations of their culture and of speaking to them.As far as our fieldwork is concerned, it is part of "the study of authentic language practices in a social context is a matter of sociolinguistics, in the broadest sense" Gadet (2003: 5) within a socioconstructivist epistemological framework of complex thinking and ethno-sociolinguistics theory (Calvet, 1993, Blanchet, 2000). Our research is situated in the field of languages in contact and is oriented towards a variationist (Labov, 1976) and interactional (Hymes, 1982; Gumperz, 1989 a and b) sociolinguistics, with the study of the heterogeneity of the linguistic systems and the linguistic heterogeneity of the social groups in our survey. We also ...

In a context of proliferation of short supply chains, issues of quality invite to a shift in geographical focus, moving from specific products characterized by their origin to ordinary products characterized by their provenance. This shift raises the question of the modalities of attachment that these common products have to geographical areas. Everyday foods and common plant materials such as apples and potatoes allow for particular discussion around the issues concerning the reconnection of agriculture and food, specifically around the concept of territorial agri-food systems. Looking at three medium mountain areas - in France (Ardèche, Bauges) and Italy (Liguria) - this thesis proposes an analysis of the trajectories of ten different food collectives through the varying phases of controversy that are driving them towards qualification devices which are more flexible than purely geographical indications. Maintaining the logic of 'rooting', inspired by a territorial rhetoric, the collectives do not fall into the short supply chains model, and maintain, for the most part, the varietal question at the heart of their concerns. This thesis shows that this varietal question can only be treated at the territorial level if we consider the production of food as integrated. That is to say, involving a variety of stakeholders, capable of designing various stages of qualification in the same movement, from plant material management to food consumption. The emergence and realizable qualities of these territorial agri-food systems incite political debate, and raise the question of the public action modalities to promote these devices, which we notice are mainly due to individuals and places of mediation. ; Dans un contexte de foisonnement des circuits courts de proximité, les enjeux de qualité invitent à déplacer la focale géographique, de produits spécifiques caractérisés par leur origine vers des produits ordinaires caractérisés par leur provenance. Se pose alors la question des modalités d'attachement de ces produits ...

The gender issue (social relations between the sexes) contributes to the review of socio-spatial processes in contemporary territories. In addition, sex analysis of routes, strategies and human-female practices enriches the understanding of male/female value systems and highlights the power challenges and representations in place in the territory. In addition to lighting on the differentiation of public/private spaces, gender approach introduces a cultural dimension in the spatial organisation of productions and reproductions of acts. Amber of the territory, the genus reveals at the micro level daily spatial areas; it takes the form of codes, standards for social groups and makes it possible to read on a macro scale trade games in the construction of territories. These assumptions are the basis for research into the creation of female activities in rural tourism in Mediterranean regions (Liguria, Province of Sefrou). Gender analysis is here a privileged entry to identify territorial challenges and reveal gender territoriality in project building and networking. ; La problématique de genre (rapports sociaux entre les sexes) participe à la relecture des processus socio-spatiaux présents dans les territoires contemporains. En outre, l'analyse sexuée des itinéraires, des stratégies, des pratiques hommes-femmes enrichit la compréhension des systèmes de valeurs masculin-féminin et met en exergue les enjeux de pouvoir ainsi que les représentations en place sur le territoire. Au-delà de l'éclairage sur une différenciation des espaces public/privé, l'approche de genre introduit une dimension culturelle dans l'organisation spatiale des productions et des reproductions d'actes. Au niveau du territoire, le genre révèle à l'échelle micro des spatialités quotidiennes ; il se traduit à l'échelle méso dans l'élaboration de codes, de normes pour les groupes sociaux et permet de lire à une échelle macro, des jeux de négociations dans la construction de territoires. Ces postulats sont à l'origine d'une recherche conduite sur la ...

SEDES 2001 « Le monde méditerranéen » Dossier des Images Economiques du Monde Coordination Jacques BETHEMONT CHAPITRE 9 ; International audience ; The question of the Mediterranean is above all that of a sea and its shores. From Andalusia to Provence, from Liguria to Basilicata ., attention will focus on the coastal regions which have, as interfaces, relations with more or less distant hinterlands: Madrid, Lyon, Milan …, most often within a national space or a geopolitical unit that is coherent in terms of functionalities. However, it should be qualified: if Milan is not more Mediterranean than Madrid, it cannot be dissociated from Genova, in the name of the famous industrial triangle Genova-Milan-Turin; on the other hand, no equivalence relationship links Madrid to a Mediterranean port. Hence the different choices within an asymmetrical Latin arc where France is represented only by Languedoc-Roussillon and the PACA region and where Italy occupies a preponderant place; only the alpine regions of Valle d'Aosta (French-speaking) and Trentino-Alto Adige (German-speaking) do not really fit into a Mediterranean perspective. From Spain to Greece, the northern shores of this European Mediterranean, recently converted to the Euro, constitute, despite their internal diversity, a distinct set of the southern and eastern shores of the Mediterranean basin. The discontinuity introduced at the level of the former Yugoslavia and Albania, not dealt with in this chapter, can be explained above all by historical and political reasons. ; La question de la Méditerranée est avant tout celle d'une mer et de ses rivages. De l'Andalousie à la Provence, de la Ligurie à la Basilicate…, l'attention se focalisera sur les régions littorales qui ont, en tant qu'interfaces, des relations avec des arrières pays plus ou moins lointains : Madrid, Lyon, Milan…, au sein le plus souvent d'un espace national ou d'un ensemble géopolitique cohérent sur le plan des fonctionnalités. Il convient toutefois de nuancer : si Milan n'est pas plus ...

This study based on narrative, administrative and above all notarial sources shows how at the turn of the tenth century, in reaction to the harassment of the shores of Liguria by the Fatimids, the Genoese State gradually emancipated itself from imperial tutorship and constituted from the 11th century to the 13th century a naval and economic force which, through military and diplomatic action, succeeded in gaining a foothold in the main centers of western Mediterranean trade. Without succeeding in realizing the political empire they aspired to, the Genoese set up an economic and commercial network which enabled them to develop a speculative system of a capitalist nature and became the obligatory partners of the great powers, the Pope, Angevins, Catalans and Capetians. Served by a socio-economic structure based on the development of financial and naval techniques, the Republic of Genoa became in the 13th century an important center of demographic attraction mixing Italians, Tuscans, Lombards, Sicilians as well as Provençals, Catalans, Jews and North Africans, an emigration stream aimed at populating the counters obtained in the Maghreb, Al-Andalus, Majorca, Provence and southern Italy. It is therefore a picture of the Western Mediterranean in its intermediate medieval phase as well as a history of contracts between Christian and Muslim communities which is envisaged at the same time as an analysis of the genesis of Genoese capitalism. ; Cette étude basée sur des sources narratives, administratives et surtout notariales montre comment, au tournant du Xe siècle, en réaction au harcèlement des rivages de la Ligurie par les Fatimides, l'État génois s'émancipe progressivement de la tutelle impériale et constitue du XIe au XIIIe siècle une force navale et économique qui, par son action militaire et diplomatique, a réussi à prendre pied sur les principaux centres de commerce de la Méditerranée occidentale. Sans parvenir à réaliser l'empire politique qu'ils ambitionnaient, les Génois ont mis en place un réseau économique ...

This study based on narrative, administrative and above all notarial sources shows how at the turn of the tenth century, in reaction to the harassment of the shores of Liguria by the Fatimids, the Genoese State gradually emancipated itself from imperial tutorship and constituted from the 11th century to the 13th century a naval and economic force which, through military and diplomatic action, succeeded in gaining a foothold in the main centers of western Mediterranean trade. Without succeeding in realizing the political empire they aspired to, the Genoese set up an economic and commercial network which enabled them to develop a speculative system of a capitalist nature and became the obligatory partners of the great powers, the Pope, Angevins, Catalans and Capetians. Served by a socio-economic structure based on the development of financial and naval techniques, the Republic of Genoa became in the 13th century an important center of demographic attraction mixing Italians, Tuscans, Lombards, Sicilians as well as Provençals, Catalans, Jews and North Africans, an emigration stream aimed at populating the counters obtained in the Maghreb, Al-Andalus, Majorca, Provence and southern Italy. It is therefore a picture of the Western Mediterranean in its intermediate medieval phase as well as a history of contracts between Christian and Muslim communities which is envisaged at the same time as an analysis of the genesis of Genoese capitalism. ; Cette étude basée sur des sources narratives, administratives et surtout notariales montre comment, au tournant du Xe siècle, en réaction au harcèlement des rivages de la Ligurie par les Fatimides, l'État génois s'émancipe progressivement de la tutelle impériale et constitue du XIe au XIIIe siècle une force navale et économique qui, par son action militaire et diplomatique, a réussi à prendre pied sur les principaux centres de commerce de la Méditerranée occidentale. Sans parvenir à réaliser l'empire politique qu'ils ambitionnaient, les Génois ont mis en place un réseau économique ...

In a context of proliferation of short supply chains, issues of quality invite to a shift in geographical focus, moving from specific products characterized by their origin to ordinary products characterized by their provenance. This shift raises the question of the modalities of attachment that these common products have to geographical areas. Everyday foods and common plant materials such as apples and potatoes allow for particular discussion around the issues concerning the reconnection of agriculture and food, specifically around the concept of territorial agri-food systems. Looking at three medium mountain areas - in France (Ardèche, Bauges) and Italy (Liguria) - this thesis proposes an analysis of the trajectories of ten different food collectives through the varying phases of controversy that are driving them towards qualification devices which are more flexible than purely geographical indications. Maintaining the logic of 'rooting', inspired by a territorial rhetoric, the collectives do not fall into the short supply chains model, and maintain, for the most part, the varietal question at the heart of their concerns. This thesis shows that this varietal question can only be treated at the territorial level if we consider the production of food as integrated. That is to say, involving a variety of stakeholders, capable of designing various stages of qualification in the same movement, from plant material management to food consumption. The emergence and realizable qualities of these territorial agri-food systems incite political debate, and raise the question of the public action modalities to promote these devices, which we notice are mainly due to individuals and places of mediation. ; Dans un contexte de foisonnement des circuits courts de proximité, les enjeux de qualité invitent à déplacer la focale géographique, de produits spécifiques caractérisés par leur origine vers des produits ordinaires caractérisés par leur provenance. Se pose alors la question des modalités d'attachement de ces produits ordinaires aux milieux géographiques. À la fois aliments du quotidien et éléments de matériel végétal communs, les pommes et les pommes de terre permettent d'aborder les enjeux de reconnexion entre agriculture et alimentation autour de la notion de système agri-alimentaire territorial. Sur trois espaces de moyenne montagne – en France (Ardèche, Bauges) et en Italie (Ligurie) – cette thèse propose une analyse des trajectoires de dix collectifs passant par des phases de controverses qui les conduisent à se tourner vers des dispositifs de qualification plus souples que les indications géographiques. Conservant des logiques d'enracinement inspirées d'une rhétorique du terroir, ils ne versent pas pour autant dans le modèle des circuits courts de proximité, et maintiennent pour la plupart la question variétale au cœur de leurs préoccupations. La thèse montre que cette dernière ne peut être traitée à l'échelle des territoires qu'à condition d'envisager la production alimentaire de manière intégrée, c'est-à-dire en impliquant une diversité d'acteurs, capables de concevoir dans un même mouvement différentes étapes de qualification, de la gestion du matériel végétal à la consommation des aliments. L'émergence et la viabilisation de tels systèmes agri-alimentaires territoriaux ouvrent des débats politiques, et posent la question des modalités de l'action publique pour favoriser de tels dispositifs, dont on observe qu'ils tiennent principalement à des figures individuelles et à des lieux de médiation. ; In un contesto caratterizzato dall'emergenza di nuove e diverse forme di circuiti alimentari locali (filiere corte, a kilometro zero, etc.) trattare della qualità dei prodotti alimentari impone alla geografia un cambiamento di prospettiva : privilegiare allo studio di prodotti specifici caratterizzati dall'origine, quello di prodotti ordinari caratterizzati dalla provenienza. Si pone allora la questione delle modalità di costruzione dei legami fra questi prodotti ordinari e i luoghi geografici. Alimenti della vita quotidiana ed elementi comuni del mondo vegetale, le mele e le patate costituiscono degli oggetti ideali per interpretare le forme di riconnessione tra agricultura e alimentazione al centro della nozione di sistema agri-alimentare territoriale. La tesi propone un'analisi della storia e delle traiettorie di vita di dieci collettivi che, in tre diverse regioni di montagna in Francia (Ardèche, Bauges) e in Italia (Liguria), hanno scelto, in seguito ad esperimenti e controversie, di orientarsi verso dei dispositivi di qualificazione piu' flessibili delle indicazioni geografiche di qualità. Benché conservino delle logiche d'inserzione territoriale ispirate a delle narrative del "locale", questi collettivi non aderiscono ad un modello classico di filiera corta e sono animati da una serie di questioni che interrogano il ruolo delle varietà nei sistemi agri-alimentari e rimettono in discussione il concetto stesso di territorio così come abitualmente utilizzato nelle indicazioni geografiche di qualità. La tesi mostra che la "questione varietale" puo'essere trattata localmente nei territori solo se si considera la produzione alimentare secondo un'ottica d'integrazione, ossia implicando una diversità di attori in grado d'inventare, in uno stesso movimento, diversi stadi di qualificazione : dalla gestione del materiale vegetale al consumo degli alimenti. I risultati di ricerca della tesi invitano ad aprire un dibattito politico sulle modalità di azione pubblica in grado di favorire l'emergenza e la sostenibilità di questi sistemi agri-alimentari territoriali la cui esistenza appare fortemente legata a delle figure e dei luoghi di mediazione.

In a context of proliferation of short supply chains, issues of quality invite to a shift in geographical focus, moving from specific products characterized by their origin to ordinary products characterized by their provenance. This shift raises the question of the modalities of attachment that these common products have to geographical areas. Everyday foods and common plant materials such as apples and potatoes allow for particular discussion around the issues concerning the reconnection of agriculture and food, specifically around the concept of territorial agri-food systems. Looking at three medium mountain areas - in France (Ardèche, Bauges) and Italy (Liguria) - this thesis proposes an analysis of the trajectories of ten different food collectives through the varying phases of controversy that are driving them towards qualification devices which are more flexible than purely geographical indications. Maintaining the logic of 'rooting', inspired by a territorial rhetoric, the collectives do not fall into the short supply chains model, and maintain, for the most part, the varietal question at the heart of their concerns. This thesis shows that this varietal question can only be treated at the territorial level if we consider the production of food as integrated. That is to say, involving a variety of stakeholders, capable of designing various stages of qualification in the same movement, from plant material management to food consumption. The emergence and realizable qualities of these territorial agri-food systems incite political debate, and raise the question of the public action modalities to promote these devices, which we notice are mainly due to individuals and places of mediation. ; Dans un contexte de foisonnement des circuits courts de proximité, les enjeux de qualité invitent à déplacer la focale géographique, de produits spécifiques caractérisés par leur origine vers des produits ordinaires caractérisés par leur provenance. Se pose alors la question des modalités d'attachement de ces produits ordinaires aux milieux géographiques. À la fois aliments du quotidien et éléments de matériel végétal communs, les pommes et les pommes de terre permettent d'aborder les enjeux de reconnexion entre agriculture et alimentation autour de la notion de système agri-alimentaire territorial. Sur trois espaces de moyenne montagne – en France (Ardèche, Bauges) et en Italie (Ligurie) – cette thèse propose une analyse des trajectoires de dix collectifs passant par des phases de controverses qui les conduisent à se tourner vers des dispositifs de qualification plus souples que les indications géographiques. Conservant des logiques d'enracinement inspirées d'une rhétorique du terroir, ils ne versent pas pour autant dans le modèle des circuits courts de proximité, et maintiennent pour la plupart la question variétale au cœur de leurs préoccupations. La thèse montre que cette dernière ne peut être traitée à l'échelle des territoires qu'à condition d'envisager la production alimentaire de manière intégrée, c'est-à-dire en impliquant une diversité d'acteurs, capables de concevoir dans un même mouvement différentes étapes de qualification, de la gestion du matériel végétal à la consommation des aliments. L'émergence et la viabilisation de tels systèmes agri-alimentaires territoriaux ouvrent des débats politiques, et posent la question des modalités de l'action publique pour favoriser de tels dispositifs, dont on observe qu'ils tiennent principalement à des figures individuelles et à des lieux de médiation. ; In un contesto caratterizzato dall'emergenza di nuove e diverse forme di circuiti alimentari locali (filiere corte, a kilometro zero, etc.) trattare della qualità dei prodotti alimentari impone alla geografia un cambiamento di prospettiva : privilegiare allo studio di prodotti specifici caratterizzati dall'origine, quello di prodotti ordinari caratterizzati dalla provenienza. Si pone allora la questione delle modalità di costruzione dei legami fra questi prodotti ordinari e i luoghi geografici. Alimenti della vita quotidiana ed elementi comuni del mondo vegetale, le mele e le patate costituiscono degli oggetti ideali per interpretare le forme di riconnessione tra agricultura e alimentazione al centro della nozione di sistema agri-alimentare territoriale. La tesi propone un'analisi della storia e delle traiettorie di vita di dieci collettivi che, in tre diverse regioni di montagna in Francia (Ardèche, Bauges) e in Italia (Liguria), hanno scelto, in seguito ad esperimenti e controversie, di orientarsi verso dei dispositivi di qualificazione piu' flessibili delle indicazioni geografiche di qualità. Benché conservino delle logiche d'inserzione territoriale ispirate a delle narrative del "locale", questi collettivi non aderiscono ad un modello classico di filiera corta e sono animati da una serie di questioni che interrogano il ruolo delle varietà nei sistemi agri-alimentari e rimettono in discussione il concetto stesso di territorio così come abitualmente utilizzato nelle indicazioni geografiche di qualità. La tesi mostra che la "questione varietale" puo'essere trattata localmente nei territori solo se si considera la produzione alimentare secondo un'ottica d'integrazione, ossia implicando una diversità di attori in grado d'inventare, in uno stesso movimento, diversi stadi di qualificazione : dalla gestione del materiale vegetale al consumo degli alimenti. I risultati di ricerca della tesi invitano ad aprire un dibattito politico sulle modalità di azione pubblica in grado di favorire l'emergenza e la sostenibilità di questi sistemi agri-alimentari territoriali la cui esistenza appare fortemente legata a delle figure e dei luoghi di mediazione.

SEDES 2001 « Le monde méditerranéen » Dossier des Images Economiques du Monde Coordination Jacques BETHEMONT CHAPITRE 9 ; International audience ; The question of the Mediterranean is above all that of a sea and its shores. From Andalusia to Provence, from Liguria to Basilicata ., attention will focus on the coastal regions which have, as interfaces, relations with more or less distant hinterlands: Madrid, Lyon, Milan …, most often within a national space or a geopolitical unit that is coherent in terms of functionalities. However, it should be qualified: if Milan is not more Mediterranean than Madrid, it cannot be dissociated from Genova, in the name of the famous industrial triangle Genova-Milan-Turin; on the other hand, no equivalence relationship links Madrid to a Mediterranean port. Hence the different choices within an asymmetrical Latin arc where France is represented only by Languedoc-Roussillon and the PACA region and where Italy occupies a preponderant place; only the alpine regions of Valle d'Aosta (French-speaking) and Trentino-Alto Adige (German-speaking) do not really fit into a Mediterranean perspective. From Spain to Greece, the northern shores of this European Mediterranean, recently converted to the Euro, constitute, despite their internal diversity, a distinct set of the southern and eastern shores of the Mediterranean basin. The discontinuity introduced at the level of the former Yugoslavia and Albania, not dealt with in this chapter, can be explained above all by historical and political reasons. ; La question de la Méditerranée est avant tout celle d'une mer et de ses rivages. De l'Andalousie à la Provence, de la Ligurie à la Basilicate…, l'attention se focalisera sur les régions littorales qui ont, en tant qu'interfaces, des relations avec des arrières pays plus ou moins lointains : Madrid, Lyon, Milan…, au sein le plus souvent d'un espace national ou d'un ensemble géopolitique cohérent sur le plan des fonctionnalités. Il convient toutefois de nuancer : si Milan n'est pas plus méditerranéenne que Madrid, elle ne peut être dissociée de Gênes, au nom du fameux triangle industriel Gênes-Milan-Turin ; en revanche, aucune relation d'équivalence ne lie Madrid à un port méditerranéen. D'où des choix différents au sein d'un arc latin dissymétrique où la France n'est représentée que par le Languedoc-Roussillon et la région PACA et où l'Italie occupe une place prépondérante ; seules les régions alpines du Val d'Aoste (francophone) et du Trentin-Haut Adige (germanophone) ne s'inscrivent pas véritablement dans une perspective méditerranéenne. De l'Espagne à la Grèce, les rives nord de cette Méditerranée européenne nouvellement convertie à l'Euro constituent, en dépit de leur diversité interne, un ensemble distinct des rives sud et est du bassin méditerranéen. La discontinuité introduite au niveau de l'ex-Yougoslavie et de l'Albanie, non traités dans ce chapitre, s'explique avant tout par des raisons historiques et politiques.