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Nonindigenous species (NIS) are those that have been intentionally or unintentionally introduced outside of their native range as a consequence of human activity. If these species then threaten indigenous species and biodiversity, and/or cause economic damage, they are referred to as "invasive." Biological invasions are not only one of the greatest threats to indigenous marine biodiversity, but they can also cause massive economic and ecological damage. Their presence could also lead to a water body failing to achieve good environmental status under the forth - coming EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive. As the rate of invasion to Great Britain and European waters continues to increase, particularly in light of climate change, the emphasis by member states is on prevention rather than on control or eradication an NIS once an invasive NIS has become established. This paper reviews NIS biosecurity planning for the marine environ - ment, including the most current legislative background, pathway identification and highlights the main issues with the current risk assessment processes. The potential impacts of marine NIS, practical biosecurity measures from Great Britain and internationally are also reviewed. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the challenges associated with preventing the introduction of marine NIS and to highlight the urgent need for concerted action across the EU member states and marine industries to produce robust biosecurity plans to protect indigenous species

Elizabeth J Cook,1 Robin D Payne,2 Adrian K Macleod,3 Sarah F Brown4 1Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, 2Alyth, Perthshire, 3Scottish Association for Marine Science Research Services Limited, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, 4Firth of Clyde Forum, Glasgow, UK Abstract: Nonindigenous species (NIS) are those that have been intentionally or unintentionally introduced outside of their native range as a consequence of human activity. If these species then threaten indigenous species and biodiversity, and/or cause economic damage, they are referred to as "invasive." Biological invasions are not only one of the greatest threats to indigenous marine biodiversity, but they can also cause massive economic and ecological damage. Their presence could also lead to a water body failing to achieve good environmental status under the forthcoming EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive. As the rate of invasion to Great Britain and European waters continues to increase, particularly in light of climate change, the emphasis by member states is on prevention rather than on control or eradication an NIS once an invasive NIS has become established. This paper reviews NIS biosecurity planning for the marine environment, including the most current legislative background, pathway identification and highlights the main issues with the current risk assessment processes. The potential impacts of marine NIS, practical biosecurity measures from Great Britain and internationally are also reviewed. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the challenges associated with preventing the introduction of marine NIS and to highlight the urgent need for concerted action across the EU member states and marine industries to produce robust biosecurity plans to protect indigenous species. Keywords: biosecurity, marine, non-indigenous invasive species, planning, indigenous, protection

Latest issue consulted: Vol. 13, no. 2 (summer/fall 1993) ; Description based on: Nov. 1986; title from cover. ; Numeric designation begins with v. 13, no. 1 (spring 1993) issue? ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Vols. for issued by: Marine Reserve Force, Public Affairs Office.

This dissertation is an invitation to all shipping companies, shipowners and navigation enterprises to study and find a way of creating a local marine insurance since that does not exist at all. It outlines the investigation of current practices of marine insurance policy in Mozambique, marine shipping and trade. A brief look at the government's policy regarding marine insurance and identification of national insurance as well as any problems existing in this area are also included on this dissertation. The dissertation identifies and examines the need to insure subject matter such as: ships, goods, personnel and fireight. It also evaluates the comparison of clubs created by shipowners and those created by shipping companies and the importance of having these clubs in the country. The assessment of world-wide practices and their impact in a developing country such as Mozambique are investigated. Education and training in the subject is strongly recommended in the concluding chapter, and cooperation with marine insurance abroad is suggested.

For a good many years, the major law reviews in Canada, the United States, United Kingdom and France have devoted a considerable number of their pages to problems of the law of the sea, as this topic has increased in importance and consequent concern among international lawyers. With this development came the appearance of a number of new law journals dealing with the law of the sea such as the Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce in 1969, Ocean Development and International Law in 1973, the Journal of Coastal Zone Management in 1973 to name but three. These and other specialized journals have attempted to deal with the complex multi-disciplinary issues posed by the law of the sea by publishing articles of a character too specialized for general international law reviews or by opening their pages to authors whose primary concerns lie essentially in other disciplines such as economics, maritime transport, hydrography, marine resource management etc. These and other journals have been important to scholars, students, government officials and the legal community at large in promoting a better understanding of the development of law of the sea. Now a new journal has joined this already large but distinguished company with the publication of volume 1, no. 1 of Marine Policy in January 1977.

Mr. Manuel Marín, Mayor of Santa Rita, Zacatecas, denounces the reelection of Mr. Cuauhtémoc Esparza as representative and other candidates; they ask for his opinion. Reply stating that he does not support such candidates. File M-06 / El Sr. Manuel Marín, Presidente Municipal de Santa Rita, Zac. denuncia ante el Gral. Alvaro Obregón la reelección para diputado del Sr. Cuauhtémoc Esparza y de otros candidatos del pueblo; solicitan conocer su opinión. Respuesta indicando que no apoya dichas candidaturas. Exp. M-06

13 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, supplementary material https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00235 ; It is likely that harmful algal blooms have increased in frequency, intensity, and geographic distribution in the last decades in response to anthropogenic activities. The Galápagos Islands are renowned for their exceptional biological diversity; however, marine dinoflagellate communities have not been represented in biodiversity assessments. Therefore, this study aims to provide key information about dinoflagellate diversity and abundances, with special attention to harmful species, during a weak La Niña event in the Galápagos Marine Reserve (GMR). The study was performed during March–April 2017 and four transects were conducted at four Islands (Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Seymour, and Pinzón) representing the southern region of the GMR. Water net samples were collected at 2, 5, and 10 nautical miles (nm) from the coast, at a total of 48 sampling sites. The presence of toxic species, and their cell abundance was estimated in seven transects at 0, 15, and 30 m of depth. A total of 152 taxa belonging to 7 orders, 22 families, and 38 genera were registered. The number of taxa found is almost three times higher than the maximum observed in previous studies. Dinoflagellate species richness among stations ranged between 53 and 23 taxa and was higher in northern sites. From the applied cluster analysis, five dinoflagellate assemblages were identified as a discrete community structure, one was found only in Santa Fé Island, which is probably related to the presence of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). Regarding cell abundance estimations, low abundances were registered throughout the sampling sites and no blooms were detected. Higher abundances were registered in the northern transects coinciding with one of the most productive areas of the archipelago, situated north of Santa Cruz. Among the identified taxa, 19 of them were potentially toxic, including epiphytic species, allowing the possibility of blooms in benthic areas. This study presents the first record of several dinoflagellate species in the area (both non-toxic and harmful species) and thus, emphasizing the need for the implementation of phytoplankton monitoring programs by the government to prevent potential ecological, sanitary and economic impacts in the GMR ; Peer Reviewed

It is likely that harmful algal blooms have increased in frequency, intensity, and geographic distribution in the last decades in response to anthropogenic activities. The Galápagos Islands are renowned for their exceptional biological diversity; however, marine dinoflagellate communities have not been represented in biodiversity assessments. Therefore, this study aims to provide key information about dinoflagellate diversity and abundances, with special attention to harmful species, during a weak La Niña event in the Galápagos Marine Reserve (GMR). The study was performed during March–April 2017 and four transects were conducted at four Islands (Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Seymour, and Pinzón) representing the southern region of the GMR. Water net samples were collected at 2, 5, and 10 nautical miles (nm) from the coast, at a total of 48 sampling sites. The presence of toxic species, and their cell abundance was estimated in seven transects at 0, 15, and 30 m of depth. A total of 152 taxa belonging to 7 orders, 22 families, and 38 genera were registered. The number of taxa found is almost three times higher than the maximum observed in previous studies. Dinoflagellate species richness among stations ranged between 53 and 23 taxa and was higher in northern sites. From the applied cluster analysis, five dinoflagellate assemblages were identified as a discrete community structure, one was found only in Santa Fé Island, which is probably related to the presence of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). Regarding cell abundance estimations, low abundances were registered throughout the sampling sites and no blooms were detected. Higher abundances were registered in the northern transects coinciding with one of the most productive areas of the archipelago, situated north of Santa Cruz. Among the identified taxa, 19 of them were potentially toxic, including epiphytic species, allowing the possibility of blooms in benthic areas. This study presents the first record of several dinoflagellate species in the area (both non-toxic and harmful species) and thus, emphasizing the need for the implementation of phytoplankton monitoring programs by the government to prevent potential ecological, sanitary and economic impacts in the GMR. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The Marine Spatial Planning Directive (Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014) refers to the process of allocating or developing a public allocation plan to distribute, spatially or temporally human activities (human impact) in marine areas. By creating a framework for consistent, transparent, sustainable and evidence-based decision-making, Maritime spatial planning surely will contribute to the effective management of marine activities and the sustainable use of marine and coastal resources. Therefore, climate change can be fought if human impact on marine and coastal areas is prevented accordingly. In this regard, by implementing a solid Marine Strategy Framework using satellite imagery data obtained using remote sensing techniques and creating Marine Cadastral Areas, ocean biodiversity could be given a chance to rebound from human impact. At the moment, the escalating Human impact on marine mammals and marine life, in general, is brutal: Hunting, extermination programs, climate change, spread of diseases and exotic species illegal trade, deforestation, habitat fragmentation, urbanization, desertification, overfishing (depleted fish populations between 50 and 90%), overharvesting, altering food chains and marine mammal migration patterns, less sea ice (decline in seal and polar bear population) are taking us to disaster if things do not change. We might face an unbearable marine extinction if triggering factors do not refrain from rising: Abrupt carbon isotope rising patterns / Ocean acidification (ongoing decrease in Earth's oceans pH (– o.1), caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere is notorious. If 450 ppm is reached the then = point of no return)?. 30% Increase in Hydrogen. 2040 estimate deadline. Humankind shall act now, tomorrow might be too late for some species. ; peerReviewed

This paper examines marine planning in Scotland and the extent to which it constrains or enables change towards adaptive governance. An in-depth case study ofthe partnership-based regional marine planning process is presented, based on interviews and documentary analysis. Drawing on adaptive governance theory, analysis focussed on key themes of: (1) local governance and integration across scales; (2) participation and collaboration; (3) learning, innovation and adaptability; and (4) self-organization. Results present regional marine planning as an interface between hierarchical and collaborative governance based on empow- erment of regional actors and an attempt to enable coexistence of 'top-down' arrangements with experimentation at smaller scales. In this system, national government provides legal legitimacy, economic incentives and policy oversight, while the partnerships support collaboration and innovation at the regional level, based on strong leadership and participation. Contrasting experience of partnership-working is evident between the large and complex region of the Clyde and the island region of Shetland, where devolved powers and a more cohesive and community-based stakeholder group better facilitate adaptive governance. Overall findings of the study show the tensions of institutionalizing adaptive governance and provide insights into how marine planning contributes to governance ofmarine systems. Firstly, vertical integration between central and decentralized authority in multi-level marine planning arrangements is challenged by an unclear balance ofpower and account- ability between national government and regional marine planning partnerships. Secondly, the interaction between marine planning and existing policy, planning and management emerged as critical, because marine plans may only operate as an instrument to 'guide' management and prevailing, limited adaptive capacity in broader management structures constrains adaptive outcomes. Lastly, adaptive governance requires incremental and rapid response to change, but limited financial and technical resources constrain the depth and scale of reflection and ability to act. Understanding the contribution of marine planning requires clarification of the interaction between marine planning and other management (the extent to which it can influence decision-making in other domains) and, in addressing governance deficiencies, attention is also required on the adaptive capacity ofexisting and emerging legislative frameworks which govern decision-making and management ofactivities at sea.

Shipping list no.: 2009-0373-P ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 181-183) ; The Vietnamese Marine Corps, 1954-1975 -- Senior U.S. Marine advisors, 1954-1975 -- Document: SAB [Senior Advisor Brief] Helpful Hints -- Document: What you should know when assigned to a Vietnamese Marine Battalion as advisor -- Document: Techniques of advising -- Document: Standing Operation Procedures for Marine Advisory Unit -- U. S. Marine advisors to the Vietnamese Marine Corps, 1954-1975 -- Further reading -- Oral histories ; Mode of access: Internet.

Human activities can alter the ordinary operation of Earth-system processes in such a way that it escalates risks in societies across the globe. One of the more visible human activities is the production, consumption and disposal of plastic items and/or materials, the consequences of which are borne by marine life. The dissertation is founded on the premise that conservation of the marine environment must be a priority for all States. States must take responsibility for the prevention of pollution of the marine environment and further take accountability where activities within their territory are causing pollution of the marine environment through the enforcement of legislative measures. The dissertation is drafted in a manner that aims to ultimately deduce whether the current pollution laws in South Africa adequately address marine plastic pollution (MPP). As such, Chapter Two relies on the regulatory position of MPP at the international level. Various legal instruments relating to marine pollution are expounded on such as the LOSC, MARPOL, London Convention and other regional instruments relating particularly to the African continent. The chapter aims to detail the most relevant global instruments that South Africa is a party to and which promote and mandate States parties to protect the marine environment through the implementation and enforcement of regulatory measures. The global measures either exclusively address MPP or provide general provisions for marine environment protection. Chapter Three and Four of the dissertation provide a critical analysis of the legal measures adopted at the national, provincial and local levels respectively to control, reduce and prevent pollution, including MPP. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 requires the national, provincial and local levels of government to co-operate with each other to provide ―effective, efficient, transparent, accountable and coherent governance‖. Therefore, it is essential for this study to investigate the regulation of MPP at ...

. For the purposes of this discussion, the Arctic marine environment consists of the Arctic Ocean and the seas, major bays, and straits that surround it. These are the Bering, Chukchi, East Siberian, Laptev, Kara, White, Barents, Greenland, Labrador, Beaufort, northern Okhotsk and Norwegian Seas; Baffin, Hudson, and James Bays; and Davis Strait. . The main historical threat to the Arctic marine environment was exploitation of its wildlife. Today, there are additional pressures, including oil, gas, and mineral exploration and development, pollution, tourism, and climate change. . The eastern Russian Arctic and parts of Alaska and northern Eurasia have become warmer, while Greenland has shown a cooling trend. Pack ice is melting earlier ., the ice cover is thinning, salinity has decreased in some areas, and shifts in ocean currents and circulation patterns have affected the mix of Atlantic and Pacific water . The halocline appears to be shrinking, and areas of high nutrient content are showing declines. . To date, the most common way to protect the marine environment has been to regulate human activity or to set aside areas for special measures. . As a group, Arctic countries report that they have ample and adequate national legislation to deal with marine protection. . One of the most common and effective methods to manage the environment has been to establish protected areas. Most countries employ a management classification system, modelled after that developed by the World Conservation Union, allowing varying degrees of human activity according to the specific objectives for the area. . There are a number of initiatives to establish a network of protected areas in the Arctic. One is the Arctic Council's Circumpolar Protected Area Network (CPAN) of terrestrial and marine sites. This network is intended to link current national systems and to incorporate sub-networks of Wetlands of International Importance established under the Ramsar Convention (1971) and other internationally designated sites. The IUCN and its World Commission on Protected Areas have established an Arctic Task Force and developed a Pan-Arctic Action Plan. One important task will be to implement the IUCN's Global Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in the Arctic. All Arctic countries are legally empowered to set aside marine areas for conservation purposes . However, progress in establishing marine protected areas is poor and only a few exist. A major impediment is the longstanding resistance of northern communities that depend on marine resources for their livelihood and have come to consider the term "protected area" to mean "closed to human use," isolated from the surrounding society, and separated from the mainstream of socioeconomic activity. . Over the past decade or so, with the development of the integrated ecosystem approach to conservation, specialists have come to realize that setting aside huge tracts of land or sea in which most human use is prohibited was probably overly strict, too costly, and often politically and socially counterproductive. Many managers of protected areas have concluded that this approach was based on the problematic assumption that human activity and nature conservation are intrinsically incompatible. These attitudes are also changing. . Protected areas are an important part of an overall marine protection strategy, but their effectiveness will be compromised unless they are integrated into broader, sustainable use plans for Arctic development. .

"PCN 102 001500 00." ; "27 Jul 1983"--Page [1]. ; Cover title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Item 384. ; August 1975. ; Cover title. ; Mode of access: Internet.