Suchergebnisse

Rich measures of micro-level violent intensity are jey for succesfully providing insight into the legacy of civil war. Yet, the debate on how exactly conflict intensity should be measured has just started. This paper aims to fuel this awakening debate. It is demonstrated how existing and widely available data - population census data - can provide the basis for a useful measure of micro-level conflict intenisty, i.e. a fine Wartime Excess Mortality Index (WEMI). In contrast to measures that are based on news reports or data from transitional justice records, WEMI is relatively neutral to the cause of excess mortality, giving equal weight to victims belonging to the conquering and defeated party, to victims of large-scale massacres and dispersed killings, to victims of violence. The measure is illustrated for the case of Rwanda and it is shown that in a straightforward empirical application of the impact of firmed conflict on schooling different measures for micro-level conflict intensity yield strikingly different results.

The Civil Code of the Russian Federation regulates the use of various measures to protect violated rights and interests: first, these include universal methods for protecting civil rights (article 12 of the Civil Code); second, these include provisions of Chapter 25 of the Civil Code regarding the liability for violating one's obligations; both of them jointly comprising the institution of protection of civil rights. This article studies the issue of consequences for violating a party's duties under a loan agreement. The article differentiates safeguarding measures and liability measures to be used in case of an offense. The article also makes a conclusion regarding whether such differentiation is appropriate. Based on such differentiation, we analyze Paragraph 1 of Chapter 42 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Diversity measures are a type of non-criminal measures foreseen in the Chapter IV of the Code of Juvenile Justice, which may be imposed on juvenile perpetrators of criminal acts.These measures can be applied in cases of minor offenses, for which is foreseen the criminal sanction with a fine or imprisonment up to three years or for criminal offenses committed by negligence for which is foreseen the sentence up to five years of imprisonment, except those cases that result in death.With the imposition of these measures is intended to prevent criminal proceedings against juveniles whenever is possible, rehabilitation and reintegration of juvenile in his/her community and the prevention of recidivist behaviour.Competent authority to impose them is the public prosecutor, the juvenile judge and juvenile court. And they are executed by the Kosovo Correctional Service.