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Abstract The Indonesian has absorbed many loan words from other languages, including Sanskrit, Arabic, Dutch, Chinese, French, and English. Loan words in Bahasa Indonesia are in fact taken both from local language and foreign languages which then spelling, speech, and writing tailored to the narrative of the people of Indonesia to enrich vocabulary. Based on the level of integration, loan words in bahasa Indonesia is divided into three parts. First, loan words which are not necessarily undergo spelling change because they have been loan words for a long time, such as "radio" and "stereo'. Second, loan words whose spelling or pronunciation are adapted into Bahasa Indonesia spelling pattern. For examples, elektron, system and proton. These loan words are used in Bahasa Indonesia context, but the pronunciation is still the same as the source. Third, the loan words whose pronunciation and spelling are already changed and adapted Indonesian spelling pattern. In this case the adaptation is minor that they are still recognized. For examples, "persentase", "ekonomi" and "politik".Furthermore, lexical loans in Bahasa Indonesia can be in the form of pungutan dialect (dialect loans), pungutan mesra (well-absorbed loans), and pungutan kultural (cultural loans). Pungutan dialect is a borrowing which is taken from one of the Indonesian dialects such as "brisik" or "bising" (noisy), "jejaka" or "bujangan" (bachelor) are adopted from Jakarta dialect. Pungutan mesra is a lexical borrowing which is adopted from another languages which exist in Indonesia such as "ganteng" (handsome), and "gawat" (dangerous) are adopted from Java. While, Pungutan kultural is any borrowing taken from any other languages which are not found in Indonesian. The words such as "fakir" (poor), and "saham" (share) are taken from Arabic. The words such as "panca-sila" (panca means five and sila means principles), and "tuna karya" (jobless) are taken from Sanskrit. The words such as "arsip" (archive), "notabene" (notabene), "oli" (oil), and "vonis" (vonis) are adopted from Ducth. Meanwhile, the words such as "approach" (approach), "audit" (audit, "bowling" (bowling), "gentlemen" (gentlemen), and "guest-house" (guest-house) are adapted from English. In addition, structural loan may cover all aspects of sounds and morphemes, or even sentence level.Loan words are adapted to fulfill the need for new words and new terms of Bahasa Indonesia, as the consequence of the intensity of interaction in a modern society. It happens in technology, law, politics, economy and other fields such as religion, culture and social field. These loan words are used in Bahasa Indonesia because they have better connotation, shorter compared to its translation into Bahasa Indonesia, and the loan words had been chosen to make the agreement of meaning become easier since there are many synonym in Bahasa IndonesiaKey words: Loan words, adaptation, lexical loans

As we can read in Lee and Nadeau (2011), Bahasa Indonesia is the national language of the Republic of Indonesia and is spoken by almost the entire population of around 250 million people. Although many Indonesians use their regional languages and dialects among family and friends, the above-mentioned language functions as the official language of mass media, education and government. Apart from being based on a variant of Malay and a number of regional languages, Bahasa Indonesia also contains quite a lot of loan words from Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, English, Portuguese and Sanskrit. It is these loan words that are going to be the subject of my paper, in which lists of the most popular vocabulary items from the mentioned languages will be presented; before that, and during the presentation, some historical background will be provided. Relying on my own practical knowledge of and experience with Indonesian, the vocabulary items were selected subjectively (from Jones 2007 and on-line dictionaries: www.sealang.net and www. kamus.net) in a form of a corpus with the aim of pointing to the ones that are most useful in everyday basic communication and thus facilitating the process of learning the language; attention is also drawn to some changes experienced by the loans. Such a rich admixture of core vocabulary items deriving from numerous, both genetically related and unrelated, languages, in combination with indigenous grammar, make Indonesian a fascinating language, unifying both indigenous and non-indigenous features. Although Indonesian is classified as an Austronesian language, when one takes into consideration its core vocabulary items, one will see that they bring it closer to Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic languages.

Abstract: Languages are not static systems. They develop and change, add new items while others become outdated. These changes can be clearly observed in the lexicon especially. No language can afford to ignore or neglect foreign influence. Due to globalisation, especially English gains more and more influence on other (also European) languages. In developing countries, the languages of the former colonisers also still have an enormous impact on the indigenous languages. Some of these nations are slowly heading towards endogenous language policies which demands the modernisation of the technical vocabulary. This is however a costly and time-consuming process. In this regard language planners often prefer borrowing from foreign sources as a quick and therefore cheap method. The first part of this paper deals with the discussion amongst linguists, sociolinguists and lexicographers about the extent to which foreign words should be allowed in an indigenous language. The second part looks at the example of isiXhosa, one of South Africa's eleven official languages, which is strongly influenced by foreign words, especially English and Afrikaans, and shows problems and methods of the integration of foreign words into the isiXhosa grammatical structure.Keywords: FOREIGN WORDS, ISIXHOSA, ENGLISH, AFRIKAANS, BAHASA INDONESIA, RUSSIAN, ESTONIAN, GERMAN, LANGUAGE POLICY, LANGUAGE PURISM, LSP, MORPHOLOGY, SEMANTICS, PHONOLOGYZusammenfassung: Fremdwörter als Problem in der Standardisierung/Lexikographie: Englische und afrikaanse Lehnwörter in isiXhosa. Sprachen sindkeine statischen Systeme. Sie entwickeln und verändern sich, fügen neue Bestandteile hinzu,während andere veralten. Diese Vorgänge lassen sich besonders deutlich im Lexikon einer Sprachebeobachten. Keine Sprache kann es sich leisten fremde Einflüsse zu ignorieren oder zurückzuweisen.Aufgrund von Globalisation gewinnt vor allem das Englisch immer mehr Einfluss aufandere (auch europäische) Sprachen. Aber auch in Entwicklungsländern beeinflüssen die Sprachender früheren Kolonisatoren die einheimischen Sprachen überaus viel. Einige dieser Nationen bewegensich nach und nach in Richtung einer endogenen Sprachpolitik, was die Modernisierung des technischen Vokabulars dringend nötig macht. Dies is jedoch ein kosten- und zeitaufwendigesUnterfangen. Daher bevorzugen Sprachplaner oftmals die relativ schnelle und somit billige Methodeder Entlehnung aus fremden Sprachen.Der erste Teil dieses Aufsatzes behandelt die Diskussion unter Linguisten, Soziolinguistenund Lexikographen, zu welchem Anteil Fremdwörter in einer einheimischen Sprache aufgenommenwerden sollten. Der zweite Teil betrachtet das Beispiel des isiXhosa, eine von Südafrikas elfoffiziellen Sprachen und stark von Fremdwörtern, besonders Englisch und Afrikaans, beeinflusstund zeigt Probleme und Methoden der Integration von Fremdwörtern in die grammatische Strukturdes isiXhosa.Stichwörter: FREMDWÖRTER, ISIXHOSA, ENGLISCH, AFRIKAANS, BAHASA INDONESIA,RUSSISCH, ESTONISCH, DEUTSCH, SPRACHPOLITIK, SPRACHPURISMUS, FACHSPRACHEN,MORPHOLOGIE, SEMANTIK, PHONOLOGIE

Le but de cet article est de réfléchir sur les emprunts malais (et javanais) en chinois afin de voir ce qu'ils nous apprennent sur les échanges culturels entre les deux mondes dans le temps long. Nous avons retenu trois types de sources : les récits de voyage et sommes sur les contrées d'Asie du Sud-Est, les relations de missions diplomatiques, et les écrits émanant de Chinois établis en Insulinde. On peut distinguer deux phases : la première, la plus longue, durant laquelle les emprunts se sont faits de l'intérieur du monde chinois, après avoir été introduits par des marchants, voyageurs ou émissaires, les plus anciens remontant au début de notre ère, tel le terme pinang ou «noix d'arec » . La deuxième, durant laquelle les populations insulindiennes étaient en étroit contact avec les gens du Fujian, ce qui entraîna la formation de communautés mixtes et l'incorporation d'un plus grand nombre de termes malais dans le dialecte du Minnan et aussi la création d'expressions hybrides.