The rise and the development of the phenomenon of Islamophobia in Western Europe discourse is investigated in this paper. In this paper we are introduced with rasism and xenophobia factors which has big influence for islamophobia development. In this paper is stated, that this phenomenon has not appeared after terrorist attacks in 2001/9/11 and in London in 2005. The islamophobia appeared gradually as orientalism, later as oil crisis, Saudi Arabia policy in 1973-1974, with revolution of Iran in 1979. It reached our times too. The phenomenon of islamophobia in out times is associated with terrorism, suiciders and cartoons. The main aim of the paper is to explore specific manifestations of islamophobia in Lithuanian mass media and to compare them with analysed United Kingdom case. Cause both of coutries are very different in their historical experience, democracy history and also in media, it is fairly complicated to compare them. The United Kingdom case is like the model or example while exploring Lithuanian case. Because the theory of Islamophobia was fitted in the United Kingdom case, it is more experience of this country, that is why this country was sorted as model to investigate if islamophobia exists in Lithuanian media. The aim of this paper- to adapt the theory of islamophobia in Lithuanian case, o even to confirm that Lithuanian case is very unique.
The rise and the development of the phenomenon of Islamophobia in Western Europe discourse is investigated in this paper. In this paper we are introduced with rasism and xenophobia factors which has big influence for islamophobia development. In this paper is stated, that this phenomenon has not appeared after terrorist attacks in 2001/9/11 and in London in 2005. The islamophobia appeared gradually as orientalism, later as oil crisis, Saudi Arabia policy in 1973-1974, with revolution of Iran in 1979. It reached our times too. The phenomenon of islamophobia in out times is associated with terrorism, suiciders and cartoons. The main aim of the paper is to explore specific manifestations of islamophobia in Lithuanian mass media and to compare them with analysed United Kingdom case. Cause both of coutries are very different in their historical experience, democracy history and also in media, it is fairly complicated to compare them. The United Kingdom case is like the model or example while exploring Lithuanian case. Because the theory of Islamophobia was fitted in the United Kingdom case, it is more experience of this country, that is why this country was sorted as model to investigate if islamophobia exists in Lithuanian media. The aim of this paper- to adapt the theory of islamophobia in Lithuanian case, o even to confirm that Lithuanian case is very unique.
In the International Relations state image is perceived not only as the source of soft power but also as identity. Identity is more of how we see us, and image is about how they see us. Image is especially important for so called new states which have emerged or returned to the international arena after collapse of the Soviet Union. They had to position themselves on to the geographical and mental map of Europe and the entire world. So what is the image of the Baltic States when they became the real members of NATO and the EU, how they are portrayed in the international media, what are differences and similarities between them and are they seen as one region? The purpose of this study: to reveal what are the image of each Baltic state and the whole image of the Baltic region in the international press. The content analysis of the articles in 'Financial Times' and 'The Economist' (in the period from 1 of May 2004 until the end of 2007) was carried out. The main findings are summarized below: • During the analyzed period Estonia was most visible in 'The Economist', but Lithuania was most visible in 'Financial Times'. Aggregated results of both newspapers show that Lithuania was most visible, Estonia is slightly less visible and Latvia is least visible. • The image of Estonia was most positive, the image of Lithuania was less positive and Latvia's image was least positive. On the other hand Estonia's image is also most controversial. • The analysis of Baltic States images enables to outline the factors which have positive and negative influence to each state's image: The most negative effect on Lithuania's image was caused by domestic politics events. Paradoxically, but Lithuania's attempt to join eurozone has had positive effects to its image. Though it was unsuccessful trial, it has received much media attention and advocating in the side of Lithuania. Lithuanian active initiatives in recent years in the field energetic security have been reverberated in the international press too. However, Lithuania's Eastern foreign policy and democracy promotion initiatives have been mentioned only episodically. Important disadvantage of Lithuania's image compared to other Baltic States has been the lack of attention to its culture and tourism attractiveness. The most negative effect on Latvia's image was the danger of overheating economy and hard landing which intertwined with political crisis too. Main advantages – high level NATO meeting in Riga and the visit of G. Bush. The positive image of ex-president V. Vike- Freiberga has also had positive effects. Moreover, Latvian culture, especially music, has been quite widely introduced. However, Latvia's situation is worst as Latvia is least visible and its image is least positive. The most negative effect on Estonia's image was the conflict with Russia over removal of Soviet memorial in Estonia. Even if Estonia's position was understood, this event ruined the image of Estonia as quite, internally rather well integrated and business friendly country. The strengths of Estonia's image have been: economical competitiveness, development of IT sector, high quality of private business schools, interesting culture, attractive tourism destination, positive images of political leaders. • Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia most often have been named as Baltic countries, Baltics, Balts, less frequent regional identifications have been Central and Eastern Europe (or Eastern Europe). • Main narratives and meanings which define the Baltics are: Baltic states are the success stories of political and economical transformation; Baltics experience most booming economic growth in the EU (Baltic tigers); The image of Baltics as victims of history; Contemporary relations between Baltics and Russia are tense and complicated (Russia is the 'other' for the Baltics); Baltics are close to Nordic countries trough their active economic relations.
In the International Relations state image is perceived not only as the source of soft power but also as identity. Identity is more of how we see us, and image is about how they see us. Image is especially important for so called new states which have emerged or returned to the international arena after collapse of the Soviet Union. They had to position themselves on to the geographical and mental map of Europe and the entire world. So what is the image of the Baltic States when they became the real members of NATO and the EU, how they are portrayed in the international media, what are differences and similarities between them and are they seen as one region? The purpose of this study: to reveal what are the image of each Baltic state and the whole image of the Baltic region in the international press. The content analysis of the articles in 'Financial Times' and 'The Economist' (in the period from 1 of May 2004 until the end of 2007) was carried out. The main findings are summarized below: • During the analyzed period Estonia was most visible in 'The Economist', but Lithuania was most visible in 'Financial Times'. Aggregated results of both newspapers show that Lithuania was most visible, Estonia is slightly less visible and Latvia is least visible. • The image of Estonia was most positive, the image of Lithuania was less positive and Latvia's image was least positive. On the other hand Estonia's image is also most controversial. • The analysis of Baltic States images enables to outline the factors which have positive and negative influence to each state's image: The most negative effect on Lithuania's image was caused by domestic politics events. Paradoxically, but Lithuania's attempt to join eurozone has had positive effects to its image. Though it was unsuccessful trial, it has received much media attention and advocating in the side of Lithuania. Lithuanian active initiatives in recent years in the field energetic security have been reverberated in the international press too. However, Lithuania's Eastern foreign policy and democracy promotion initiatives have been mentioned only episodically. Important disadvantage of Lithuania's image compared to other Baltic States has been the lack of attention to its culture and tourism attractiveness. The most negative effect on Latvia's image was the danger of overheating economy and hard landing which intertwined with political crisis too. Main advantages – high level NATO meeting in Riga and the visit of G. Bush. The positive image of ex-president V. Vike- Freiberga has also had positive effects. Moreover, Latvian culture, especially music, has been quite widely introduced. However, Latvia's situation is worst as Latvia is least visible and its image is least positive. The most negative effect on Estonia's image was the conflict with Russia over removal of Soviet memorial in Estonia. Even if Estonia's position was understood, this event ruined the image of Estonia as quite, internally rather well integrated and business friendly country. The strengths of Estonia's image have been: economical competitiveness, development of IT sector, high quality of private business schools, interesting culture, attractive tourism destination, positive images of political leaders. • Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia most often have been named as Baltic countries, Baltics, Balts, less frequent regional identifications have been Central and Eastern Europe (or Eastern Europe). • Main narratives and meanings which define the Baltics are: Baltic states are the success stories of political and economical transformation; Baltics experience most booming economic growth in the EU (Baltic tigers); The image of Baltics as victims of history; Contemporary relations between Baltics and Russia are tense and complicated (Russia is the 'other' for the Baltics); Baltics are close to Nordic countries trough their active economic relations.
During the Soviet occupation, the whole Lithuanian SSR media was regarded as one of the key propaganda tools based on pure ideological content and socialist-communist messages. In such a media setting television played an essential role; together with radio (as in Moscow's example) the latter felt under control of a committee ruled by the Council of Ministers (CM), Central Committee (CC) and Moscow patrons itself. But this situation was about to change when Sąjūdis (Reform Movement of Lithuania) came to public and tried to established its right to uncensored broadcast time via television for its own dissemination of information, which sometimes had a strong political message and was not in favour of ruling regime and party. Sąjūdis had a purpose which was totally new during Lithuanian SSR times since the start of television broadcasts in 1957 – it was uncensored broadcasting time. Based on archive sources, memoirs and press articles, this research focuses on the telecast "Atgimimo banga" as one of the essential informational channels for Sąjūdis. This article tries to disclose its history, influence and conflicts between Sąjūdis and ruling regime, which tried to control and censor telecast's content. Eventually, the sporadic telecast's format had another effect: when in 1989 Sąjūdis became important part of the Lithuanian SSR political system, telecast's popularity came to decline. One of the most popular perestroika time TV programs had some unfulfilled expectations, and, during the time, it made it as one of the most unpopular. The chronological boundaries of this research start at June of 1988, when Sąjūdis was created, and ends in March of 1990, when Lithuania declared its independence from Soviet Union.
During the Soviet occupation, the whole Lithuanian SSR media was regarded as one of the key propaganda tools based on pure ideological content and socialist-communist messages. In such a media setting television played an essential role; together with radio (as in Moscow's example) the latter felt under control of a committee ruled by the Council of Ministers (CM), Central Committee (CC) and Moscow patrons itself. But this situation was about to change when Sąjūdis (Reform Movement of Lithuania) came to public and tried to established its right to uncensored broadcast time via television for its own dissemination of information, which sometimes had a strong political message and was not in favour of ruling regime and party. Sąjūdis had a purpose which was totally new during Lithuanian SSR times since the start of television broadcasts in 1957 – it was uncensored broadcasting time. Based on archive sources, memoirs and press articles, this research focuses on the telecast "Atgimimo banga" as one of the essential informational channels for Sąjūdis. This article tries to disclose its history, influence and conflicts between Sąjūdis and ruling regime, which tried to control and censor telecast's content. Eventually, the sporadic telecast's format had another effect: when in 1989 Sąjūdis became important part of the Lithuanian SSR political system, telecast's popularity came to decline. One of the most popular perestroika time TV programs had some unfulfilled expectations, and, during the time, it made it as one of the most unpopular. The chronological boundaries of this research start at June of 1988, when Sąjūdis was created, and ends in March of 1990, when Lithuania declared its independence from Soviet Union.
During the Soviet occupation, the whole Lithuanian SSR media was regarded as one of the key propaganda tools based on pure ideological content and socialist-communist messages. In such a media setting television played an essential role; together with radio (as in Moscow's example) the latter felt under control of a committee ruled by the Council of Ministers (CM), Central Committee (CC) and Moscow patrons itself. But this situation was about to change when Sąjūdis (Reform Movement of Lithuania) came to public and tried to established its right to uncensored broadcast time via television for its own dissemination of information, which sometimes had a strong political message and was not in favour of ruling regime and party. Sąjūdis had a purpose which was totally new during Lithuanian SSR times since the start of television broadcasts in 1957 – it was uncensored broadcasting time. Based on archive sources, memoirs and press articles, this research focuses on the telecast "Atgimimo banga" as one of the essential informational channels for Sąjūdis. This article tries to disclose its history, influence and conflicts between Sąjūdis and ruling regime, which tried to control and censor telecast's content. Eventually, the sporadic telecast's format had another effect: when in 1989 Sąjūdis became important part of the Lithuanian SSR political system, telecast's popularity came to decline. One of the most popular perestroika time TV programs had some unfulfilled expectations, and, during the time, it made it as one of the most unpopular. The chronological boundaries of this research start at June of 1988, when Sąjūdis was created, and ends in March of 1990, when Lithuania declared its independence from Soviet Union.
During the Soviet occupation, the whole Lithuanian SSR media was regarded as one of the key propaganda tools based on pure ideological content and socialist-communist messages. In such a media setting television played an essential role; together with radio (as in Moscow's example) the latter felt under control of a committee ruled by the Council of Ministers (CM), Central Committee (CC) and Moscow patrons itself. But this situation was about to change when Sąjūdis (Reform Movement of Lithuania) came to public and tried to established its right to uncensored broadcast time via television for its own dissemination of information, which sometimes had a strong political message and was not in favour of ruling regime and party. Sąjūdis had a purpose which was totally new during Lithuanian SSR times since the start of television broadcasts in 1957 – it was uncensored broadcasting time. Based on archive sources, memoirs and press articles, this research focuses on the telecast "Atgimimo banga" as one of the essential informational channels for Sąjūdis. This article tries to disclose its history, influence and conflicts between Sąjūdis and ruling regime, which tried to control and censor telecast's content. Eventually, the sporadic telecast's format had another effect: when in 1989 Sąjūdis became important part of the Lithuanian SSR political system, telecast's popularity came to decline. One of the most popular perestroika time TV programs had some unfulfilled expectations, and, during the time, it made it as one of the most unpopular. The chronological boundaries of this research start at June of 1988, when Sąjūdis was created, and ends in March of 1990, when Lithuania declared its independence from Soviet Union.
The paper "The Influence of Social Networks on Social Environment" explores the history of social networks and the circumstances of their emergence. In order to clarify the popularity of social networks, consumer behavior models are analyzed that force us to actively use social networks. What kind of money is given to individuals by social networks. The impact of political campaigns on social networks has been analyzed. It is based on research carried out by sociologists and psychologists on the use of social networks, their positive and negative consequences and influence on mood and well-being. The examples provided are how and what health disorders can be influenced by the excessive use of social networks. The history of the neurotransmitter assay and the scheme of its operation have been described and schematically described. How and under what circumstances social networking is associated with dopamine release. Based on scientists' experiments on dopamine. Provide expert insights on how social networks should be used safely to minimize negative health effects. The survey was based on a survey that was interviewed for fifty 20-30 years. Lithuanian citizens of the 19th century mostly live in Lithuania about social networking habits. Collected empirical data compared to global trends in social networking. There was also a survey on another addiction - sweets. The data were used to develop alternative measures to encourage more critical thinking about the excessive use of social networks.
The paper "The Influence of Social Networks on Social Environment" explores the history of social networks and the circumstances of their emergence. In order to clarify the popularity of social networks, consumer behavior models are analyzed that force us to actively use social networks. What kind of money is given to individuals by social networks. The impact of political campaigns on social networks has been analyzed. It is based on research carried out by sociologists and psychologists on the use of social networks, their positive and negative consequences and influence on mood and well-being. The examples provided are how and what health disorders can be influenced by the excessive use of social networks. The history of the neurotransmitter assay and the scheme of its operation have been described and schematically described. How and under what circumstances social networking is associated with dopamine release. Based on scientists' experiments on dopamine. Provide expert insights on how social networks should be used safely to minimize negative health effects. The survey was based on a survey that was interviewed for fifty 20-30 years. Lithuanian citizens of the 19th century mostly live in Lithuania about social networking habits. Collected empirical data compared to global trends in social networking. There was also a survey on another addiction - sweets. The data were used to develop alternative measures to encourage more critical thinking about the excessive use of social networks.
The paper "The Influence of Social Networks on Social Environment" explores the history of social networks and the circumstances of their emergence. In order to clarify the popularity of social networks, consumer behavior models are analyzed that force us to actively use social networks. What kind of money is given to individuals by social networks. The impact of political campaigns on social networks has been analyzed. It is based on research carried out by sociologists and psychologists on the use of social networks, their positive and negative consequences and influence on mood and well-being. The examples provided are how and what health disorders can be influenced by the excessive use of social networks. The history of the neurotransmitter assay and the scheme of its operation have been described and schematically described. How and under what circumstances social networking is associated with dopamine release. Based on scientists' experiments on dopamine. Provide expert insights on how social networks should be used safely to minimize negative health effects. The survey was based on a survey that was interviewed for fifty 20-30 years. Lithuanian citizens of the 19th century mostly live in Lithuania about social networking habits. Collected empirical data compared to global trends in social networking. There was also a survey on another addiction - sweets. The data were used to develop alternative measures to encourage more critical thinking about the excessive use of social networks.
The doctoral thesis deals with a methodological problem of analyzing photography. The argumentation is built on assumption that analysis of a content of a medium (in this case: photography) alone is unable to reveal important social and political aspects of the medium. Therefore an integral analysis of medium and its context is indispensable. Combination of approaches used in communication and media studies, philosophy, and art history lets to define the notions of dispositif and medium, which lead to construction and operationalization of a model of medium dispositif. The model is used for research and analysis of power relations around photographical discourse in Lithuania in 1960s–1980s. Research material gathered while interviewing relevant actors in the field and analyzing visual and textual archives lets to define the dispositif of photography of the time period chosen as the a particular actor-network. The analysis reveals how the network of art photography developed, how it became stable and irreplaceable, what was its impact on specific mode of use of photography, so called photo-art, and formation of common photographical style, The School of Lithuanian Photography. The institutional role of Society of Art Photography, its interaction with communicational conventions (eg. Social Realism), philosophical statements, and the whole photographical discourse are taken into particular account. The analysis and combination of different elements, constituting photographical medium, aim at revealing causal relations between aesthetical, political, and social aspects of Lithuanian photography.
The doctoral thesis deals with a methodological problem of analyzing photography. The argumentation is built on assumption that analysis of a content of a medium (in this case: photography) alone is unable to reveal important social and political aspects of the medium. Therefore an integral analysis of medium and its context is indispensable. Combination of approaches used in communication and media studies, philosophy, and art history lets to define the notions of dispositif and medium, which lead to construction and operationalization of a model of medium dispositif. The model is used for research and analysis of power relations around photographical discourse in Lithuania in 1960s–1980s. Research material gathered while interviewing relevant actors in the field and analyzing visual and textual archives lets to define the dispositif of photography of the time period chosen as the a particular actor-network. The analysis reveals how the network of art photography developed, how it became stable and irreplaceable, what was its impact on specific mode of use of photography, so called photo-art, and formation of common photographical style, The School of Lithuanian Photography. The institutional role of Society of Art Photography, its interaction with communicational conventions (eg. Social Realism), philosophical statements, and the whole photographical discourse are taken into particular account. The analysis and combination of different elements, constituting photographical medium, aim at revealing causal relations between aesthetical, political, and social aspects of Lithuanian photography.
The doctoral thesis deals with a methodological problem of analyzing photography. The argumentation is built on assumption that analysis of a content of a medium (in this case: photography) alone is unable to reveal important social and political aspects of the medium. Therefore an integral analysis of medium and its context is indispensable. Combination of approaches used in communication and media studies, philosophy, and art history lets to define the notions of dispositif and medium, which lead to construction and operationalization of a model of medium dispositif. The model is used for research and analysis of power relations around photographical discourse in Lithuania in 1960s–1980s. Research material gathered while interviewing relevant actors in the field and analyzing visual and textual archives lets to define the dispositif of photography of the time period chosen as the a particular actor-network. The analysis reveals how the network of art photography developed, how it became stable and irreplaceable, what was its impact on specific mode of use of photography, so called photo-art, and formation of common photographical style, The School of Lithuanian Photography. The institutional role of Society of Art Photography, its interaction with communicational conventions (eg. Social Realism), philosophical statements, and the whole photographical discourse are taken into particular account. The analysis and combination of different elements, constituting photographical medium, aim at revealing causal relations between aesthetical, political, and social aspects of Lithuanian photography.
The doctoral thesis deals with a methodological problem of analyzing photography. The argumentation is built on assumption that analysis of a content of a medium (in this case: photography) alone is unable to reveal important social and political aspects of the medium. Therefore an integral analysis of medium and its context is indispensable. Combination of approaches used in communication and media studies, philosophy, and art history lets to define the notions of dispositif and medium, which lead to construction and operationalization of a model of medium dispositif. The model is used for research and analysis of power relations around photographical discourse in Lithuania in 1960s–1980s. Research material gathered while interviewing relevant actors in the field and analyzing visual and textual archives lets to define the dispositif of photography of the time period chosen as the a particular actor-network. The analysis reveals how the network of art photography developed, how it became stable and irreplaceable, what was its impact on specific mode of use of photography, so called photo-art, and formation of common photographical style, The School of Lithuanian Photography. The institutional role of Society of Art Photography, its interaction with communicational conventions (eg. Social Realism), philosophical statements, and the whole photographical discourse are taken into particular account. The analysis and combination of different elements, constituting photographical medium, aim at revealing causal relations between aesthetical, political, and social aspects of Lithuanian photography.
