Suchergebnisse

Do government choices, rather than legislative policies (i.e., mandatory regulations or incentives), influence the choices private actors make? In this article we develop a concept of "policy by doing," which examines the power of government actions as hortatory tools to encourage other community members to act. "Policy by doing" can be an attempt to shape outcomes by providing symbolic leadership, reducing uncertainty, creating market, and telegraphing actions. Empirical analysis of privately held green buildings in 591 U.S. cities from 2004 to 2010 suggests that when governments increase their own commitment to green building for their facilities; private actors will be more likely to build green. We find that the actions of local governments, rather than those of state or federal, exert the strongest substantive influence on private decision making. Our findings contribute to understanding how governments can augment existing policy regimes by modeling the behavior they hope to inspire in other actors.

The paper aims to articulate the political and administrative cadre who chairs the university system of science education in the city of Lyon, and the performance of the leading intellectuals actors involved in its construction: Thamin, Chabot, Bourjade. We analyze here the conditions of the continuing education of science education in Lyon after 1920, while it disappeared in most of French universities. Why science education, Lyon, it not affected by the disenchantment of the political project that, in times of reform Ferry, had chaired its institutionalization? The paths of these three professors, its roots in an explicit spiritualism, his interest in child psychology, the depoliticization of his views have led them to develop intellectual and institutional strategies to promote a favorable pedagogical culture capable of responding to both the university theoretical requirements, and worry anchored in professional fields. ; El texto busca articular el cuadro político y administrativo que preside la instalación universitaria de la ciencia de la educación en la ciudad de Lyon y la actuación de los principales agentes intelectuales que participan en su construcción: Thamin, Chabot, Bourjade. Analizamos aquí las condiciones de la persistencia de la enseñanza de la ciencia de la educación en Lyon después de los años 1920, mientras desaparecía en la mayor parte de las universidades francesas. ¿Por qué la ciencia de la educación, en Lyon, no se ha visto afectada por el desencanto del proyecto político que, en tiempos de la reforma Ferry, había presidido su institucionalización? Las trayectorias de estos tres profesores, su arraigo en un espiritualismo explícito, su interés por la psicología del niño, la despolitización de sus concepciones les han llevado a desarrollar estrategias intelectuales e institucionales favorables a impulsar una cultura pedagógica capaz de responder a la vez a las exigencias teóricas universitarias y a preocuparse por anclarse en los terrenos profesionales. ; La communication vise à articuler le cadre politique et administratif présidant à l'installation universitaire de la science de l'éducation dans la cité lyonnaise et l'action des principaux acteurs intellectuels participant à son édification : Thamin, Chabot, Bourjade. Elle analyse les conditions de la persistance d'un enseignement de science de l'éducation à Lyon après les années 1920, alors même que cet enseignement disparaît de la plupart des universités françaises. Pourquoi la science de l'éducation, à Lyon, n'a-t-elle pas été affectée par le désenchantement du projet politique qui, aux temps de la réforme Ferry, avait présidé à son institutionnalisation ? Les trajectoires de ces trois professeurs, leur ancrage dans un spiritualisme revendiqué, leur intérêt pour la psychologie de l'enfant, la dépolitisation de leurs conceptions les ont conduit à développer des stratégies intellectuelles et institutionnelles favorables à l'essor d'une culture pédagogique répondant à la fois aux exigences théoriques universitaires et au souci d'un ancrage dans les terrains professionnels.

This paper discusses the relational dimension of accountability on the basis of the interaction of Brazilian civil organizations involved in the Adopt A Municipality (A1M) project. We consider interactions between agents of accountability according to four resources: acknowledgement, reporting of news and actions, technical support and information gathering. The importance of the actors in the horizontal dimension is balanced by the presence of key social actors, and by a particular kind of agenda of this horizontal dimension. These are state agencies specializing in control and transparency. They act as potential intermediaries between the civil organizations. The marginal actors are important in the formation of sub-groups that support the local action of the civil organizations researched. Adapted from the source document.

This essay on international economic order and foreign policy theory takes its departure from the observation that foreign policy theory and action are today confronted with a global economic problematique of revolutionary proportions, and therefore need to be re-examined. It finds that the classical concepts of sovereignty, national interest, and power, though still valid, are too narrowly defined by the Realist school to be of much use. It holds that the principle of politico-military 'balance of power' must be applied in conjunction with the principle of 'optimal interdependence'. Using a cognitive map which identifies the principal actors and cleavages (global apartheid being judged to be the most dominant), and learning from socialist and capitalist theoreticians about possible solutions, it elaborates the meaning of 'optimal interdependence'. It then presents an alternative theory of foreign policy and makes six strategic suggestions from that principle.

Urban settlements are critical today, not only in demographic, economic and cultural terms, but also for their environmental impact. A sustainable land management is therefore a fundamental requirement. Urban sprawl has long been described as settlement model that is unsustainable from all the points of view, but its growth has been virtually unchallenged for decades. Many regions have recently become aware of the problem however, and they are trying to tackle this challenge. This book tries to focus on this challenge and it moves from the following research questions: which outcomes have been obtained against sprawl? Which difficulties emerged? Who and why is against these policies? Which are the "unwanted effects" of these policies? The book is focused on the US trends, where the problem emerged first. Portland, Denver and Minneapolis are considered: three metropolitan regions in different parts of the country but with similar dimensions, characteristics and policies. The conditions that made some outcomes possible are highlighted (the ability to network institutions at multiple levels and to foster the participation of local actors in the land management process), as well as some critical issues and unsolved problems (the exponential growth of real estate costs, the opposition of a part of the local community, the persistence of segregation and inequality forms).

Abstract
This article provides a fresh perspective on the history of East German town twinning in the early era of détente. While previous studies have analysed East German town twinning solely as an instrument of the Socialist Unity Party (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, SED) to establish paradiplomatic relations in Western Europe, I explore the dynamic inter-relation between global, national and local actors and the ambiguities of urban détente. I reveal the importance of the German Association of Towns and Municipalities (Deutsche Städte- und Gemeindetag, DStuG), the East German association of municipalities, which crucially shaped the East German concept of urban détente through practising trans-local exchange. The role played by the DStuG was backed by the United Towns Organization (UTO), a non-governmental organization founded in 1957 whose aim was to form a global network of cities beyond the East–West divide. In 1960, the DStuG joined the UTO as a member and consciously used its new position to expand its scope and improve its national status through actively working on the conceptualization of urban détente. However, the conflicts between the East German foreign ministry and the UTO grew bigger, resulting in the marginalization of the DStuG and town twinning in the SED's concept of détente. These conflicts encouraged the UTO to redefine its global approach.

In Research as Development, Salla Sariola and Bob Simpson show how international collaboration operates in a setting that is typically portrayed as "resource-poor" and "scientifically lagging." Based on their long-term fieldwork in Sri Lanka, Sariola and Simpson bring into clear ethnographic focus the ways international scientific collaborations feature prominently in the pursuit of global health in which research operates "as" development and not merely "for" it. The authors follow the design, inception, and practice of two clinical trials: one a global health charity funded trial and the other a pharmaceutical industry-sponsored trial. Research as Development situates these two trials within their historical, political and cultural contexts and thus counters the idea that local actors are merely passive recipients of new technical and scientific rationalities. While social studies of clinical trials are beginning to be an established niche in academic writing, Research as Development helps fill important gaps in the literature through its examination of clinical research situated in cultures in low-income settings. Research as Development is noteworthy for the way it highlights the critical and creative role that local researchers play in establishing international collaborations and making them work into locally viable forms. The volume shows how these clinical and research interactions bring about changes in culture, technologies and expertise in Sri Lanka, contexts that have not previously been written about in any detail.

There have been various attempts to capture the direction of welfare provision in Japan and the People's Republic of China (PRC) as a regionally coherent welfare regime, following on from attempts by the welfare regime literature to categorize nation-states by the characteristics of
their welfare provision in the West. However, stark differences between the PRC and Japan as regional neighbours, and even within the regions of each country, pose a challenge to this kind of macro-level theorizing. This special issue seeks to supplement macro perspectives on welfare regimes
by exploring a range of welfare policies across both states from an ethnographic, bottom-up perspective, which captures the dynamic nature of welfare and highlights the importance of understanding how local actors request, interpret, and implement risk management strategies. The management
of social risks is shown not to have one clear direction determined by, for example, market logic: instead, this special issue highlights the ways in which the burden of risk shifts between family, market, state, and communities unevenly over time, reflecting underlying institutional norms
which are always up for negotiation. In doing so, this special issue emphasizes the importance of local, contextualized understandings of welfare, and suggests that the comparative welfare regimes literature should seek the micro-institutional foundations of welfare provision as the basis
for comparison.

In international policy circles, conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) is commonly viewed as a weapon of war, a framing that researchers have criticized as overly simplistic. Feminist scholars in particular caution that the 'weapon of war' framing decontextualizes sexual violence in conflict from the structural factors of gender inequality that underpin its perpetration. In light of these tensions, how do politically relevant local actors perceive the nature and the origins of conflict-related sexual violence? Civil society organizations often actively confront conflict-related sexual violence on the ground. A better understanding of how their perceptions of this violence align or clash with the globally dominant 'weapon of war' narratives therefore has important policy implications. Interviews with representatives of Colombian women's organizations and victims' associations reveal that these civil society activists predominantly view conflict-related sexual violence as the result of patriarchal structures. The mobilized women perceive sexual violence as a very gendered violence that exists on a continuum extending through peace, the everyday and war, and which the presence of arms exacerbates. Strategic sexual violence, too, is understood to ultimately have its basis in patriarchal structures. The findings expose a disconnect between the globally dominant 'weapon of war' understanding that is decontextualized from structural factors and a local approach to CRSV that establishes clear linkages to societal gender inequality.

There have been various attempts to capture the direction of welfare provision in Japan and the People's Republic of China (PRC) as a regionally coherent welfare regime, following on from attempts by the welfare regime literature to categorize nation-states by the characteristics of their welfare provision in the West. However, stark differences between the PRC and Japan as regional neighbours, and even within the regions of each country, pose a challenge to this kind of macro-level theorizing. This special issue seeks to supplement macro perspectives on welfare regimes by exploring a range of welfare policies across both states from an ethnographic, bottom-up perspective, which captures the dynamic nature of welfare and highlights the importance of understanding how local actors request, interpret, and implement risk management strategies. The management of social risks is shown not to have one clear direction determined by, for example, market logic: instead, this special issue highlights the ways in which the burden of risk shifts between family, market, state, and communities unevenly over time, reflecting underlying institutional norms which are always up for negotiation. In doing so, this special issue emphasizes the importance of local, contextualized understandings of welfare, and suggests that the comparative welfare regimes literature should seek the micro-institutional foundations of welfare provision as the basis for comparison.(Pac Aff/GIGA)

Collective action for quality differentiation of food products linked to a territory is a long-term process. It is often hindered by a lack of understanding of multilevel institutional dynamics. This article aims at conducting a socio-historical analysis of the institutional context allowing the development of a specific cheese value-chain in the province of Trento (Italian Alps). Using Ostrom's institutionalist approach, we conducted a historical analysis of the formal and informal multilevel institutions. Our results showed that a subsistence economy prevailed between 1800 and 1950, which implied little commitment from the producers to build up collective organisations, despite government and church incentives. When the "modernisation" of agriculture started around 1950, it meant that the production could be intended for the market, which enabled the development of producers' cooperatives. The province became autonomous in 1948 and supported those local dynamics. Since then, we have observed an increasing level of trust among the different local actors and towards the provincial government. Since 2000, the valorisation of cheese specificity has become a central strategy to face competition at different levels. However, at the same time the production has undergone intensification. This leads to a loss of the link between product and territory. The future challenge is therefore to implement innovative institutional arrangements that allow a sustainable differentiation of cheese.

In Research as Development, Salla Sariola and Bob Simpson show how international collaboration operates in a setting that is typically portrayed as "resource-poor" and "scientifically lagging." Based on their long-term fieldwork in Sri Lanka, Sariola and Simpson bring into clear ethnographic focus the ways international scientific collaborations feature prominently in the pursuit of global health in which research operates "as" development and not merely "for" it. The authors follow the design, inception, and practice of two clinical trials: one a global health charity funded trial and the other a pharmaceutical industry-sponsored trial. Research as Development situates these two trials within their historical, political and cultural contexts and thus counters the idea that local actors are merely passive recipients of new technical and scientific rationalities. While social studies of clinical trials are beginning to be an established niche in academic writing, Research as Development helps fill important gaps in the literature through its examination of clinical research situated in cultures in low-income settings. Research as Development is noteworthy for the way it highlights the critical and creative role that local researchers play in establishing international collaborations and making them work into locally viable forms. The volume shows how these clinical and research interactions bring about changes in culture, technologies and expertise in Sri Lanka, contexts that have not previously been written about in any detail.

In Research as Development, Salla Sariola and Bob Simpson show how international collaboration operates in a setting that is typically portrayed as "resource-poor" and "scientifically lagging." Based on their long-term fieldwork in Sri Lanka, Sariola and Simpson bring into clear ethnographic focus the ways international scientific collaborations feature prominently in the pursuit of global health in which research operates "as" development and not merely "for" it. The authors follow the design, inception, and practice of two clinical trials: one a global health charity funded trial and the other a pharmaceutical industry-sponsored trial. Research as Development situates these two trials within their historical, political and cultural contexts and thus counters the idea that local actors are merely passive recipients of new technical and scientific rationalities. While social studies of clinical trials are beginning to be an established niche in academic writing, Research as Development helps fill important gaps in the literature through its examination of clinical research situated in cultures in low-income settings. Research as Development is noteworthy for the way it highlights the critical and creative role that local researchers play in establishing international collaborations and making them work into locally viable forms. The volume shows how these clinical and research interactions bring about changes in culture, technologies and expertise in Sri Lanka, contexts that have not previously been written about in any detail.

National in front of the Camera, Soviet behind it: Central Asia in Press Photography, 1925–1937 While photography in early Soviet Union is a well-researched field, researchers addressed hitherto mostly Soviet Russia. The history of photography in the Central Asian Soviet Republics, though, lacks research. This article focuses on the means of production and distribution of photographs taken in Uzbekistan 1926–1937. With Roland Barthes theory of «connotation», it interprets the visual invention of the Soviet Orient. Photographs by Georgij Zel'ma and Maks Penson of Uzbekistan that were published in Soviet mass media are analyzed, determining style, content and function. Through additional textual analysis, I discuss the network of photographers on the periphery and image agents on the centre. Socialist connotations are derived from appropriations of pre-revolutionary photographs accompanied by false textual framing, innovative compositions of ethnographic images and combinations of local cultural symbols with Soviet modernity. As photographers, primarily from Moscow, travelled to Central Asia, they greatly dominated its visual depiction. Although they emphasized Soviet modernity, they also reproduced older stereotypes about the Orient. Besides offering a history on photography, this article also discusses the establishment of Soviet cultural structures between the centre and the periphery as well as the subordinated agency of local actors at the periphery.

The study was conducted in order to analyze forest governance in Twi Waupasa territory, Puerto Cabezas Municipality, Autonomous Region of the North Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua. Focal groups and individual interviews were established which allowed identifying a set of constraints and problems that disrupt forest governance; Internal conflicts between neighboring communities, poor distribution of economic benefits, land invasions by settlers, weakening of traditional structures by political parties, and inexperience in Community Forest Management are situations that hinder governance. To this end, a forest governance model built from the perspective of local actors is offered. ; El estudio se realizó con el n de analizar la gobernanza forestal en el territorio Twi Waupasa, Municipio de Puerto Cabezas, Región Autónoma de la Costa Caribe Norte de Nicaragua. Se establecieron grupos focales y entrevistas individuales lo cual permitió identificar un conjunto de limitantes y problemas que interrumpen la gobernanza forestal; los conflictos internos entre comunidades vecinas, la mala distribución de los beneficios económicos, la invasión de tierra por colonos, el debilitamiento de las estructuras tradicionales por partidos políticos y la inexperiencia en el Manejo Forestal Comunitario, son situaciones que entorpecen la gobernanza. Para ello se ofrece un modelo de gobernanza forestal construido desde la perspectiva de los actores locales.