The town of Leonforte was founded in the XVII century, when the Branciforti family obtained a licentia pupulandi for Tavi's feudal territory. An ambitious urban plan based on a regular layout was developed along the tableland surrounding the north-western side of the Mount Cernigliere. Due to the narrowness of the plateau, the town progressively grew along in the opposite direction to its original centre, condemning the old district to an inexorable destine of peripheral condition.Following modern living standards and in response to the citizens' new requirements, starting from the Seventies, the historical centre experienced an ever-increasing process of abandonment. In the past, the building density and the street pattern favoured the development of retailing, housing and street activities. Currently, the older area lacks even the basic public services and it is almost depopulated. The decline of the historic core of the town has already resulted in a progressive disuse and disrepair of buildings and public space, thus threatening the whole urban heritage.Nowadays Leonforte displays the antithetical phenomena of the abandonment of a significant part of the historical centre and the increasing urban sprawl in the suburban periphery. It is an interesting case-study in order to understand the role of urban policies and the responsibility of local authorities for tackling the effects of population decline and urban decay of a town's historic core. Un destino di marginalizzazione. Il ruolo delle politiche urbane nell'abbandono del centro storico di LeonforteLeonforte fu fondata nel XVII secolo, quando la famiglia Branciforti ottenne una licentia pupulandi per il feudo di Tavi. Un ambizioso piano urbanistico basato su una maglia ortogonale venne sviluppato lungo l'altopiano che circonda il lato nord-occidentale del Monte Cernigliere. A causa delle ristrette dimensioni dell'altopiano, la città si è sviluppata nella direzione opposta al centro originario, condannando la zona storica a un inesorabile destino di ...
In the last few years, a complex and polycentric debate on marginal territories has taken shape, rekindling attention on the inner areas and the urban peripheries, where contradictions, inequalities and conflicts materialize, but where old and new forms of solidarity and social innovation are also activated and reactivated. This double essence shows only part of the complexity of these urban frontiers, which cannot be represented with a one single perspective. This essay aims at providing a contribution to this debate, examining the results of a case study carried out in a suburban area of Rome, observing two phenomena: the processes of marginalization, concentration of poverty, social disorganization, and political disaffection; the genesis of criminal phenomena, the urban security and law enforcement policies. The case study focuses on Montespaccato, in the north-west outskirts of the Capital. A borgata built at the beginning of the 1900s, during the urban expansion in the Roman countryside, which today has the characteristics of an urban frontier, an area with vague social boundaries, a lack of places of attraction and opportunities, as well as an urban configuration lacking compared to the needs of the inhabitants. In this scenario, recent judicial inquiries have shown the presence of organized crime groups, capable of territorial control executed through the threat but also the use of violence, leading to a subjugation of the local economy. To understand the coexistence of these phenomena, the case study aims at understanding the construction (or production) of territoriality in a Roman borgata in a social and historical key, meaning the territory as a constantly acted and (re) built process in its socio-cultural, political, economic, and ecological dimensions. Our thesis is that criminal phenomena must be situated in the historical process of transformation of the periphery and in the rupture of the community. Spontaneism, informality, disobedience and anti-politics have over time connoted the active periphery of the borgata making a "center on the edge". The processes of modernization, individualization and secularization, the rupture of the community ties of provenance have fuelled the urban polarity by marginalizing the suburbs, reducing the spontaneous social control and the levers for regulating public life by the public and private institutions of the territory. ; Negli ultimi anni è tornato vivace il dibattito sui territori marginali, dove si materializzano contraddizioni, disuguaglianze e conflitti, ma anche forme di solidarietà e di innovazione sociale. Questa doppia valenza restituisce solo una parte della complessità dei margini, da conoscere dall'interno, non riconducibili a un unico modello. Il saggio proposto si inserisce in questo dibattito, restituendo i risultati di uno studio di caso in un'area ai margini di Roma, osservandone due fenomeni: i processi di marginalizzazione, concentrazione dello svantaggio, disorganizzazione sociale e disaffezione politica; la genesi di fenomeni criminali, il tema della sicurezza urbana e delle politiche di contrasto. Siamo a Montespaccato, borgata a nord-ovest della Capitale, sorta all'inizio del Novecento, nella fase di espansione romana verso l'agro. Oggi presenta le caratteristiche di una frontiera urbana, un'area dai confini sociali vaghi, dalla carenza di luoghi di attrazione e di opportunità, oltre a una configurazione urbanistica complicata. In questo scenario, recenti indagini giudiziarie mostrano la presenza di gruppi di criminalità organizzata che presidiano il territorio attraverso piazze di spaccio, assumendo competenze di regolazione sociale (dirimere conflitti, garantire sicurezza) ed economica (distribuire lavoro e altri benefit). Allo stesso tempo, la borgata è stata sede di attivazione e riattivazione per molteplici ed eterogenee esperienze che negli anni alimentano reti sociali e appartenenza. Per comprendere questa coesistenza, attraverso lo studio di caso abbiamo tentato di indagare come si costruisce una borgata e quali sono i contesti di genesi socio-spaziale dell'illegalità urbana. La tesi di fondo è che i fenomeni criminali vadano compresi nel processo storico di trasformazione della periferia e di rottura della comunità. Spontaneismo, informalità, disobbedienza e antipolitica hanno nel tempo connotato una perifericità attiva delle borgate facendone un "centro ai margini". I processi di modernizzazione, individualizzazione e secolarizzazione, la rottura dei legami comunitari di provenienza hanno alimentato la polarità urbana marginalizzando le borgate, riducendo il controllo sociale spontaneo e le leve di regolazione della vita pubblica da parte delle istituzioni pubbliche e private del territorio.
Primitively traditional canons distinguish Brazil's image. After the pomp of Cinema novo and the long years of difficulty, from the nineties of the last century the image of Brazil is reproposing internationally with its infinite and often sore stories, the past of military dictatorship and the present of violence and marginalization. Spectacularization and fashion have replaced the question and reflection in the challenge of telling Brazil in its protein-like reality. ; Cánones obstinadamente tradicionales distinguen la imagen del Brasil. Después de los esplendores de Cinéma nôvo y los largos años de dificultad, desde los años Noventa del siglo pasado, la imagen de Brasil está reprogramando internacionalmente sus historias infinitas y con frecuencia dolorosas, el pasado de la dictadura militar y el presente de violencia y la marginación. La espectacularización y la moda han reemplazado la pregunta y la reflexión en el desafío de contarle a Brasil su realidad proteiforme. ; Canoni pervicacemente tradizionali contraddistinguono l'immagine del Brasile. Dopo i fasti del Cinéma nôvo e i lunghi anni di difficoltà, dagli anni Novanta del secolo scorso l'immagine del Brasile viene a riproporsi a livello internazionale con le sue infinite e spesso dolenti storie, il passato della dittatura militare e il presente di violenza e emarginazione. Spettacolarizzazione e maniera si sono sostituite all'interrogazione e alla riflessione, nella sfida di raccontare il Brasile nella sua realtà proteiforme.
The paper analyses two recent and relevant judgments of the Spanish Constitutional Court which denounced the unconstitutional marginalization of Parliament during the long health emergency produced by Covid-19. Especially, it focuses on the main jurisprudential reflections concerned the unjustified and irrational compression of the Congress of Deputies' functions - specifically the one of the Executive's control-in the framework of the two states of alarm decreed and prolonged at national level.
The issue of the immigration leads to reorganize the whole social architecture of the societies in which it occurs. Considering the urban environment as a microcosm which has a great deal of influence on global dynamics, it is right to think about the living conditions of urban citizens who live in the multicultural present societies, often suffering marginalization. As the last researches claim, the local government system is the one that could help to deal with the immigration matter in the best way and this also needs to be urgently addressed, as the "Immigration in Sicily" case study could show.
The utopian narrative offers the writer the pretext to manipulate reality, to transpose social and political criticisms to other eras or other places. Criticism or self-criticism often arises from contact with otherness and from the awareness of differences. The encounter with the other takes place through the journey, as well as the pursuit of utopia which always presupposes a move or departure from one's homeland. The race towards utopia often fails, so the narratives and perceptions change into dystopia, albeit with a preliminary intermediate stage: the so-called 'critical dystopia'. The next phase is the arrival of a real dystopia, characterized by fear, as Claeys' studies have attested. All these elements portray a single fear: that of losing control over one's destiny and the total marginalization of one's will as an individual. Rather than the pursuit of utopias, which are in fact disappointing, or the discouragement that arises from dystopian conceptions, only the full implementation of the 'right to recognition' conceived as a path of honor and dignity represents the only way out of the discomfort and marginalization experienced by some countries and its citizens, as in Egypt. ; La narrazione utopica offre allo scrittore il pretesto per manipolare la realtà, per trasporre in altre epoche o altri luoghi critiche sociali e politiche. La critica o l'autocritica nascono spesso dal contatto con l'alterità e dalla presa di coscienza delle differenze. L'incontro con l'altro avviene attraverso il viaggio, così come l'inseguimento dell'utopia, che presuppone sempre uno spostamento o allontanamento dal proprio luogo d'origine. La corsa verso l'utopia spesso non va a buon fine, perciò le narrazioni e le percezioni iniziano a orientarsi verso la distopia, benché con una preliminare tappa intermedia: la cosiddetta 'critical dystopia'. La fase successiva è l'approdo alla vera e propria distopia, caratterizzata dal timore, come hanno attestato gli studi di Claeys. Tutti questi elementi ritraggono un'unica paura: ...
ON THE BOUNDARIES: MAPPING INNER AREAS AND SURROUNDINGS The article describes the results of a study still in progress, that the authors are developing through research at their own institutions, and within the technical group "Inner areas andsurroundings" of the Italian Society of Urban Planners (SIU). Starting from a critical overview of international and national policies that, over time, have tried to tackle (althoughwith poor results) polarization phenomena and the symmetrical processes of peripheralization and impoverishment of large territories, the reflection focuses on themethods of mapping different forms of territorial imbalance and activism. In this frame, the results of a survey on regeneration experiences in various Italian internal and peripheral areas offers an "outside the centre" interpretative perspective, helping rethink the approaches to read marginalization dynamics, and the criteria for assessing the effects of policies aimed at countering them.Key words: internal areas, marginalization, cohesion policies ; L'articolo illustra i risultati di un percorso che le autrici stanno sviluppando, sia attraverso esperienze di ricerca presso le proprie istituzioni, sia con l'animazione del gruppo tecnico"Aree interne e dintorni" della Società Italiana degli Urbanisti (SIU). Partendo da un excursus critico di politiche internazionali e nazionali che, nel tempo, hanno cercato di affrontare (conesiti ancora limitati) i fenomeni di polarizzazione e il simmetrico processo di periferizzazione e depauperamento di vasti territori, si sta procedendo a una riflessione sulle modalità dimappatura di diverse forme di squilibrio e attivismo territoriale. In tale ottica, la restituzione dei risultati di un'indagine su esperienze di rigenerazione in diverse aree interne e periferiche del nostro Paese offre una prospettiva interpretativa "fuori baricentro", da cui è possibile iniziare a ripensare gli approcci alla lettura delle dinamiche di marginalizzazione e i criteri per valutare gli effetti delle politiche volte a contrastarle.Parole chiave: aree interne, marginalizzazione, politiche di coesione
Da tempo si assiste in Italia alla progressiva marginalizzazione del ruolo parlamentare a vantaggio dell'esecutivo, ulteriormente aggravata dall'emergenza pandemica. L'A. nel saggio, dopo aver ripercorso alcune delle più note prassi che hanno contraddistinto questo processo, si interroga in merito alla possibilità di recuperare la centralità decisionale del Parlamento e tutelare così la democrazia. ; The progressive marginalization of the role of the Parliament to the advantage of the Government has been a feature of the relations between the two institutions for some years already and it is now exacerbated by the pandemic crisis. After recalling some of the practice that has marked this process the Author questions whether is possible and how to recover the centrality of the decision making role of the Parliament and to protect democracy.
This paper examines the legislation and the administrative measures adopted in Austria over the first two months of the Coronavirus pandemic. After summarising the main contents of the provisions, the constitutional framework in which they are embedded is presented. Despite the impressive legislative and regulatory production, the marginalization of parliament and of the Länder, as well as the short but significant limitations in the enjoyment of fundamental rights, a state of emergency has never been declared. The measures have been taken respecting the ordinary system of sources of law and no severe violations of the constitution seem to be emerging. Some concern stems however from the dismissive attitude of the federal chancellor towards judicial review of the measures, which might have long lasting negative consequences on the legal culture in the country. ; open
Con la sentenza n. 100/2020 la Consulta, rigettando la questione di costituzionalità sull'articolo 192 del Codice dei Contratti, ha confermato la spinta alla marginalizzazione delle societàin houseoperata dal legislatore nell'ultimo decennio. Alla lucedell'attuale momento storico, l'articolo propone una riflessione che mira a superare l'opposizione fra impresa privata e pubblica, proponendo un rinnovato ruolo per l'impresa pubblica nell'economia, basato sull'innovazione e sulla creazione di valore sociale. ; The judgement n. 100/2020 of the Italian Constitutional Courtaffirmed theconsistency of article n. 192 Code of public contracts with the Italian Constitution.This judgment is the result ofthe marginalization ofin-houseawards that has been carried out by the Italian legislator in the last 10 years. Considering the current historical moment, the articlereasons on theopposition between private and public undertakings and proposes an updated role of the latter ones in the economy, based on innovation and on the creation of social value.
[The register of the handicap of the Autonomous Province of Trento: updating the data as of December 31, 2016] The Authors, examining the Italian welfare system and the contents of Law 104/92 ("Framework Law for assistance, social integration, and rights of the handicapped"), present a statistical analysis of the handicap database in Province of Trento.The Law 104/92 aims, among others, at guaranteeing the respect for human dignity, as well as the rights to freedom and autonomy of persons with disabilities, while promoting their integration in families, schools, work and society; preventing and removing negative conditions that stop the human development, the highest possible level of autonomy and participation in social life, as well as the enjoyment of civil, political and patrimonial rights; achieving a functional and social rehabilitation of people with physical and sensory impairment, while ensuring adequate services and prevention, care and rehabilitation measures, as well as a legal and economic protection; preparing adequate initiatives to overcome marginalization and social exclusion.
This volume proposes a rich body of contributions on the 'Other City', a theme so far little beaten but worthy of all our attention, which is imposed on the scene of international, modern and contemporary historiography, for its undeniable topicality. Throughout history, the city has always had to deal with social 'otherness', that is, with class privileges and, consequently, with the discrimination and marginalization of minorities, the less well off, foreigners, in short with the diversity of status, culture, religion. Thus the urban fabric has ended up structuring itself also as a function of those inequalities, as well as of strategic places for the exercise of power, of political, military or social control, of spaces for imprisonment, for health isolation or for the 'temporary' remedy for disasters. From the first portraits of cities elaborated and diffused on the principle of the fifteenth century for the purpose of political exaltation or for religious propaganda and for devotional purposes, which often, through increasingly refined graphic techniques, distort or even deny the true urban image, one arrives, at dawn of contemporary history, to the new meaning given by scientific topography and new methods of representation, aimed at revealing the structure and urban landscape in their objectivity, often raw and unexpected for those who, before then, had known the city through the filter of the 'regime' iconography. The representation of the urban image still shows the contradictions of a community that sometimes includes, and even exalts, diversity.
La marginalità caratterizza anche l'Appennino settentrionale, tanto da stimolare politiche attive, sostenute da finanziamenti sovralocali, che intervengono per modificarne le condizioni socio-economiche e invertire la tendenza allo spopolamento e all'abbandono. Dopo l'introduzione, che definisce il tema e le strategie d'azione presenti nel dibattito nazionale e internazionale, la prima parte descrive due politiche volte a modificare le condizioni di marginalità e di decremento demografico (il programma europeo Leader e la Strategia nazionale per le aree interne, Snai). Segue una descrizione dell'area studio relativa al territorio collinare e montano di Piacenza e Parma, e la restituzione delle due policy per come sviluppate nell'esperienza locale del Gal del Ducato (Leader) e di Appennino smart (Snai). Riflessioni su temi e direzioni di cambiamento innescate chiudono il contributo. ; Marginality also characterizes the northern Apennines, to the point of stimulating active policies, supported by supra-local funding, which intervene to change their socio-economic conditions and reverse the trend towards depopulation and abandonment. After the introduction, which defines the theme and the action strategies discussed in the national and international debate, the first part describes two policies aimed at modifying the conditions of marginalization and demographic decrease (the European program Leader and the National strategy for inner areas). Then, it is presented a description of the study-area, the hilly and mountainous territory of Piacenza and Parma, and the analysis of the two policies as developed in the local experience of Ducato LAG (Leader) and Smart Apennine (Snai). The contribution ends with some reflections on themes and directions of change triggered by the programs.
MARGINAL APENNINES: MANY DIFFERENT ACTIONS, WHAT CHANGES?Marginality also characterizes the northern Apennines, to the point of stimulating active policies, supported by supra-local funding, which intervene to change their socio-economic conditions and reverse the trend towards depopulation and abandonment. After the introduction, which defines the theme and the action strategies discussed in the national and international debate, the first part describes two policies aimed at modifying the conditions of marginalization and demographic decrease (the European program Leader and the National strategy for inner areas). Then, it is presented a description of the study-area, the hilly and mountainous territory of Piacenza and Parma, and the analysis of the two policies as developed in the local experience of Ducato LAG (Leader) and Smart Apennine (Snai). The contribution ends with some reflections on themes and directions of change triggered by the programs.Keywords: inner areas, depopulation, re-inhabit ; La marginalità caratterizza anche l'Appennino settentrionale, tanto da stimolare politiche attive, sostenute da finanziamenti sovralocali, che intervengono per modificarne le condizioni socio-economiche e invertire la tendenza allo spopolamento e all'abbandono. Dopo l'introduzione, che definisce il tema e le strategie d'azione presenti nel dibattito nazionale e internazionale, la prima parte descrive due politiche volte a modificare lecondizioni di marginalità e di decremento demografico (il programma europeo Leader e la Strategia nazionale per le aree interne, Snai). Segue una descrizione dell'area studio relativa al territorio collinare e montano di Piacenza e Parma, e la restituzione delle due policy per come sviluppate nell'esperienza locale del Gal del Ducato (Leader) e di Appennino smart (Snai). Riflessioni su temi e direzioni di cambiamento innescate chiudono il contributo.Parole chiave: aree interne, spopolamento, riabitare
