Current doctor in our country only leans in carrying out a clinical medicine - therapy, and don't unite medicine from an integral perspective, by means of which can overcome the scenarios and the traditional practices as well as to assume in a responsible way the development of the process of SULUD-ILLNESS inside his labor exercise.To reach such a purpose, the doctors should make interdisciplinary and after-disciplinary decisions that have as objective to fight for the amplification from the services of healthto the community that today lacks them, impelling political and strategies that contribute to the improvement of the quality of life of the Colombians.The doctors will exercise a scientifically guided and morally committed profession, always keeping in mind that the fundamental values of the medicine should prevail inany pattern of attention of the health. ; médico actual en nuestro país sólo se apoya en la realización de una medicina clínica - terapia, y no se unen medicina desde una perspectiva integral, por medio del cual pueden superarlos escenarios y las prácticas tradicionales, así como a asumir de manera responsable el desarrollo del proceso de SOLID-ENFERMEDAD dentro de su ejercicio laboral.Para llegar a tal fin, los médicos deben hacer interdisciplinaria y después de disciplinas decisiones que tienen como objetivo luchar por la amplificación de los servicios de salud a la comunidad que en la actualidad no cuenta con ellos, impulsando estrategias políticas y que contribuyen a la mejora de la calidad de vida de los colombianos.Los médicos van a ejercer una profesión científicamente guiada y moralmente comprometida, siempre teniendo en cuenta que los valores fundamentales de la medicina deben prevalecer encualquier patrón de atención de la salud.
The purpose of study is to develop scientifically based recommendations for introducing amendments and additions to existing legislation, as well as the development of new regulatory legal acts and measures, aimed at systematic counteraction to criminal offences against human health. In paper have been used a systematically structural method (to investigate the concept of harm to human health). Using the statistical method by degree of coverage of units a one-time statistical questionnaire (statistical observation of a certain part of the units of the statistical population based on the principles of voluntariness of responses and the possibility of incomplete return from respondents of filled statistical forms) was held. The results of the study the following points are proposed: to consider the protection of human life and body at the international level to be interconnected associated categories forming an organic unity, which require equivalent protection; to modify an existing criminal legislation in terms of criminal offences against health of a person; to offer a range of proposals to detail signs of bodily injury and take them into account during the developing of new Rules of forensic medical determining the severity of bodily harm.
The health is a human right suscribed in international treaties and national legislations. Health security is by its collective nature, the responsibility of the public health system, is related to the quality of care and the positive balance between its risks and benefits, taking care to reduce the dangers associated. The issue of security is fundamental because its implications for the health and life of the human being. Health care is a social necessity, and because the risks and dangers existing in the hospital environment, it is essential to adopt safety programs, since not doing so puts everyone who participates and makes use of the hospital at risk, as well as to the environment.
This descriptive study gathers and questions general evidence on the quality of life experienced by medical residents during postgraduate training. The information was obtained from five databases during a period of four months in 2014. For the most part, it highlights dozens of studies that call attention to burnout as a condition that affects the quality of life of medical residents and health workers. The emphasis on deterioration in quality of life focuses on the symptoms of professional attrition that negatively impact a person's health and their subjective sense of personal satisfaction. Although most quality-of-life scales are focused on patients, some of them could be used to assess the learning and working conditions of medical residents, so as to bring them in line with the objectives of legislation, ethics and the universal aspiration for health. The conclusion is that reconsideration is necessary, based on principles of ethics, health and organizational psychology that could benefit the physician in training and have an impact on the quality of health care. ; Estudio descriptivo en el que se recopila y cuestiona la evidencia general relacionada con la calidad de vida en los médicos residentes en formación de posgrado. La información obtenida en cinco bases de datos, realizada durante cuatro meses en 2014, resalta en su mayoría decenas de trabajos que subrayan la condición de afectación de la calidad de vida en residentes y personal de salud en términos de burnout. El énfasis del deterioro en la calidad de vida se enfoca en los síntomas de desgaste profesional que impactan negativamente en su salud y sensación subjetiva de satisfacción personal. Aunque la mayoría de escalas de calidad de vida se han enfocado en los pacientes, algunas de ellas podrían ser aplicadas en residentes para evaluar sus condiciones de aprendizaje y de trabajo a fin de ponerse en armonía con los objetivos de la legislación, la ética y la universal aspiración de salud. Se estima necesaria una reconsideración basada en criterios éticos, de salud y de psicología organizacional que beneficien al médico en formación y que redunden en la calidad de la atención en salud.doi:10.5294/pebi.2015.19.2.8 ; Estudo descritivo no qual se recopila e questiona a evidência geral relacionada com a qualidade de vida nos médicos residentes em formação de pós-graduação. A informação obtida em cinco bases de dados, realizada durante quatro meses em 2014, ressalta, em sua maioria, dezenas de trabalhos que acentuam a condição de afetação da qualidade de vida em residentes e no pessoal de saúde em termos de burnout. A ênfase da deterioração na qualidade de vida se enfoca nos sintomas de desgaste profissional que impactam negativamente em sua saúde e na sensação subjetiva de satisfação pessoal. Embora a maioria de escalas de qualidade de vida tenha sido enfocada nos pacientes, algumas delas poderiam ser aplicadas em residentes para avaliar suas condições de aprendizagem e de trabalho a fim de se ajustarem com os objetivos da legislação, da ética e da universal aspiração de saúde. Estima-se necessária uma reconsideração baseada em critérios éticos, de saúde e de psicologia organizacional que beneficiem o médico em formação e que redundem na qualidade do atendimento em saúde.
13 páginas ; Estudio descriptivo en el que se recopila y cuestiona la evidencia general relacionada con la calidad de vida en los médicos residentes en formación de posgrado. La información obtenida en cinco bases de datos, realizada durante cuatro meses en 2014, resalta en su mayoría decenas de trabajos que subrayan la condición de afectación de la calidad de vida en residentes y personal de salud en términos de burnout. El énfasis del deterioro en la calidad de vida se enfoca en los síntomas de desgaste profesional que impactan negativamente en su salud y sensación subjetiva de satisfacción personal. Aunque la mayoría de escalas de calidad de vida se han enfocado en los pacientes, algunas de ellas podrían ser aplicadas en residentes para evaluar sus condiciones de aprendizaje y de trabajo a fin de ponerse en armonía con los objetivos de la legislación, la ética y la universal aspiración de salud. Se estima necesaria una reconsideración basada en criterios éticos, de salud y de psicología organizacional que beneficien al médico en formación y que redunden en la calidad de la atención en salud. ; This descriptive study gathers and questions general evidence on the quality of life experienced by medical residents during postgraduate training. The information was obtained from five databases during a period of four months in 2014. For the most part, it highlights dozens of studies that call attention to burnout as a condition that affects the quality of life of medical residents and health workers. The emphasis on deterioration in quality of life focuses on the symptoms of professional attrition that negatively impact a person's health and their subjective sense of personal satisfaction. Although most quality-of-life scales are focused on patients, some of them could be used to assess the learning and working conditions of medical residents, so as to bring them in line with the objectives of legislation, ethics and the universal aspiration for health. The conclusion is that reconsideration is necessary, based on principles of ethics, health and organizational psychology that could benefit the physician in training and have an impact on the quality of health care. ; Estudo descritivo no qual se recopila e questiona a evidência geral relacionada com a qualidade de vida nos médicos residentes em formação de pós-graduação. A informação obtida em cinco bases de dados, realizada durante quatro meses em 2014, ressalta, em sua maioria, dezenas de trabalhos que acentuam a condição de afetação da qualidade de vida em residentes e no pessoal de saúde em termos de burnout. A ênfase da deterioração na qualidade de vida se enfoca nos sintomas de desgaste profissional que impactam negativamente em sua saúde e na sensação subjetiva de satisfação pessoal. Embora a maioria de escalas de qualidade de vida tenha sido enfocada nos pacientes, algumas delas poderiam ser aplicadas em residentes para avaliar suas condições de aprendizagem e de trabalho a fim de se ajustarem com os objetivos da legislação, da ética e da universal aspiração de saúde. Estima-se necessária uma reconsideração baseada em critérios éticos, de saúde e de psicologia organizacional que beneficiem o médico em formação e que redundem na qualidade do atendimento em saúde.
Over recent years, a whole new process known as data mining, equivalent to automated techniques processing large sets of data in order to extract patterns, relationships, trends and other information not traceable through usual 'human' reading, has been largely gaining in repute. By taking advantage of the seemingly indefinite opportunities enabled by applications of data mining techniques, various fields of scientific or medical research, business transactions, state-related and other security-concerned activities, could gain unprecedented benefits. However, notwithstanding established data protection principles reserved also for biometric information, data mining practices, inherently intrusive in the private sphere of individuals, have generated various concerns and controversy. As these emerging technological developments create new challenges to the protection of personal data, including primarily the most sensitive category of biometric data, the effectiveness of the concept of privacy under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and of the existing EU data protection legislation in securing an adequate legal framework is facing a new ordeal. This paper seeks to review, especially in the aftermath of the recent Luxembourg Court's case law, whether evolving data mining practices materialize the need of adjusting the legal treatment of biometric data protection. ; Over recent years, a whole new process known as data mining, equivalent to automated techniques processing large sets of data in order to extract patterns, relationships, trends and other information not traceable through usual 'human' reading, has been largely gaining in repute. By taking advantage of the seemingly indefinite opportunities enabled by applications of data mining techniques, various fields of scientific or medical research, business transactions, state-related and other security-concerned activities, could gain unprecedented benefits. However, notwithstanding established data protection principles reserved also for biometric information, data mining practices, inherently intrusive in the private sphere of individuals, have generated various concerns and controversy.
The fiber optic communications industry has undoubtedly revolutionized the information and telecommunications technology (ICT) offering higher-performance and more reliable telecommunication links with ever decreasing bandwidth cost [1]. Simultaneously with these developments, fiber optic sensor technology has been associated with the optoelectronic and fiber optic communications industry, and many of the components associated with these industries were often developed for fiber optic sensor applications [1]. Fiber optic sensors take advantages of the exceptional characteristics of the optical fiber, which include compactness and small size, fast response, high resolution and sensitivity, good stability and repeatability, multiplexing capabilities, remote sensing, high flexibility, low propagating loss, affordable fabrication costs, simultaneous sensing ability, and resistance to electromagnetic interference [2–5] [1]. As optics and fiber optics component prices have fallen and quality has improved, the competence of fiber optic sensors to displace traditional sensors has increased [1], [6]. Nowadays, sensors rule the world. Sensors play a fundamental role to control and predict different products and systems, from consumer electronics to industrial environments, passing by the weather monitoring and biological and healthcare diagnosis. Those applied to health care monitoring have many benefits: minimize the cost per analysis, easy access to remote places without laboratory facilities such as vulnerable populations, reduce the treatment time and optimize the resources of the government health care system, among others [7–10]. In Colombia, for example, some transmissible diseases most frequently affect the most vulnerable populations. Since the Ministry of Health and Social Protection in Colombia should guarantees free diagnosis and treatment, and many of Colombia's rural areas have no access to adequate health services due to geographical and demographic 26 Optical Fiber Sensors for measurements in Life Sciences characteristics, along with the difficulties caused by the armed conflict, and other situations of violence; the priority must be given to those rural areas. One of the main purposes of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection is to carry out continuous and systematic monitoring of the epidemiological behavior in transmissible diseases. This monitoring should be performed in accordance with processes established that allow the notification, collection, and data analysis. Thus generating valid and reliable timely information to guide prevention and control measures for those diseases [11]. However, achieving this purpose is very complicated if conventional methods used for the detection of the diseases fail to reach the population affected. Therefore, it is essential to adapt and improve the technology used to detect those diseases when it is required to collect information at the remote zones with difficulties in accessing health services. The optical fiber biosensensing technology exhibits a good promising future to solve the issues that the conventional diagnosis methods used present such as: long procedures, expensive equipment and reagents, specialized personnel, lack of portability, low sensitivities, and need of biomarkers. In addition to the sensitivity and selectivity, one of the fundamental characteristics that makes most biosensors so potential is the possibility of performing the analysis of the substance to be determined directly, i.e. without the need for a marker, and in real time. These two characteristics give biosensors the possibility to perform not only a qualitative and quantitative analysis, but also the possibility of evaluating the kinetics of the interaction (affinity constant, association and dissociation, among others) and, therefore, elucidate the fundamental mechanisms of such interaction. In this thesis it is studied a novel biosensing technology applied to immunoassays (detection of an antigen/antibody binding) based on the single-mode-multimode-single mode (SMS) fiber optic structure. This structure consists of optical fiber that relies on a multimode interferometry operating principle. Optical fiber SMS immunosensors here studied present several advantages: Optical Fiber Sensors 27 • The proposed structure has biosensing parameters comparable to those achieved by more complex structures like long period grating and surface plasmon resonances, which places this immunosensing device as a very promising option for biological and medical applications where high sensitivities, high selectivity and compact structures are required. • The sinusoidal spectrum of the SMS sensors proposed allows a sharp peak corresponding to the fundamental frequency to be observed. Consequently, it is possible to obtain a phase sensitive device by tracking the phase of this fundamental frequency as a function of the parameter to detect. FFT analysis technique is shown to have advantages since it could simplify the detection system making unnecessary the use of sophisticated optical interrogators. • The proposed structure and the bioassay performed is a label free assay, which implies that detection molecules are not labelled or modified. This means easier and lower cost procedures. The main results obtained using this concept of biosensors will be presented along this thesis as is described. First, Chapters 1 and 2, include an overview of the optical fiber sensors field, mainly focused on optical fiber biosensors. The sensors developed as a result of this thesis are presented as contributions in Chapters 3, 4, 5 and 6. These contributions were submitted to peer-reviewed top scientific journals and conferences. Finally, Chapter 7 presents and discusses a series of conclusions, current work, and future perspectives derived from this thesis. ; Doctorado
La gestión médica del sufrimiento y el dolor plantea una serie de desafíos de carácter político (cabe decir biopolítico, en la medida en que quedan implicadas decisiones políticas relativas a la vida) y bioético. En este artículo se plantea el panorama de estos desafíos en el contexto del desarrollo actual de la biomedicina y la naturaleza de las soluciones que se demandan en el marco de una biopolítica "de vida" y no "sobre la vida", es decir, que no manipule la vida a fin de someter y objetivar al sujeto sino que procure su expansión y potenciación (usando la terminología de Roberto Esposito) y una bioética pragmatista que modere en los dilemas explicitando las relaciones de poder de cada caso pparticular para suprimir los componentes de dominación o imposición. ; The medical management of pain and suffering entails a number of bioethical and political challenges (that can be considered "biopolitical" inasmuch as political decisions concerning life are involved) and challenges. In this article, I present, classify and explain these challenges in the context of the current developments in biomedicine. The solutions to these challenges require the concept of affirmative biopolitics instead of negative biopolitics (as formulated by Roberto Esposito), meaning politics that promote the expansion and potentiation of the subjects, but do not manipulate life in order to subjugate and objectivize the individuals. Moreover, I argue for a pragmatic form of bioethics that moderates the discussion among the agents involved in a dilemma by making explicit the power relations in each individual case in order to avoid domination and imposition. ; Este trabajo es un resultado parcial del Proyecto de investigación financiado por el Austrian Science Fund (FWF: M 2027-GBL) "The Experience of Suffering".
Definitions of health elaborated from the site of knowledge-power of contemporary medicine reflects the sociopolitical tensions that are generated between the different social groups in the struggle for social hegemony. In this struggle, the unequal availability of symbolic resources results in the imposition of forms of relationship with the body that have been developed by the ruling class, and are legitimated and naturalized with the support of technical discourse. In this context, sporting and bodily practices become allied with a life style imposed by the dominant class, and become a major ingredient in the definition of a "social and political order" that coincides with capitalist demands linked to the production/consumption binomial. ; Las definiciones de salud elaboradas desde el espacio de saber-poder de la medicina contemporánea reflejan la tensión cultural y política que distintos grupos sociales mantienen entre sí en la pugna por la hegemonía social. La desigual disponibilidad de recursos simbólicos en dicha pugna ofrece como resultado la imposición de formas de relación con el cuerpo propias de la clase dominante, las cuales son legitimadas y naturalizadas al amparo del discurso técnico. Como un aliado del estilo de vida que impone, la práctica deportiva se muestra como un ingrediente de primera magnitud en la definición del "orden" político y social que, por otra parte, es coincidente con las exigencias capitalistas del binomio producción-consumo.
Introducción: en el contexto actual en el que los enemigos de la Revolución Cubana apuestan a destruirla influyendo sobre los jóvenes para que olviden sus raíces y su memoria histórica se hace necesario su constante enfrentamiento. Es imprescindible estudiar la historia patria y, sobre todo, las personalidades locales que legaron su vida y su obra al servicio del pueblo. Objetivo: analizar la labor patriótica y humanista de Panchito Rodríguez, el médico de los pobres, para profundizar en la preparación política-ideológica e histórica de los futuros profesionales de la salud. Conclusiones: la labor desarrollada por Panchito Rodríguez lo convierte en un paradigma de humanismo, patriotismo y bondad. Fue enérgico en sus principios sociales y científicos, grande en la ciencia y en la virtud y señaló el camino a seguir con verdaderas lecciones de humanismo. ; Introduction: in the current context in which the enemies of the Cuban Revolution bet on destroying it, influencing young people to forget their roots and their historical memory, it is necessary to confront them constantly. It is essential to study the history of the country and, above all, the local personalities who put their life and work at the service of the people. Objective: to analyze the patriotic and humanistic work of Panchito Rodríguez, the doctor of the poor, to deepen the political-ideological and historical preparation of future health professionals. Conclusions: the work carried out by Panchito Rodríguez represents a paradigm of humanism, patriotism and kindness. He was energetic in his social and scientific principles, great in science and in virtue, and pointed the way forward with real lessons in humanism.
Although Cuba is a small, isolated and developing country, it has achieved much progress in healthcare. Cuban constitution guarantees the right to have equal and free access to medical services. The estimated average life expectancy of the Cuban people was 78.9 years (CIA, 2019) in 2018 which is comparable to the developed countries of the West. Castro's communist revolution was instrumental in improving medical services and healthcare in thecountry. As a communist, Castro believed in free education and universal healthcare. His vision of turning Cuba into a major medical power was also influenced by Ché Guevara; a doctor, fellow communist and friend of Fidel Castro. However, Cuba's healthcare is not only designed to meet domestic needs but also a viable foreign policy tool to achieve its international goals and objectives. As Havana was mostly isolated from the Western World during the Cold War, the government decided to export Guevara's legacy to end political isolation and gain recognition of the international community. ; Aunque Cuba es un país pequeño, aislado y en vías de desarrollo, ha logrado muchos avances en materia de sanidad. La Constitución cubana garantiza el derecho a tener un acceso igualitario y gratuito a los servicios médicos. La esperanza de vida media estimada del pueblo cubano era de 78,9 años (CIA, 2019) en 2018, lo que es comparable a los países desarrollados de Occidente. La revolución comunista de Castro fue fundamental para mejorar los servicios médicos y la atención sanitaria en el país. Como comunista, Castro creía en la educación gratuita y la sanidad universal. Su visión de convertir a Cuba en una gran potencia médica también estuvo influenciada por el Che Guevara, médico, compañero comunista y amigo de Fidel Castro. Sin embargo, la sanidad cubana no sólo está pensada para satisfacer las necesidades internas, sino que también es una herramienta de política exterior viable para alcanzar sus metas y objetivos internacionales. Dado que La Habana estuvo aislada del mundo occidental durante la Guerra Fría, el gobierno decidió exportar el legado de Guevara para acabar con el aislamiento político y obtener el reconocimiento de la comunidad internacional.
Resumen: El presente artículo efectúa un recorrido por distintas de las problemáticas entrelazadas que, en las investigaciones foucaultianas, atraviesan la historia de la medicina y la configuración de la gubernamentalidad biopolítica. En el momento en que la gestión de la población y el paradigma de la seguridad se hibridan con un "pensamiento médico que, más allá de los límites de la propia disciplina, constituye un razonamiento en base a lo normal y lo patológico, este va a funcionar en el seno de todo un conjunto de políticas que, desde la constitución y crisis del Estado del Bienestar a las problemáticas relaciones con las ciencias jurídicas, sitúan la cuestión de la salud, el cuerpo y la enfermedad en el centro de la gestión de la vida. Extendiendo esos análisis a algunos fenómenos recientes trataremos de explorar cuáles son los desafíos a los que nos confronta el neoliberalismo contemporáneo. Palabras clave: biopolítica, historia de la medicina, gubernamentalidad, liberalismo, neoliberalismo Abstract: The present article carries out a re-examination of several of the interlaced axes that Foucauldian research develops across the history of medicine and the configuration of the biopolitical governmentality. When the management of the population in terms of security is intersected with a "medical thought" that, beyond the limits of the discipline, constitutes a reasoning on the basis of the normal and the pathological, a set of policies appear that - from the constitution and crisis of the Welfare State to the problematic relations with the juridical sciences and the question of the health - place health, the body and the disease at the center of the management of life. By extending such analyses to some recent phenomena we will try to explore the challenges that contemporary neoliberalism leads us to face up to. Keywords: biopolitics, history of medicine, governmentality, liberalism, neoliberalism
This biographical note aims to reflect on some aspects of the military doctor and colonel, Urbano Orad y Gajías's life. He is a leading figure in the history of the Military Health of Spain. He fought in the wars of Cuba and North Africa, at the turn of the 20th century, and earned the highest military reward granted in Spain. We have also studied his relationship with Freemasonry, his reformist ideas and his active participation in important socio-cultural events such as the Second Congress of Africanist (Zaragoza, 1908). In addition, we have compared his biography with other prominent figures from the same period. They combined their reformism and critical spirit with a high sense of Spanish patriotism, in an environment marked by Spain's 1898 regeneration movement. ; Este apunte biográfico pretende reflexionar sobre algunos de los aspectos principales de la vida del médico militar y coronel del cuerpo de Inválidos, don Urbano Orad y Gajías. Se trata de un personaje relevante en la historia del cuerpo de Sanidad Militar, que participó activamente en los conflictos que jalonaron la historia de España en la transición del siglo XIX al XX (Cuba y el Norte de África), y que mereció la máxima recompensa militar. También se ha estudiado su vinculación con la masonería, su ideario reformista y su activa participación en importantes eventos socio-culturales como el Segundo Congreso Africanista (Zaragoza, 1908). Se ha comparado brevemente su semblanza con la de otros destacados personajes del periodo, que supieron conjugar su reformismo y su crítica social e institucional con un elevado sentido del patriotismo español en un contexto regeneracionista.
This paper addresses the judicialization of end of life medical decision-making, as part of the advance of the justice system in the regulation of medical practice and the rise of recognition of patient autonomy. The article analyzes, from a sociological standpoint, legal decisions regarding treatment refusal at the end of life produced by the Argentine courts between 1975 and 2015. Based on a qualitative design, 38 sentences collected from jurisprudential databases using key terms were analyzed. First, judicialized cases during the period are described; these are characterized by a high proportion of claims presented by health institutions, a pro-treatment bias in the legal actions requested, and a high percentage of unnecessary litigation in the absence of conflicts or in situations that do not require court intervention. Second, legal and extralegal factors affecting the justiciability of decisions to refuse or withdraw medical treatments, such as changes in the law and processes of politicization of claims, are analyzed. ; El artículo aborda la judicialización de decisiones médicas en el final de la vida, en el marco del avance de la justicia en la regulación de la práctica médica y de un mayor reconocimiento de la autonomía de los pacientes. El artículo examina, desde una perspectiva sociológica, la jurisprudencia producida por tribunales argentinos entre los años 1975 y 2015 en torno al rechazo de tratamientos médicos en el final de la vida. Siguiendo un diseño metodológico cualitativo, se analizan 38 fallos, relevados a partir de descriptores en bases de datos jurisprudenciales. En primer lugar, se describen los casos judicializados, caracterizados por el protagonismo de las instituciones de salud como litigantes, el sesgo pro-tratamiento de los pedidos, y el alto porcentaje de demandas en ausencia de conflictos o en situaciones que no requerirían intervención judicial. En segundo lugar, se analizan los factores judiciales y extrajudiciales que inciden en la justiciabilidad del rechazo de tratamientos, como cambios normativos y procesos de politización de los reclamos.
Este artículo pone de manifiesto las variables que ayudan a las personas con diversidad funcional física a vivir de forma independiente, siendo el resultado de una investigación llevada a cabo en la provincia de Sevilla. El modelo de vida independiente es un paradigma que surge en Estados Unidos en los años sesenta, como alternativa al modelo médico-rehabilitador. Bajo el prisma de ese modelo se desarrolla dicha investigación, entendiendo que supone un cambio y un avance para el enfoque de las nuevas políticas sociales y la intervención social. Hoy en día, el modelo de vida independiente ha logrado expandirse por todo el mundo.________________________________________This article brings to the fore the various aids which may enable persons with physical functional diversity to live an independent life. Results are given here of a research in the province of Seville. The idea of an independent life model came from the United States in the seventies, as an alternative to the medical model, based on medical means. Within the framework of this model a research took place with the implication of a subsequent change and progress, focusing new social politics and their application in society. By now this independent life model has met a favorable reception throughout the world.
