Suchergebnisse

The article is devoted to the study of the semantic field of "memory wars", identification of prerequisites and models of conceptualization of this concept, substantiation of the possibility of using the metaphor "memorial wars" as a concept. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research involves reference to the works of M. Foucault, R. Kozellek, M. Halbwachs, as well as to cognitive theories of metaphors (D. Lakoff, M. Johnson, A. P. Chudinov). Analysis of existing models for studying the history of concepts, analysis of specific social and discursive factors allowed us to trace the conceptualization of "memory wars" and to state the appearance of the corresponding scientific category, but additional theoretical work is needed to distinguish related concepts, as well as a clearer distinction between the metaphor "memory wars" and the corresponding scientific category.Key words: memorу wars, politics of memory, social memory, metaphors, concept ; Статья посвящена исследованию смыслового поля «мемориальных войн», выявлению предпосылок и моделей концептуализации этого понятия, обоснованию возможности использования метафоры «мемориальные войны» в качестве концепта. Теоретико-методологическая база исследования предполагает обращение к работам М. Фуко, Р. Козеллека, М. Хальбвакса, а также к когнитивным теориям метафор (Д. Лакофф, М. Джонсон, А. П. Чудинов). Анализ существующих моделей изучения истории понятий, а также конкретных социальных и дискурсивных факторов позволил проследить концептуализацию «войн памяти» и констатировать появление соответствующей научной категории, однако необходима дополнительнаятеоретическая работа, связанная с различением смежных понятий, а также более четким различением метафоры «мемориальные войны» и соответствующей научной категории.

In the course of sociological analysis, linguistic models of students' historical memory, events and historical figures were identified, that represent, in the opinion of young people, the "political evil" and the "political good" in Russian history. The students identified serfdom, "Stalinist repressions", the famine of the 1920s and 1940s and the wars in Afghanistan and Chechnya as "political evil". The "political good" – the victories in the Patriotic War of 1812, the Great Patriotic War, the flight to space, the 1980 and 2014 Olympics. The author's sociological studies of the largest Russian megalopolises have revealed the complexity and inconsistency of the historical memory of student youth. The study established the adherence of student youth to liberal ideology, a shallow awareness of the life of their family, their kin in earlier periods of Russian history, from pre-revolutionary times to the lives of their relatives in the 20-40s of the XX century, the association of "political good" with the achievements of our country and the association of "political evil" with defeats and reforms. ; В ходе социологического анализа были выявлены языковые модели исторической памяти студентов, события и исторические деятели, представляющие собой, по мнению молодежи, «политическое зло» и «политическое добро» в истории России. В качестве политического зла студенты назвали крепостное право, «сталинские репрессии», голод 20–40-х гг. ХХ в., войны в Афганистане и Чечне; в качестве политического добра – победы в Отечественной войне 1812 г., в Великой Отечественной войне, полет в Космос, олимпиады 1980 г. и 2014 г. Авторские социологические исследования крупнейших российских мегаполисов выявили сложность, противоречивость исторической памяти студенческой молодежи. В ходе исследования была установлена приверженность студенческой молодежи либеральной идеологии, неглубокая осведомленность о жизни своей семьи, своего рода в более ранние периоды российской истории, начиная с дореволюционного времени, заканчивая жизнью своих ...

The purpose of the study is to characterize the Russian model of monetary circulation during the transition from pre-capitalist forms of economy to a relatively developed capitalism in the late XIX century. The paper provides the analysis of theoretical ideas on the specifics of metal, paper and credit instruments of circulation. The key principles of the Russian model of monetary circulation are formulated in the programs of statesmen (M. M. Speransky, E. F. Kankrin, S. Yu. Witte), in the works of economists who presented alternative concepts of money, the theoretical provisions of which formed the conceptual «core» of the new monetary system. The article reveals the features of quantitative approach of N. I. Turgenev, who was the first to analyze the factors of inflation development associated with issue of banknotes, and
possible scenarios of monetary reform aimed at its mitigation. The author identifies fundamental differences in the methods of reforming Russia's monetary system in 1839-1843 and 1895-1897, considers the characteristic features of the new system of «state credit money», the concept introduced by M. M. Speransky, and the criteria for its stabilization. He then shows that the concept of «state credit money» arose at the intersection of the interests of market and state economy and reveals the role of state and commercial institutions in forming a new model of monetary circulation. The paper reveals the specifics of the domestic monetary system during the transition to capitalist production. The study contributes to the development of the theory of money, as it shows the relationship between the evolution of national economic system, the model of monetary circulation and the instruments of state regulation of the market situation. The author concludes that the changes that occurred in the theories of money are a reflection of changes in the monetary system itself and state monetary policy during the periods of economic transformation.

The purpose of the study is to characterize the Russian model of monetary circulation during the transition from pre-capitalist forms of economy to a relatively developed capitalism in the late XIX century. The paper provides the analysis of theoretical ideas on the specifics of metal, paper and credit instruments of circulation. The key principles of the Russian model of monetary circulation are formulated in the programs of statesmen (M. M. Speransky, E. F. Kankrin, S. Yu. Witte), in the works of economists who presented alternative concepts of money, the theoretical provisions of which formed the conceptual «core» of the new monetary system. The article reveals the features of quantitative approach of N. I. Turgenev, who was the first to analyze the factors of inflation development associated with issue of banknotes, and
possible scenarios of monetary reform aimed at its mitigation. The author identifies fundamental differences in the methods of reforming Russia's monetary system in 1839-1843 and 1895-1897, considers the characteristic features of the new system of «state credit money», the concept introduced by M. M. Speransky, and the criteria for its stabilization. He then shows that the concept of «state credit money» arose at the intersection of the interests of market and state economy and reveals the role of state and commercial institutions in forming a new model of monetary circulation. The paper reveals the specifics of the domestic monetary system during the transition to capitalist production. The study contributes to the development of the theory of money, as it shows the relationship between the evolution of national economic system, the model of monetary circulation and the instruments of state regulation of the market situation. The author concludes that the changes that occurred in the theories of money are a reflection of changes in the monetary system itself and state monetary policy during the periods of economic transformation.

The article evaluates the reasons behind the surge of interest in memory politics in EU countries in the last decade. The author analyses the current memory studies agenda, the mechanisms and instruments proposed for use at EU level to promote a common European identity, and the practices of representing a shared European past in public spaces that have emerged over the last few years (such as the permanent exhibition of House of European History in Brussels). The evaluation of new priorities on the memory politics agenda can help shed light on the difficulties and threats to further promote European solidarity based on a common memory, especially having in mind the drastic consequences of the 2020 pandemic crisis. One can foresee the advancement of national and regional models of memory politics to the frontline of identity politics in Europe. The research is based on the analysis of discourses reflecting the changing memory politics agenda aimed at consolidating a common European space where Russia is considered as the alien Other. Empirical data was collected by the author during her visits to European museums and memory sites representing the history and the current state of the European integration project. This was complemented by the analysis of digital library and archive resources and expert reports dedicated to memory politics and identity policies in the EU. ; Анализируются причины актуализации и исследовательская повестка дня политики памяти в странах Евросоюза. Рассматриваются механизмы и инструменты политики памяти, которые используются на уровне ЕС для формирования европейской идентичности, возможные перспективные формы и новые практики репрезентации общего прошлого в публичном пространстве (такие как музейная экспозиция Дома европейской истории в Брюсселе). Выявлены новые приоритеты политики памяти и дана оценка трудностей и системных препятствий, которые встают на пути укрепления европейской солидарности и идентичности в условиях острейшего кризиса 2020 г., связанного с распространением пандемии. Обоснован вывод о выдвижении национальных и региональных моделей политики памяти на передний край политики идентичности в странах ЕС. Исследование построено на анализе дискурсов, отражающих меняющуюся повестку дня и практики реализации политики памяти, направленной на поддержание общего европейского политического пространства, в том числе на использование образа России как чуждого Другого. Эмпирические данные собраны и обобщены автором по итогам изучения новых выставочных пространств и мест памяти, представляющих историю и современное состояние европейского интеграционного проекта, а также анализа контента цифровых платформ и экспертных аналитических материалов, посвященных реализации культурных и образовательных проектов под эгидой ЕС.

The novel My Romance (Paris, 1929) written in exile by E.N. Chirikov
(1864–1932) and dedicated to the so-called 'tragedy of refugee' has become the object
of consideration in this article. In this novel, the writer started from thinking about
the fate of millions of exiles who were forced to leave Russia as a result of the Civil
War and the Red Terror, and focused on depicting the fate of a woman in conditions
of loss of home, family and former social status. Chirikov's appeal to the 'women's
issue' led to the use of a gender approach in the analysis of the text of the work, which
in turn allowed to demonstrate the unique place of My Romance in the literature of
the Russian emigration. The latter actually ignored the problem of changing of
women's status in the family circle and beyond provoked by the very course of history
in the first quarter of the 20th century, and focused exclusively on preserving for
posterity the memory of pre-revolutionary Russia, etc. Chirikov in My Romance
clearly recorded the breaking of traditional female-male gender 'roles', revealing
their dependence on socio-political processes. Thus, he discovered the artificiality
and conventionality of many norms of female and male behavior familiar to
contemporaries and summed up the debate about the status of women in the family
circle and beyond which had been heard in Russian society for almost a century. At
the same time, Chirikov demonstrated in My Romance that a man compared to a
woman is more painfully enduring the loss of traditional gender functions, revealing
greater spiritual weakness and moral vulnerability

History is regarded as knowledge of the past. Considers the problem of the object of historical science. The question is about the "reality" of the past, the relationship between the past and reality, about the possibility of "the science of the past" and the challenges of the past to act as the object of historical science. Examines the relationship between past and present. The present is the basis for the knowledge of the past. Modernity is a point of reference, selection and interpretation of past events always occur from the point of view of modernity.Discusses the question of the relationship between everyday and scientific knowledge, of history and "historical memory". There are Parallels between everyday knowledge and historical memory. Historical memory is seen as a social construct, not even knowledge, but a kind of symbol, the base identity of a social group, a sign of the difference between "their" and "strangers". The scientific study of the past linked to the problematization of "obvious" in everyday knowledge, in the "historical memory".All knowledge is carried out through signs. The function of cognition consists in the superimposition of the world network of signs. To develop new knowledge is seen as a semiotic process. The concepts of "reality" and "knowledge" are closely connected with each other. Knowledge not only describes reality, it also constructs it. Knowledge (including historical) culturally mediated.The history of science is understood as the production of new knowledge on the basis of processing of information arrays about the past. Depth of understanding ultimately depends not so much on information as to the properties of the interpreter. The essence of the scientific method is the replacement of a real object with its model. History as a science of the past, as knowledge of the past acts as a mental construct, as a speculative model of the past. There is a possibility of instrumentalization of history. Historical knowledge included in the system of political and legal argumentation. Various political forces often consider history only as a means to validate and justify their current policy. ; История рассматривается как знание о прошлом. Рассматривается проблема объекта исторической науки. Ставится вопрос о «реальности» прошлого, о соотношении прошлого и реальности, о возможности «науки о прошлом» и возможности прошлого выступать объектом исторической науки. Рассматривается взаимосвязь между прошлым и настоящим. Настоящее выступает основой для познания прошлого. Современность является точкой отсчета, отбор и осмысление прошлых событий всегда происходит с точки зрения современности.Всякое познание осуществляется через посредство знаков. Функция познания состоит в накладывании на мир сети обозначений. Выработка новых знаний рассматривается как семиотический процесс. Понятия «реальность» и «знание» тесно сопряжены друг с другом. Знание не только описывает реальность, оно также конструирует ее. Знание (в том числе, историческое) культурно опосредовано.История как наука понимается как продуцирование новых знаний на базе переработки информационных массивов о прошлом. Глубина понимания в конечном счете зависит не столько от информации, сколько от свойств интерпретатора. Сущность научного метода - замена реального объекта его моделью. История как наука о прошлом, как знание о прошлом выступает как мыслительная конструкция, как умозрительная модель прошлого. ; Історія розглядається як знання про минуле. Розглядається проблема об'єкта історичної науки. Ставиться питання про «реальність» минулого, про співвідношення минулого і реальності, про можливість «науки про минуле» і можливість минулого бути об'єктом історичної науки. Розглядається взаємозв'язок між минулим і сьогоденням. Сучасність постає основою для пізнання минулого. Сучасність є точкою відліку, відбір і осмислення минулих подій завжди відбувається з точки зору сучасності.Будь-яке пізнання здійснюється за посередництвом знаків. Функція пізнання полягає в накладанні на світ мережі позначень. Вироблення нових знань розглядається як семіотичний процес. Поняття «реальність» і «знання» тісно пов'язані між собою. Знання не тільки описує реальність, воно також конструює її. Знання (в тому числі, історичне) культурно опосередковане.Історія як наука розуміється як продукування нових знань на базі переробки інформаційних масивів про минуле. Глибина розуміння в кінцевому рахунку залежить не стільки від інформації, скільки від властивостей інтерпретатора. Сутність наукового методу - заміна реального об'єкта його моделлю. Історія як наука про минуле, як знання про минуле постає як розумова конструкція, як умоглядна модель минулого.

This article presents the results of the study, the first of which was published in the previous issue of the journal (Epistemological studies in Philosophy, Social and Political Sciences, 2019, 2(2), 31-40). History is regarded as knowledge of the past. Considers the problem of the object of historical science. The question is about the "reality" of the past, the relationship between the past and reality, about the possibility of "the science of the past" and the challenges of the past to act as the object of historical science. Examines the relationship between past and present. The present is the basis for the knowledge of the past. Modernity is a point of reference, selection and interpretation of past events always occur from the point of view of modernity. Discusses the question of the relationship between everyday and scientific knowledge, of history and "historical memory". There are Parallels between everyday knowledge and historical memory. Historical memory is seen as a social construct, not even knowledge, but a kind of symbol, the base identity of a social group, a sign of the difference between "their" and "strangers". The scientific study of the past linked to the problematization of "obvious" in everyday knowledge, in the "historical memory". All knowledge is carried out through signs. The function of cognition consists in the superimposition of the world network of signs. To develop new knowledge is seen as a semiotic process. The concepts of "reality" and "knowledge" are closely connected with each other. Knowledge not only describes reality, it also constructs it. Knowledge (including historical) culturally mediated. The history of science is understood as the production of new knowledge on the basis of processing of information arrays about the past. Depth of understanding ultimately depends not so much on information as to the properties of the interpreter. The essence of the scientific method is the replacement of a real object with its model. History as a science of the past, as knowledge of the past acts as a mental construct, as a speculative model of the past. There is a possibility of instrumentalization of history. Historical knowledge included in the system of political and legal argumentation. Various political forces often consider history only as a means to validate and justify their current policy. ; Данная статья представляет результы исследования, первая часть которого опубликована в предыдущем номере журнала (Epistemological studies in Philosophy, Social and Political Sciences, 2019, 2 (2), 31-40). История рассматривается как знание о прошлом. Рассматривается проблема объекта исторической науки. Ставится вопрос о «реальности» прошлого, о соотношении прошлого и реальности, о возможности «науки о прошлом» и возможность прошлого быть объектом исторической науки. Рассматривается взаимосвязь между прошлым и настоящим. Современность выступает основой для познания прошлого. Современность является точкой отсчета, отбор и осмысление прошлых событий всегда происходит с точки зрения современности. Любое познание осуществляется посредством знаков. Функция познания состоит в накладывании на мир сети обозначений. Выработка новых знаний рассматривается как семиотический процесс. Понятие «реальность» и «знание» тесно связаны между собой. Знания не только описывает реальность, оно также конструирует ее. Знание (в том числе, историческое) культурно обусловлено. История как наука понимается как продуцирование новых знаний на базе переработки информационных массивов о прошлом. Глубина понимания в конечном счете зависит не столько от информации, сколько от свойств интерпретатора. Сущность научного метода - замена реального объекта его моделью. История как наука о прошлом, как знания о прошлом предстает как умственная конструкция, как умозрительная модель прошлого. ; Дана стаття презентує результи дослідження, першу частину якого опубліковано у попередньому номері журналу (Epistemological studies in Philosophy, Social and Political Sciences, 2019, 2(2), 31-40).Історія розглядається як знання про минуле. Розглядається проблема об'єкта історичної науки. Ставиться питання про «реальність» минулого, про співвідношення минулого і реальності, про можливість «науки про минуле» і можливість минулого бути об'єктом історичної науки. Розглядається взаємозв'язок між минулим і сьогоденням. Сучасність постає основою для пізнання минулого. Сучасність є точкою відліку, відбір і осмислення минулих подій завжди відбувається з пгляду сучасності. Будь-яке пізнання здійснюється за посередництвом знаків. Функція пізнання полягає в накладанні на світ мережі позначень. Вироблення нових знань розглядається як семіотичний процес. Поняття «реальність» і «знання» тісно пов'язані між собою. Знання не тільки описує реальність, воно також конструює її. Знання (в тому числі, історичне) культурно обумовлене. Історія як наука розуміється як продукування нових знань на базі переробки інформаційних масивів про минуле. Глибина розуміння в кінцевому рахунку залежить не стільки від інформації, скільки від властивостей інтерпретатора. Сутність наукового методу - заміна реального об'єкта його моделлю. Історія як наука про минуле, як знання про минуле постає як розумова конструкція, як умоглядна модель минулого.

Mark Meerovich proposed a model of Soviet history of architecture and town-planning based on the principles of Georgy Petrovich Shchedrovitsky's activity theory. Georgy Petrovich's students used these principles as a baseline for articulation of the issue and handling of the situation. That is why the analysis of the Soviet housing legislation, which defines the character of solutions and the activity on different levels, enabled Mark Meerovich to see architectural and town-planning problems from another point of view. He formulated a holistic concept of Soviet principles of settlement, explained the reason of the failure of the idea of the garden city in the USSR and showed the principles of arrangement of "socialist cities", described the phenomena of "labour and household teams" and communal housing, and demonstrated the Soviet mechanisms of people management. Meerovich introduced for scientific use a lot of unknown materials concerning the activity of prominent Soviet and foreign architects of Stalin's era. ; Марк Меерович предложил модель советской истории архитектуры и градостроительства, выстроенную по принципам теории деятельности Георгия Петровича Щедровицкого. Принцип деятельности для учеников ГП был исходным для постановки проблем и ориентации в ситуации. Именно поэтому анализ советского жилищного законодательства, определяющего характер принимаемых решений и деятельности на разных уровнях, дал ему возможность выстроить целостную концепцию советских принципов расселения, объяснил провал идеи города-сада в СССР, показал принципы организации «соцгородов», описал феномены «трудо-бытовых коллективов» и коммунального жилья, а также показал советские механизмы управления людьми. Меерович ввел в научный оборот огромное количество неизвестных материалов, касающихся деятельности выдающихся советских и иностранных архитекторов сталинской эпохи.

The article examines the main tendencies of the memorial policy of the Russian autocracy, aimed at legitimizing the special status of the bearers of the supreme state power in the political system of the Russian Empire. On the basis of sources of law of a legislative nature and other official legal texts, the political and legal potential of coronation strategies of the period of formation and development of the imperial state legal system is revealed. According to the author, one of the key directions of the legal policy of the time under study was the legitimization of the super-class image of the autocratic monarch as the only guarantor of national state unity. In the conditions of a long absence of legislative support for the legal status of ruling persons, the appeal to visual-mnemonic means of influencing the mass legal consciousness was distinguished by the continuity of ideas and images, received legal support and, in general, was considered by the ruling elite as a means of strengthening the authoritarian model of relations of citizenship. ; В статье рассматриваются основные тенденции мемориальной политики российского самодержавия, нацеленные на легитимацию особого статуса носителей верховной государственной власти в политической системе Российской империи. На основе источников права законодательного характера и иных официальных юридических текстов выявляется политико-юридический потенциал коронационных стратегий периода становления и развития имперской государственно-правовой системы. По мнению автора, одним из ключевых направлений юридической политики исследуемого времени стала легитимация надсословного имиджа самодержавного монарха как единственного гаранта общенационального государственного единства. В условиях длительного отсутствия законодательного обеспечения правового статуса правящих лиц обращение к визуально-мнемоническим средствам воздействия на массовое правосознание отличалось преемственностью идей и образов, получало юридическое сопровождение и, в целом, рассматривалось правящей элитой как средство укрепления авторитарной модели отношений подданства.

W artykule omówiono główne mechanizmy manipulacji kulturą pamięci obserwowane w donieckich środkach masowego przekazu od marca do sierpnia 2014 roku. Problem kultury pamięci rozpatrywany jest przez autorkę w powiązaniu z pojęciami i zjawiskami pozostającymi aktualnie w kręgu zainteresowania europejskiej i amerykańskiej humanistyki, takimi jak przemysł pamięci, dług pamięci, nadużycia pamięci, pułapki niepamięci, kult bohaterów i ofiar, pamięć jako narkotyk społeczny. Praca uwzględnia także związek między kulturą pamięci a – relatywnie nowym w teorii masowej komunikacji – terminem mediapolis. Przegląd materiału prasowego zamieszczonego w pismach "Donetskije novosti" ("Донецкие новости") oraz "Munitsipalnaja gazeta" ("Муниципальная газета") – wydawnictwach, tworzących od niemal 20 lat mediapolis Doniecka – wskazuje na celowe stosowanie rozmaitych mechanizmów, technik i modeli przemysłu pamięci dla formowania nastrojów, poglądów i zachowania odbiorców. Przez odwołania do wydarzeń II wojny światowej, faszystowskiej okupacji Donbasu, a także sowieckiego epizodu w historii regionu tytuły te nie pokazują grozy, tragizmu, złożoności tego okresu, ale budują kult "chwalebnej przeszłości", jej bohaterów i triumfatorów. Odbywa się to kosztem marginalizacji pamięci o ofiarach, kombatantach wojennych, tragediach i stratach społecznych oraz osobistych czy katastrofie geopolitycznej, prowadząc do rozniecania przejaskrawionych uczuć patriotycznych wśród czytelników. To z kolei przyczyniło się do nasilenia społecznego chaosu i potrzeby militarnej konfrontacji, a w rezultacie – porzucenia myśli o pokojowym rozwiązaniu konfliktu w Donbasie. ; The article discusses the main mechanisms of memory culture manipulation, observed in the Donetsk mass media from March to August 2014. The problem of the culture of remembrance is considered by the author in connection with the concepts and phenomena that are currently of interest to the European and American humanities, such as the memory industry, memory debt, memory abuse, oblivion traps, the cult of heroes and victims, memory as a drug social. The work also takes into account the relationship between the culture of memory and the term mediapolis, which is relatively new in the theory of mass communication. The review of the press material in the magazines "Donetskije novosti" ("Донецкие новости") and "Munitsipalnaja gazeta" ("Муниципальная газета") – publications, which have been creating various media, technical and various mechanisms for almost 20 years, indicate models of the memory industry for the formation of moods, views and behavior of recipients. By referring to the events of World War II, the fascist occupation of Donbas, as well as the Soviet episode in the history of the region, these titles do not show the horror, tragedy, and complexity of this period, but build the cult of the "glorious past", its heroes and triumphs. This takes place at the cost of marginalizing the memory of the victims, war veterans, tragedies and social and personal losses, or a geopolitical catastrophe, leading to an increase in over-glaring patriotic feelings among readers. This, in turn, contributed to the intensification of social chaos and the need for military confrontation, and, as a result, abandoning the idea of a peaceful solution to the conflict in Donbas.

Актуальность исследования предопределена рядом фактологических событий, происходящих в российском обществе (например, открытие в 2016 г. в г. Орле памятника Ивану Грозному) и свидетельствующих о запросе на переосмыслении роли ряда исторических фигур. В целом этого говорит о «подвижности» социальной памяти и напрямую влияет на формирование тенденций развития общества. Цель исследования связана с изучением психобиографий выдающихся представителей отечественной культуры, что создает возможности по-новому оценить исторические уроки их деятельности. К известным личностям нашей истории следует отнести Ивана Грозного, заложившего основы имперского, самодержавного типа правления, что предопределило вектор развития российской власти на столетия вперед. Психоисторические и психоаналитические методы изучения взаимодействия человека с его индивидуальным и социальным прошлым, бытовым и официальным окружением позволили автору обозначить совокупность ведущих психоисторических факторов биографии Ивана Грозного как его персональный миф. В результате выявлена структура мифа, представленная: 1) комплексом наиболее значимых личностей, оказавших влияние на мировоззрение и поступки царя; 2) актуальными идеями, определившими содержание духовной жизни страны в XVI в.; 3) важнейшими историческими событиями с непосредственным участием царя. Ментальный каркас мифа Ивана Грозного образован внутренним архетипическим диалогом между Матерью (Еленой Глинской), Вечной Возлюбленной (Анастасией Захарьиной-Юрьевой) и Отцом (Иваном III). К ним примыкают мамка Аграфена Челяднина и князь Иван Телепнев-Оболенский. Деструктивные черты Отца формируются под влиянием Ивана Шуйского. Духовные черты образа Отца сформированы под влиянием митрополита Макария, Сильвестра и митрополита Филиппа II. Однако комплекс «предателей» существенно деформирует архетипический образ Отца и сублимируется царем в комплексе мессианизма. В этот автократический период жизни Ивана IV и формируется классическая имперская модель московского самодержавия. ; The relevance of the study is predetermined by a number of factual events taking place in Russian society (for example, the opening of the monument to Ivan the Terrible in 2016 in Orel). It also testifies to the social request to rethink the role of a number of historical figures. It says «mobility» of social memory and has a direct impact on the trends in the development of society. The aim of the research is related to the study of psychobiographies of prominent representatives of national culture, that makes it possible to reevaluate the historical lessons of their activities. Ivan the Terrible is a well-known personality in Russian history. He laid the foundations of the Imperial, autocratic type of government, which predetermined the vector of development of Russian power for centuries to come. Psychohistorical and psychoanalytic methods of studying the interaction of a person with his individual and social past, household and official environment have allowed the author to designate set of the leading psychohistorical factors of the biography of Ivan the Terrible as his personal myth. Its structure is presented by: 1) a complex of the most significant personalities, which influence on the attitudes and actions of the tsar; 2) the current ideas determining the content of the spiritual life of the country in the XVI century; 3) major historical events with the direct participation of the tsar. Mental frame of the myth of Ivan the Terrible was formed by the inner archetypal dialogue between a Mother (Elena Glinskaya), Eternal Lover (Anastasia Zakharina-Yurieva) and Father (Ivan III). They are joined by nurse Agraphena Celadrin and Prince Ivan Telepnev-Obolensky.

Abstract. The article analyzes the possibilities of applying the model of "Metahistory" by H. White to analyze the social conditions of historical responsibility. The author briefly presents his interpretation of historical responsibility, then, based on the ideas of P. Bourdieu and M. Foucault. substantiates the ability of the narrative to determine social practices. Showing the rhetorical techniques used by actors of memory politics and public activists, the author shows that White's views can be applied not only to the analysis of historical texts, but also to the historical memory of historical responsibility. ; В статье рассматриваются возможности применения модели «Метаистории» Х. Уайта для анализа социальных условий исторической ответственности. Автор кратко представляет свою интерпретацию исторической ответственности, затем, с опорой на идеи П. Бурдье и М. Фуко, обосновывает способность нарратива определять социальные практики. Демонстрируя риторические приемы, используемые акторами политики памяти и общественными активистами, автор показывает, что взгляды Уайта можно применить для анализа не только исторических текстов, но и исторической памяти, исторической ответственности.

The object of this master thesis is contemporary museum communication and representation. The goal of the thesis – to study the features of communication and identify perspective approaches to representation in the activities of contemporary Jewish museums in Central and Eastern Europe by the case of the Jewish Museum Berlin and the Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center in Moscow, as well as to develop recommendations for the Museum of Jewish History and Culture of Belarus. Main tasks of the thesis: to consider the essential characteristics of museum communication, its structure, the concept of strategies; to develop the author's methodology of contemporary museum communication strategies research for further study of selected cases; to conduct a methodological analysis of the case of the Jewish Museum Berlin; to conduct a methodological analysis of the case of the Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center in Moscow; to reveal the problems of the development of Jewish heritage in Belarus in the context of the country's politics of memory; to identify perspective communication strategies and representation approaches for the Museum of Jewish History and Culture of Belarus. The usage of such methods as a theoretical analysis, description, case study, field observation, expert online interview, focus group, synthesis and generalization led to a conclusion that emerging in the 60s of the XX century, the theory of museum communication is actively developing during the 1960s – 1990s, radically transforming the face of the museum. It becomes a cultural institution in which its two most important functions harmoniously coexist – storage and communication. However, henceforth the emphasis in museum activity is placed on mutual dialogical relations with its visitor, which are realized through the museum exhibition. The development receives the museum exhibition designing, which has the goal of helping to uncover the meanings laid down in the exhibition, as well as sociological and psychological researches that help the museum to better understand its audiences. Museum communication, as a result, becomes one of the most important theoretical aspects of museology as an independent scientific discipline, determining the perspective of its evolution to this day. The variety of communication processes of the contemporary museum is a set of tools for the implementation of cultural communication, and the principles of their development are nothing else than strategies for the museum's communication processes designed to construct specific working methods. Understanding the specifics of the communication processes of the contemporary museum made it possible to develop on the basis of the communication model of H. D. Lasswell an author's methodology, which was subsequently used to analyze the cases of the Jewish Museum Berlin and the Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center in Moscow. According to the results of the study, was determined the role of these museums as the agents of the historical and cultural policies of their states – Germany and Russia, acting as tools aimed at solving the urgent problems of a particular society. For Germany – overcoming the country's difficult national-socialist past, and for Russia – determining the problem of maintaining the unity of society in the ethnocultural diversity of a multinational state. Being aimed at such tasks, communication of both museums was physically expressed in costly but well-designed representational solutions, the specificity of which is in the need to conduct a dialogue with an audience that has low knowledge in the field of Jewish history and culture, as well as the complexity of the problematics of museums. Based on the conclusion about the significant role of state historical and cultural policies in the activities of the contemporary Jewish museum in Central and Eastern Europe, it was decided to conduct an in-depth analysis of the features of the politics of memory in Belarus, according to which it became known that in the context of the problematic processes of independence in Belarus, attention of the state turns to consolidation of the nation, which pushes into the background the need to preserve the memory of its ethnocultural communities. Thus, the preservation of the Jewish heritage of Belarus is an "external" problem in relation to the national discourse of the state, remaining on the periphery of its memory practices. These trends have a direct impact on the activities of the Museum of Jewish History and Culture of Belarus, forming a field of interconnected problems around it, which was identified through the study of the museum's case on the basis of the previously developed methodology. From the standpoint of identified problems in the development of the Museum of Jewish History and Culture of Belarus, as well as the results of the whole study, was made an attempt to identify perspective communication strategies and approaches to representations of the Museum of Jewish History and Culture of Belarus that are recommendatory by their nature.

The object of this master thesis is contemporary museum communication and representation. The goal of the thesis – to study the features of communication and identify perspective approaches to representation in the activities of contemporary Jewish museums in Central and Eastern Europe by the case of the Jewish Museum Berlin and the Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center in Moscow, as well as to develop recommendations for the Museum of Jewish History and Culture of Belarus. Main tasks of the thesis: to consider the essential characteristics of museum communication, its structure, the concept of strategies; to develop the author's methodology of contemporary museum communication strategies research for further study of selected cases; to conduct a methodological analysis of the case of the Jewish Museum Berlin; to conduct a methodological analysis of the case of the Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center in Moscow; to reveal the problems of the development of Jewish heritage in Belarus in the context of the country's politics of memory; to identify perspective communication strategies and representation approaches for the Museum of Jewish History and Culture of Belarus. The usage of such methods as a theoretical analysis, description, case study, field observation, expert online interview, focus group, synthesis and generalization led to a conclusion that emerging in the 60s of the XX century, the theory of museum communication is actively developing during the 1960s – 1990s, radically transforming the face of the museum. It becomes a cultural institution in which its two most important functions harmoniously coexist – storage and communication. However, henceforth the emphasis in museum activity is placed on mutual dialogical relations with its visitor, which are realized through the museum exhibition. The development receives the museum exhibition designing, which has the goal of helping to uncover the meanings laid down in the exhibition, as well as sociological and psychological researches that help the museum to better understand its audiences. Museum communication, as a result, becomes one of the most important theoretical aspects of museology as an independent scientific discipline, determining the perspective of its evolution to this day. The variety of communication processes of the contemporary museum is a set of tools for the implementation of cultural communication, and the principles of their development are nothing else than strategies for the museum's communication processes designed to construct specific working methods. Understanding the specifics of the communication processes of the contemporary museum made it possible to develop on the basis of the communication model of H. D. Lasswell an author's methodology, which was subsequently used to analyze the cases of the Jewish Museum Berlin and the Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center in Moscow. According to the results of the study, was determined the role of these museums as the agents of the historical and cultural policies of their states – Germany and Russia, acting as tools aimed at solving the urgent problems of a particular society. For Germany – overcoming the country's difficult national-socialist past, and for Russia – determining the problem of maintaining the unity of society in the ethnocultural diversity of a multinational state. Being aimed at such tasks, communication of both museums was physically expressed in costly but well-designed representational solutions, the specificity of which is in the need to conduct a dialogue with an audience that has low knowledge in the field of Jewish history and culture, as well as the complexity of the problematics of museums. Based on the conclusion about the significant role of state historical and cultural policies in the activities of the contemporary Jewish museum in Central and Eastern Europe, it was decided to conduct an in-depth analysis of the features of the politics of memory in Belarus, according to which it became known that in the context of the problematic processes of independence in Belarus, attention of the state turns to consolidation of the nation, which pushes into the background the need to preserve the memory of its ethnocultural communities. Thus, the preservation of the Jewish heritage of Belarus is an "external" problem in relation to the national discourse of the state, remaining on the periphery of its memory practices. These trends have a direct impact on the activities of the Museum of Jewish History and Culture of Belarus, forming a field of interconnected problems around it, which was identified through the study of the museum's case on the basis of the previously developed methodology. From the standpoint of identified problems in the development of the Museum of Jewish History and Culture of Belarus, as well as the results of the whole study, was made an attempt to identify perspective communication strategies and approaches to representations of the Museum of Jewish History and Culture of Belarus that are recommendatory by their nature.