Suchergebnisse

Today, the demand for transparency is omnipresent. In particular, transparency is considered a prerequisite for good governance, for political participation and democracy. On closer inspection, however, transparency proves to be ambivalent. For complete transparency has not yet been achieved anywhere. Moreover, measures to increase transparency can have the opposite effect and stir up mistrust. Historians are just beginning to discover this topic. The volume assembles contributions covering European history since the 19th century. The contributors focus on political and cultural history, but include also economic and media history as well as the history of ideas. They analyse publicly debated demands and efforts for transparency, conceived as the access to information or ist disclosure.

This thesis focuses on the phenomenon of political tension in Spain during the presidency of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (2004-2011). This period began after a major episode in Spanish history at the beginning of the 21st century: the Madrid terrorist attacks of 11th March 2004, which occurred just three days before the legislative elections. The shockwaves of this terrorist attack, the deadliest in the country's history, reverberated far beyond the event and deeply divided the Spanish society. This is reflected in the polarisation of several media on the right of the political spectrum, which mobilise, among others, a conspiracy discourse to question the legitimacy of the socialist government. The in-depth analysis of these media allowed us to identify their communication groups and, thus, to scrutinise a vast network of influences that range from the business world and the Catholic Church to the political sphere. These multiple ramifications form a nebula that is difficult to identify at first glance. From a double perspective of political and media history, the observation of these communication groups, within various informational environments (radio, internet, TDT), has revealed the pioneering aspect of their communication model, based on the appropriation of new technologies to increase the visibility of their political positions in the public debate. In the age of social media, these networks are reconfiguring themselves and are now gravitating around the emerging far-right party, Vox, for whom this notion of crispation remains a political strategy. ; Ce travail de thèse porte sur le phénomène de crispation dans la vie politique en Espagne lors de la présidence de José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (2004 -2011). Cette période débute après un épisode majeur de l'Histoire espagnole de ce début du XXIe siècle, les attentats du 11 mars 2004 à Madrid, survenus trois jours seulement avant les élections législatives. L'onde de choc de cette attaque terroriste, la plus meurtrière qu'ait connue le pays, se répercute ...

This thesis focuses on the phenomenon of political tension in Spain during the presidency of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (2004-2011). This period began after a major episode in Spanish history at the beginning of the 21st century: the Madrid terrorist attacks of 11th March 2004, which occurred just three days before the legislative elections. The shockwaves of this terrorist attack, the deadliest in the country's history, reverberated far beyond the event and deeply divided the Spanish society. This is reflected in the polarisation of several media on the right of the political spectrum, which mobilise, among others, a conspiracy discourse to question the legitimacy of the socialist government. The in-depth analysis of these media allowed us to identify their communication groups and, thus, to scrutinise a vast network of influences that range from the business world and the Catholic Church to the political sphere. These multiple ramifications form a nebula that is difficult to identify at first glance. From a double perspective of political and media history, the observation of these communication groups, within various informational environments (radio, internet, TDT), has revealed the pioneering aspect of their communication model, based on the appropriation of new technologies to increase the visibility of their political positions in the public debate. In the age of social media, these networks are reconfiguring themselves and are now gravitating around the emerging far-right party, Vox, for whom this notion of crispation remains a political strategy. ; Ce travail de thèse porte sur le phénomène de crispation dans la vie politique en Espagne lors de la présidence de José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (2004 -2011). Cette période débute après un épisode majeur de l'Histoire espagnole de ce début du XXIe siècle, les attentats du 11 mars 2004 à Madrid, survenus trois jours seulement avant les élections législatives. L'onde de choc de cette attaque terroriste, la plus meurtrière qu'ait connue le pays, se répercute bien au-delà de l'événement et divise profondément la société espagnole. Cette tendance se manifeste notamment par la polarisation de plusieurs médias situés à droite du spectre politique qui mobilisent, entre autres, un discours complotiste afin de remettre en question la légitimité du gouvernement socialiste. L' analyse approfondie de ces médias a permis d' identifier leurs groupes de communication et de scruter ainsi un vaste réseau d'influences issu du monde des affaires, de l'Église catholique et de la sphère politique. Ces multiples ramifications forment une nébuleuse difficile à cerner au premier abord. Dans une double perspective d'histoire politique et médiatique, l'observation de ces groupes de communication, au sein d'environnements informationnels divers (radio, internet, TDT), a révélé le caractère pionnier de leur modèle de communication basé sur l'appropriation des nouvelles technologies pour accroître la visibilité de leurs prises de positions politiques dans le débat public. À l'ère des médias sociaux, ces réseaux se reconfigurent et gravitent désormais autour du parti émergent d'extrême-droite Vox dont l'une des stratégies reste cette notion de crispation.

This thesis looks back on the political and media history of Senegal from independence to the present. However, given the specific political dynamism of the colonial era in this country, we will also discuss this period because it can help us better understand the coming "early" multiparty in Senegal compared to the rest of Africa, or unless much of the continent. Since it is from this period that the voting appeared to Senegal. And after independence, the media situation will undergo significant changes, with the emergence of single parti system and what Mor Faye calls "institutional journalism of reviews." The break with political pluralism, caused by the 1962 crisis marks the end of the two-headed executive in Senegal, that will gradually reduce the freedom of opinion to impose a single newspaper, a State press. With the creation of a press law in 1979 and the nascent or reborn multiparty, start to root the basics of media pluralism that will, as and as the country becomes more democratic, revolutionize speech political and ideological monism upset. Thus developed in the early 1990s, in Senegal and in many French-speaking African countries, a form of "médiactivisme" which will play a key role in the questioning of the information published by state media. However, the development of pluralism of the press in Senegal raises, especially after the political change in 2000 Abdoulaye Wade to lead the country, huge questions on journalistic practices and spirit of responsibility necessary to exercise this job ; Cette thèse se propose de revenir sur l'histoire politique et médiatique du Sénégal de l'indépendance à nos jours. Mais, vu le dynamisme politique spécifique de l'ère coloniale dans ce pays, nous aborderons également cette période car elle peut nous aider à mieux comprendre l'avènement « précoce » du multipartisme au Sénégal par rapport au reste de l'Afrique, ou du moins d'une bonne partie du continent. Car c'est à partir de cette période que le droit de vote est apparu au Sénégal. Puis à l'indépendance, la ...

This thesis looks back on the political and media history of Senegal from independence to the present. However, given the specific political dynamism of the colonial era in this country, we will also discuss this period because it can help us better understand the coming "early" multiparty in Senegal compared to the rest of Africa, or unless much of the continent. Since it is from this period that the voting appeared to Senegal. And after independence, the media situation will undergo significant changes, with the emergence of single parti system and what Mor Faye calls "institutional journalism of reviews." The break with political pluralism, caused by the 1962 crisis marks the end of the two-headed executive in Senegal, that will gradually reduce the freedom of opinion to impose a single newspaper, a State press. With the creation of a press law in 1979 and the nascent or reborn multiparty, start to root the basics of media pluralism that will, as and as the country becomes more democratic, revolutionize speech political and ideological monism upset. Thus developed in the early 1990s, in Senegal and in many French-speaking African countries, a form of "médiactivisme" which will play a key role in the questioning of the information published by state media. However, the development of pluralism of the press in Senegal raises, especially after the political change in 2000 Abdoulaye Wade to lead the country, huge questions on journalistic practices and spirit of responsibility necessary to exercise this job ; Cette thèse se propose de revenir sur l'histoire politique et médiatique du Sénégal de l'indépendance à nos jours. Mais, vu le dynamisme politique spécifique de l'ère coloniale dans ce pays, nous aborderons également cette période car elle peut nous aider à mieux comprendre l'avènement « précoce » du multipartisme au Sénégal par rapport au reste de l'Afrique, ou du moins d'une bonne partie du continent. Car c'est à partir de cette période que le droit de vote est apparu au Sénégal. Puis à l'indépendance, la ...

This paper tries to provide a brief analysis of the history of changing media space and the evolution of digital culture, with a special focus on the comparative analysis of pros and cons. It highlights the power of new media and that how it helps institutions, government apparatus and the scientific communities, for example, universities in making a participatory environment among citizens and in the dissemination of knowledge and scientific thoughts in a best possible way. In addition, it also provides opportunities to learn with peers without geographical boundaries famously known as: Peer-to-peer learning and helps to develop new skills required in the modern age. But at the same time there are some concerns that need for policy and pedagogical interventions like participatory gap, Transparency and ethical challenges. This is the problem statement of this paper. الملخص:سيحاول هذا المقال أن يقدم تحليلا وجيزا في مساحة وسائل الإعلام المتغيرة عبر التاريخ وتطور الثقافية الرقمية مع التركيز على الدراسة المقارنة في الجانب الإيجابي والسلبي ويلقي الضوء على قوة وسائل الإعلام الجديدة وعلي أنه كيف يساعد الهيئات والمؤسسات الحكومية والدوائر العلمية مثلا الجامعات في جعل بيئة تشاركية فيما بين السكان في نشر العلوم والمعرفة بصورة أحسن وبأسرع وقت ممكن وفي توفير الفرص للتعلم مع الأقران بلا حدود الجغرافية ما يقال: Peer-to-peer learning وتنمية المهارات الحديثة المطلوبة في عصر الحديث. ولكن في وقت نفسه هناك بعض الاهتمامات تحتاج التدخلات السياسية والتربوية مثلا تعبية الفجوة التشاركية، الشفافية، والتحديات الخلقية. وهذه هي إشكالية هذا المقال.

This thesis seeks to analyse the historical interpretations produced by societies in order to interpret and understand their past events, thus being capable of creating and rebuilding their collective imagination and their identity. In this sense, this study will particularly focus on the meanings that "collective imagination(s)" give to recent historical events and battles that are emerging from the social conflict to control "historicity" and "memory".It will start from the study of a political process of the Spanish transition. This event, controversial in the Spanish society, is subject to constant review both by historiography and literature, but most particularly by the media. Therefore, the analysis of the social and media representations of the Spanish transition proves to be, from our perspective very interesting, because they are historical productions with a strong influence on the construction of the Spanish "social memory".This research is therefore part of the disciplinary field of "history of present time" and is interested in the "memory" and "the public uses of history", including the historical representations that contribute to the creation of the "social memory". Within this context, our study will address the construction of this social memory by starting to analyse the role played by mass media as instruments of transmission of "memory" and historicity. Therefore, this research will dedicate a particular attention to the historical storytelling that forms what some authors have called "media historiography" and that has been an important contribution to the social construction of the interpretation of the past and then the present time.In order to do so, we propose to examine the official storytelling that arises from public institutions and that has been conveyed by the media through different generic forms: informative productions, reports and documentary shows. Later, we will undertake the analysis of historical productions, as well as the contributions of historiography, in the ...

This thesis seeks to analyse the historical interpretations produced by societies in order to interpret and understand their past events, thus being capable of creating and rebuilding their collective imagination and their identity. In this sense, this study will particularly focus on the meanings that "collective imagination(s)" give to recent historical events and battles that are emerging from the social conflict to control "historicity" and "memory".It will start from the study of a political process of the Spanish transition. This event, controversial in the Spanish society, is subject to constant review both by historiography and literature, but most particularly by the media. Therefore, the analysis of the social and media representations of the Spanish transition proves to be, from our perspective very interesting, because they are historical productions with a strong influence on the construction of the Spanish "social memory".This research is therefore part of the disciplinary field of "history of present time" and is interested in the "memory" and "the public uses of history", including the historical representations that contribute to the creation of the "social memory". Within this context, our study will address the construction of this social memory by starting to analyse the role played by mass media as instruments of transmission of "memory" and historicity. Therefore, this research will dedicate a particular attention to the historical storytelling that forms what some authors have called "media historiography" and that has been an important contribution to the social construction of the interpretation of the past and then the present time.In order to do so, we propose to examine the official storytelling that arises from public institutions and that has been conveyed by the media through different generic forms: informative productions, reports and documentary shows. Later, we will undertake the analysis of historical productions, as well as the contributions of historiography, in the understanding of this determinant event. Finally, with deep attention, we will tackle the study of audiovisual productions that are fictional and have historical material. Hence, by starting from the analysis of representations produced by this historical event, and the study of politico-cultural connections established between the present and the past told by these historical productions, our work seeks to understand the function of these in the construction of the "social memory". This work also tries to understand the role played by audiovisual storytelling, or historical fictions, as connectors to memory and tools that created the history of Spanish society.We hope then to be able to verify the existence of a "media historiography" that contributes in a decisive manner to the construction of the "social memory". In this sense, concerning the Spanish Transition, we aspire to answer the questions that the control of this "media historiography" imposes. We will do so first through the hegemony of the official storytelling, then by overtaking the State's imposed frame and the resulting development of a conflict for the "memory" and control of "historicity". ; Cette thèse cherche à analyser des représentations historiques produites par les sociétés afin d'interpréter et comprendre leurs événements passés et ainsi pouvoir construire et recomposer leur imaginaire collectif et leur identité. Dans ce sens, ce travail consacrera une attention toute particulière aux significations que la ou les « mémoire(s) collective(s) » donnent aux événements historiques récents et aux luttes qui se développent autour de ce conflit social pour le contrôle de « l'historicité » et de la « mémoire ».Elle partira de l'étude du processus politique de la Transition espagnole. Cet événement, de nature polémique au sein de la société espagnole, est soumis à une révision constante aussi bien par l'historiographie que par la littérature, mais surtout par les médias. De ce fait, l'analyse des représentations sociales et médiatiques de la Transition s'avère de notre point de vue très intéressant, car elles sont des productions historiques avec une forte influence dans la construction de la « mémoire social » espagnole.Ce travail de recherche s'insère donc dans le champ disciplinaire de « l'histoire du temps présent » et s'intéresse à la « mémoire » et aux « usages publics de l'histoire », notamment aux représentations historiques qui contribuent à la formation de la « mémoire sociale ». Dans ce cadre, notre étude abordera la construction de cette « mémoire sociale » en partant de l'analyse du rôle joué par les mass média en tant qu'instruments de transmission de « mémoire » et d'historisation. Par conséquent, cette recherche consacrera une attention toute particulière aux récits historiques qui forment ce que certains auteurs ont appelé « l'historiographie médiatique » et qui a une si importante contribution dans la construction social de l'interprétation du passé depuis le présent.Pour ce faire, nous nous proposons d'examiner tout d'abord le récit officiel surgit des institutions publiques et véhiculé grâce aux médias par le biais de différentes formes génériques : des productions informatives, des reportages et des émissions documentaires. Ensuite, nous entreprendrons d'analyser les productions historiques ainsi que les apports de l'historiographie à la compréhension de cet événement déterminant et, finalement, avec une attention toute particulière, nous nous attèlerons à étudier les productions audiovisuelles fictionnelles à caractère historique. Ainsi donc, en partant de l'analyse des représentations produites autour de cet événement historique et de l'étude des connexions politico-culturelles qui s'établissent entre le présent et le passé raconté par ces productions historiques, notre travail cherche à comprendre la fonction de celles-ci dans la construction de la « mémoire sociale », ainsi que le rôle tenu par les narrations audiovisuelles ou fictions historiques en tant que véhicules de mémoire et outils d'historisation de la société espagnole.Nous espérons ainsi pouvoir vérifier l'existence d'une « historiographie médiatique » qui contribue de façon décisive à la construction de la « mémoire sociale ». De la même façon, en ce qui concerne la Transition espagnole, nous aspirons à répondre aux questionnements que le contrôle de cette « historiographie médiatique » impose. Dans un premier temps, par le biais de l'hégémonie du récit officiel et, dans un second temps, à partir du dépassement du cadre imposé par l'État et le développement conséquent d'un conflit pour la « mémoire » et pour le contrôle de « l'historicité ».

Cet article, au carrefour entre communication et histoire, soutient que le coup d'État déclenché au Brésil le 31 mars 1964 doit être caractérisé empiriquement et conceptuellement comme médiatico-civil-militaire. En 2014, 50 ans après ce coup d'État qui a renversé le président João Goulart, le Brésil cherche encore à comprendre son passé, il prépare des élections présidentielles et organise une coupe du monde de football, sport qui a servi le régime militaire en 1970. ; From a point of intersection between communication and history, this article argues that the Brazilian coup on 31 March 1964 should be characterised empirically as driven by civilians and the military at once. In 2014, 50 years after the coup that brought down President João Goulart, Brazil is still trying to come to terms with its past as it prepares to hold presidential elections and to organise football's next World Cup, a sport that served the military regime well in 1970.

Unidentified flying object, UFO, since its origins this phenomenon remained enigmatic and elusive.This study proposes to study people, saucers, or "ufologists" to use their own terminology, and the discipline they created to try to unravel this mystery.The ufology was built around the UFO object to try to illuminate it in many ways. So there is not a single ufology, but many, divided between different generations : the first, born after the Second World War, convinced of the materiality of UFOs ; the second, from 1977, who sees in this object the manifestation of human psychology ; the third, from the beginning of the 90s, convinced that the UFO hides the darkest designs of occult governments ; and the fourth, after the 2000s, for which the UFO is above all a media product.These four generations still live today, and feed on each other. Many ufologists devote their entire lives to UFOs, marked by an observation, an idea or a fear. They feed, along with their quest for truth, a real inter-generational war where each statement is recovered and diverted to the advantage of the camp that brandishes it.This study provides an overview. ; Objet volant non identifié, OVNI, depuis ses origines ce phénomène est resté énigmatique et élusif.Cette étude propose d'en étudier les personnes, les soucoupistes, ou les « ufologues » pour reprendre leur propre terminologie et la discipline qu'ils créèrent pour tenter de percer ce mystère.Le soucoupisme, pour reprendre le terme français, s'est construit autour de l'objet ovni pour tenter de l'éclairer de bien des manières. Il n'y a donc pas un seul soucoupisme, mais bien plusieurs, répartis entre les différentes générations : la première, née après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, convaincue de la matérialité des ovnis ; la deuxième, à partir de 1977, qui voit dans cet objet la manifestation de la psychologie humaine ; la troisième, dès le début des années 90, convaincue que l'ovni cache les plus sombres desseins de gouvernements occultes ; et la quatrième, après les années 2000, pour ...

Unidentified flying object, UFO, since its origins this phenomenon remained enigmatic and elusive.This study proposes to study people, saucers, or "ufologists" to use their own terminology, and the discipline they created to try to unravel this mystery.The ufology was built around the UFO object to try to illuminate it in many ways. So there is not a single ufology, but many, divided between different generations : the first, born after the Second World War, convinced of the materiality of UFOs ; the second, from 1977, who sees in this object the manifestation of human psychology ; the third, from the beginning of the 90s, convinced that the UFO hides the darkest designs of occult governments ; and the fourth, after the 2000s, for which the UFO is above all a media product.These four generations still live today, and feed on each other. Many ufologists devote their entire lives to UFOs, marked by an observation, an idea or a fear. They feed, along with their quest for truth, a real inter-generational war where each statement is recovered and diverted to the advantage of the camp that brandishes it.This study provides an overview. ; Objet volant non identifié, OVNI, depuis ses origines ce phénomène est resté énigmatique et élusif.Cette étude propose d'en étudier les personnes, les soucoupistes, ou les « ufologues » pour reprendre leur propre terminologie et la discipline qu'ils créèrent pour tenter de percer ce mystère.Le soucoupisme, pour reprendre le terme français, s'est construit autour de l'objet ovni pour tenter de l'éclairer de bien des manières. Il n'y a donc pas un seul soucoupisme, mais bien plusieurs, répartis entre les différentes générations : la première, née après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, convaincue de la matérialité des ovnis ; la deuxième, à partir de 1977, qui voit dans cet objet la manifestation de la psychologie humaine ; la troisième, dès le début des années 90, convaincue que l'ovni cache les plus sombres desseins de gouvernements occultes ; et la quatrième, après les années 2000, pour ...

The dynamics of this thesis resides in the search for the breach between the historical positioning (in relation to scientific fact itself) of homeopathic medication in the history of medical sciences, and the representation made of it in the past and present. By distinguishing what may be at stake, we are led to identify the positioning and impact of the mode of transmitting scientific fact as lacking a historical link to the history of medical sciences, notably medication. Our research hypothesis thus postulates that the transmission mode is at the source of discrepancies in representation. The links between context breakthroughs, such as the role of influences, are just parameters that, when transmitted, both color and help define a subject. For our topic we have been able to demonstrate this lack of bridging as a lack of transmission of the history of medication over the course of time. The only type of transmission was an operational one. The hindsight and analysis of the evolution were barely transmitted, if at all.Given these observations and in order to approach our topic, we were led to retrace the history of medication in the history of civilizations, in relation to the cultural, political and scientific context. Then, we examined the origins of homeopathy in order to demonstrate its positioning in the history of medication, its influences on the history of medication, and all ensuing confrontations. Because of the lack of pluri-disciplinary transmission, aimed at binding the subject to its temporal context, we designed an on-line museum in order to better demonstrate this positioning, thanks to open and dynamic interpretation made possible by digital media. The aim of this work is to illustrate our hypothesis on the positioning of transmission mode via a concrete application which intends to reduce this breach. ; Résumé : La dynamique de cette thèse est dans la recherche de l'écart entre la place historique - en rapport au fait scientifique même - du médicament homéopathique dans l'histoire des ...

On January 23, 2013, the Dallas Museum of Art (DMA) returned to free general admission. This announcement coincided with the official launching of two programs: DMA Friends, a loyalty program, and DMA Partners, a membership program which is free of charge. The aim of this article is to propose an analysis, at the crossroads of media semiology, of political science and the historical sociology of statistical rationality, with a view to studying the ways in which the DMA Friends program designers have mobilized the statistical argument to justify the soundness of their approach. In order to do so, they leaned on a range of media forms generated by a sophisticated techno-semiotic apparatus which represents, in a statistical form, the behavior of visitors inside the museum. The program (and the whole instrumentation that sustains it) illustrates a media innovation experiment in the museum sector that questions the ways by which the statistical work is mediated according to the communicational situations in which it is mobilized and enhanced.

Unidentified flying object, UFO, since its origins this phenomenon remained enigmatic and elusive.This study proposes to study people, saucers, or "ufologists" to use their own terminology, and the discipline they created to try to unravel this mystery.The ufology was built around the UFO object to try to illuminate it in many ways. So there is not a single ufology, but many, divided between different generations : the first, born after the Second World War, convinced of the materiality of UFOs ; the second, from 1977, who sees in this object the manifestation of human psychology ; the third, from the beginning of the 90s, convinced that the UFO hides the darkest designs of occult governments ; and the fourth, after the 2000s, for which the UFO is above all a media product.These four generations still live today, and feed on each other. Many ufologists devote their entire lives to UFOs, marked by an observation, an idea or a fear. They feed, along with their quest for truth, a real inter-generational war where each statement is recovered and diverted to the advantage of the camp that brandishes it.This study provides an overview. ; Objet volant non identifié, OVNI, depuis ses origines ce phénomène est resté énigmatique et élusif.Cette étude propose d'en étudier les personnes, les soucoupistes, ou les « ufologues » pour reprendre leur propre terminologie et la discipline qu'ils créèrent pour tenter de percer ce mystère.Le soucoupisme, pour reprendre le terme français, s'est construit autour de l'objet ovni pour tenter de l'éclairer de bien des manières. Il n'y a donc pas un seul soucoupisme, mais bien plusieurs, répartis entre les différentes générations : la première, née après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, convaincue de la matérialité des ovnis ; la deuxième, à partir de 1977, qui voit dans cet objet la manifestation de la psychologie humaine ; la troisième, dès le début des années 90, convaincue que l'ovni cache les plus sombres desseins de gouvernements occultes ; et la quatrième, après les années 2000, pour laquelle l'ovni est avant tout un produit médiatique.Ces quatre générations cohabitent encore aujourd'hui, et se nourrissent les unes des autres.Beaucoup de soucoupistes consacrent entièrement leur vie aux ovnis, marqués par une observation, une idée ou une peur. Ils alimentent, en même temps que leur quête de la vérité, une véritable guerre inter-générationnelle où chaque propos est récupéré et détourné à l'avantage du camp qui le brandit.Cette étude en propose un tour d'horizon.