This study aims to determine the effect of Zakah Infaq Shadaqah (ZIS) funds channeled by the National Amil Zakat Agency/Badan Amil Zakat Nasional (BAZNAS) on unemployment in Indonesia during 2002-2017. The study was conducted using a quantitative approach. The control variables used for this research are Gross Domestic Product (GDP), education level, investment, and government subsidies. The analysis technique used is Autoregressive Ditributed Lags (ARDL). The data in this study were obtained from the Central Statistics Agency page, BAZNAS, and Indonesian State Budget (Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara). The research results partially in short term shows that ZIS has a positive and significant effect on unemployment. While partially long-term research results, ZIS has a negative and significant effect on unemployment. Simultaneously, the variable ZIS, GDP, education level, investment, and government subsidies have significant effects in the short and long term on unemployment in Indonesia in 2002-2017.
This study was conducted to examine the effect of unemployment rate, labor force, investment, inflation rate, and government expenditure on economic growth in Indonesia in the long term and short term for the period 1986-2015. This research uses cointegration and Error Correction Model (ECM) method. The results of ECM treatment with EViews 8 indicate that the unemployment rate and capital have significant positive effects, labor force and inflation rate have significant negative effects, and government expenditure has an insignificant effect on economic growth in Indonesia within the study period.
Studying the factors of national economic growth stabilization is especially topical and relevant under the conditions of growing economic interdependence of the states which objectively limits the regulatory functions of national governments, in parallel to which regionalization gradually establishes oneself as an alter-trend to globalism. In our research we stem from the analysis of the macroeconomic statistics and of the dynamics of economic progress in the selected countries of the world, so that to determine the correlation between the indicators of economic growth stability for a selected group of countries with their integration into the world markets. Conclusions of our analysis outline the regularities in stable economic growth strategies' implementation along with the key factors contributing to economic stabilization under contemporary conditions. The important role of geography is emphasized, inter alia, since geography is the key precondition for development and implementation of the long-term strategies of economic progress for world regions.
Economic growth is no longer just to improve the economy alone, but economic growth must also pay attention to the welfare of the community and be carried out by paying attention to the quality of the economic growth. Good economic growth is not only temporary but long term. One of the government's efforts by this concept is to create inclusive and sustainable economic growth. The measure of the quality of economic growth can be seen through the Inclusive Economic Development Index (IGI). However, achieving inclusive economic growth is not easy. The novelty of the research is that inclusive economic growth is not only approached with an economic approach but non-economic variables are also included, to see further this interrelation. The method used in this research is quantitative with a descriptive approach. Panel regression analysis models and techniques using stata. The results of this study indicate that technology and human resources have a significant and positive effect on inclusive economic growth in Indonesia from 2017 to 2019. Meanwhile, politics has a positive but not significant effect on inclusive economic growth in Indonesia from 2017 to 2019. From the results of this study, it can be seen that also that technology, politics, and human resources simultaneously have a significant and positive effect on inclusive economic growth in Indonesia from 2017 to 2019. The implications of this research include, among others, the government needs to optimize HR productivity. Keywords: Inclusive Economy; Political; Human Resources; Technology
The Fixed Asset Utilization Policy of State-Owned Enterprises is a guideline PT. KAI (Persero) in terms of ultilizing the assets that have not been optimal function, especially in official residence that has long been less well managed which resulted other people who are not eligible can occupy the house without a letter of lease contracts made between both parties, PT. KAI (Persero) as owners of land and buildings with the occupants official residence. In other words, Fixed Asset Utilization Policy of SOEs on Official residence PT. KAI (Persero) Regional Operations 8 in Surabaya has not been effectively implemented by PT. KAI (Persero), in this case PT. KAI (Persero) is awaiting the results of the court's decision to determine the next steps to be taken. This research uses qualitative research methods. Data were collected through observational methods, in-depth interviews with informants, and study the documents. Determination of informant purposive sampling technique was done because it is considered as the most parties who understand about the process of policy formulation and characteristics about Fixed Asset Utilization Policy of SOEs on Official residence PT. KAI (Persero) Regional Operations 8 in Surabaya. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the process of Fixed Asset Utilization Policy of SOEs on Official residence PT. KAI (Persero) Regional Operations 8 in Surabaya is done with through stages of problem identification, specify the policy alternatives, and choosing an alternative policy. Characteristics of policy instrument, while the policy instrument is voluntary and market-oriented and involve community participation still insufficient
This research attempts to analyze the reason or consideration of Indonesian government to not ratify Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) yet, in political economy analysis comprises interest of many actors, limitations of capacity of state, the influence of ratification towards Indonesian tobacco trade, FCTC implementation among the Parties, and projection of Indonesia's possibility to comply with this regulation. FCTC has a number of instruments in tobacco control which was arranged by World Health Organization since 1999. This research become necessary due to Indonesia as only one a country in Asia which have not ratified yet, whereas Indonesia has been the fifth biggest of tobacco consumer in the world. It is a qualitative research, where data were collected through interview technique to the certain sources, and other supporting data from books and publication document. It has been analyzed using Chayes concept about compliance and non-compliance with international regulatory agreement consist of ambiguity and lack of capacity, interests, norms, and efficiency. In observing this issue, we can clarify that different interests of actors have become major consideration of Indonesian government to not comply with this convention regarding on the differences priority within ministry, the existence of business actors to influence the decision maker, employment, tobacco farmers, and social cultural aspects. In the forthcoming, there is a possibility that Indonesia will ratify FCTC due to Tobacco Roadmap which is arranged by Ministry of Industry of Indonesia in long-term planning assert that health aspect will be the main priority more than state revenues and employment. In addition, there are a lot of regencies and cities in Indonesia which have been implementing tobacco control regulation. This research, eventually, is expected to provide input analysis to the government in accordance with FCTC.
Indonesia as one of the countries of the G20 with the manufacturing sector as one of the largest energy user sectors. Energy use in the industrial sector is contributing as emitters. The greater use of energy, the greater the amount of emissions produced. The need for environmental policy declared by Jaffe et al (1995) in his research called Porter's Hypothesis, namely environmental policies may affect innovation and market creation. But in the long-term costs of policy or government spending is specialized in the field of environment will benefit the government itself which will increase the level of the efficiency of the country. This study aims to analyze how the level of efficiency of the manufacturing sector in the city - metropolitan city in Indonesia under natural policy and managerial disposability policy. Secondly, this study try to analyze and find the causes of inefficiency variables, where the role of technological innovation is very important in increasing the level of efficiency both operational and environmental performance. The data sample is 33 provinces within Indonesia. By compositing six variables, which is three input variables and three output variables. The output variable consists of desirable output (good output) and undesirable output (bad output). The input variables consist of labor, investment, and energy consumption, while the output variable consists of the GDP, SO2, and NO2. The research utilized Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The research result is the efficiency in the manufacturing sector in 33 provinces in Indonesia with two ways of measurement that has been determined by using arithmetic models shows that the province of large provinces such as Jakarta and West Java has a high efficiency in the industrial sector. For example, Jakarta has an average efficiency of 100% perfect in UENM efficiency measurements during the observation period 2012-2015.
In the 1970s,Indonesiais one of thepoorest countries inAsia. In 1976, 54million people in Indonesia(40% of the population) belong to the categoryof poor. In1980-1990anperiodis a period ofhigh economic growth. High economicgrowthis closely linkedwithpoverty reductiondrasticallywhere the numberof poor peoplefell by almost50% from40millionto 22million peoplein 1981s/d1996.In the year2010 the numberof poor peopleamounted to31.02 million people, or about 13:33% andthe poverty ratein March2009 amounted to32.53million, or about 14:15% (BPS). LastBPS dataperSeptember 2013shows that there are28.59millionor11.66% ofthe totalpopulationinIndonesia.PovertyinIndonesia hasdecreasedsignificantlysincethe reformera. Acceleration ofpoverty reductionprogramsinIndonesiais donewithgoodsynergywork programsatnational and local levels. Poverty reduction programscurrently dividedinseveralclusters: Cluster(1) Direct AidSociety(BLM). Thisclusterincludes theSchool Operational Assistance(BOS), Community Health Insurance(Assurance), Ricefor the Poor(Raskin), Family Hope Program(PKH). Cluster1goalistoreducepovertyandimprove thequality ofhuman resources, especiallythe poor.Cluster (2) is the national community empowerment Program (PNPM) independently. The purpose of PNPM Mandiri is to increase prosperity and employment opportunities of the poor independently. Cluster (3) people's business credit (KUR) is a people's business credit is given to the poor without collateral to the community a certain amount. Purpose to provide and strengthening economic access for businessmen of small and micro-scale. An important aspect in strengthening is giving them freely to access of the poor to be able to try and improve the quality of life.In 2011 the Government carry out a Cluster of clusters of four. This Cluster includes: (1) the provision of the House very cheap, (2) a cheap public transport Vehicles, (3) clean water to the people, (4) enhancement of Life for fishermen, (5) improvement of Urban Edge Community Life. The 4 Cluster in the framework of poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), so the expected goal of the Millennium Development Goals (the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 is reached. As it known that the millennium development goals (the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is an attempt to meet the basic needs of the rights of man through a joint commitment between the 189 UN Member States to implement the 8 (eight) Millennium development goals, namely (1) tackling poverty and hunger, (2) achieve primary education for all, (3) encourage gender equality and the empowerment of women, (4) reduce child mortality, (5) improve maternal health, (6) fight against spread of HIVAIDS, malaria and other contagious diseases, (7) Living and Sustainability (8) global partnership in development. Eight of these targets as measurable goals for a single package of development and poverty reduction.In September 2000, the United Nations Millennium Summit, where world leaders agreed on eight development goals that are specific and measurable global called the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The first seven goals focus on eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, promoting gender equality and empowering women, reducing child mortality; In September 2000, the United Nations improve maternal health, combat HIV-AIDS, malaria and other diseases, and ensuring environmental sustainability. Whereas the eighth goal calls for the establishment of a global partnership for development, with targets for aid, trade and debt relief.However approach the year 2015, global world will experience the transformation of the global development of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) into Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The shifting of the MDGs to the SDGs doesn't mean the goal contained in the MDGs fail is reached. Quite the contrary, many world records that reveal the success in various countries, there is a remarkable improvement experienced by the poor countries in the ranking of HDI (human development index) the lowest. In the last 40 years, the State- countries that are in the lowest rank of 25 percent experienced improved HDI to 82. The IMF report in the 2013 Global Monitoring Report also explain the positive trend in the achievement of the MDGs. reduction of half of the world's poor population, reduction of half of the population without access to clean water, the Elimination of gender inequality in primary education in 2015, and the improvement of life in a hundred million slums by 2020 was reached more quickly, i.e. in 2010. ADB, a number of countries in Asia also experienced progress in achieving the millennium development goals. The number of poor population has decreased significantly in Malaysia, Viet Nam and China. In Thailand and Malaysia, long-term policies to overcome poverty coupled with their concern for the environment has made the countries that are in the lowest rank of 25 percent experienced improved HDI to 82. The IMF report, these countries are on a sustainable growth path. But not so the case with Indonesia, a country with a diversity of biodiversity in forests is raining but the risorsis contained therein are not managed sustainably and fairly.Programme of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) will be forwarded to Suistanable Development Goals (SDGs). The MDGs will expire in 2015, but until now there has been no final draft which will forward the MDGs program. to that end, scientists and many quarters trying to deepen the concept of SDGs as successor to the MDGs. Keywords: Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), primary education, maternal health, clean water.