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This paper presents a methodology for flood risk mapping as envisaged by the Directive on the Assessment and Management of Flood Risks [European Parliament 2007]. Specifically, we aimed at identifying the types of flood damage that can be estimated given data availability in Lithuania. Furthermore, we present the main sources of data for and the associated cost functions. The methodology covers the following main types of flood damage: risk to inhabitants, risk to economic activity, and social risk. A multi-criteria framework for aggregation of different risks is proposed to provide a comprehensive appraisal of flood risk. On the basis of the proposed research, flood risk maps have been prepared for Lithuania. These maps are available for each type of flood risk (i. e. inhabitants, economic losses, social risk) as well as for aggregate risk. The results indicate that flood risk management is crucial for western and central Lithuania, whereas other parts of the country are not likely to suffer from significant losses due to flooding.

This paper presents a methodology for flood risk mapping as envisaged by the Directive on the Assessment and Management of Flood Risks [European Parliament 2007]. Specifically, we aimed at identifying the types of flood damage that can be estimated given data availability in Lithuania. Furthermore, we present the main sources of data for and the associated cost functions. The methodology covers the following main types of flood damage: risk to inhabitants, risk to economic activity, and social risk. A multi-criteria framework for aggregation of different risks is proposed to provide a comprehensive appraisal of flood risk. On the basis of the proposed research, flood risk maps have been prepared for Lithuania. These maps are available for each type of flood risk (i. e. inhabitants, economic losses, social risk) as well as for aggregate risk. The results indicate that flood risk management is crucial for western and central Lithuania, whereas other parts of the country are not likely to suffer from significant losses due to flooding.

Parliamentary system was adopted by the most of the modern democracies. It occurs where the principle of government's responsibility to parliament is respected. This principle is the basis of parliamentary government and a common feature of the largest group of democratic countries. In comparing these countries, one should also pay attention to the differences between them. They concern both constitutional norms and political practice. This implies that there is no single model of parliamentarism; on the contrary, there are many variations of it. In this situation, there is an objective need to organize a set of parliamentary systems. The paper presents examples of different analytical procedures such as dichotomy, classification and typology. The author concludes that the most useful of these instruments is the typology, and it can arise only on the basis of extensive classification of parliamentary systems. The creation of such a classification would require broad historical-comparative research. ; System parlamentarny funkcjonuje w większości współczesnych państw demokratycznych. Występuje on tam, gdzie respektuje się zasadę odpowiedzialności politycznej rządu przed parlamentem, która stanowi istotę rządów parlamentarnych i cechę wspólną najliczniejszej grupy państw demokratycznych. Porównując te państwa ze sobą, trzeba też zwrócić uwagę na występujące między nimi różnice. Dotyczą one zarówno unormowań konstytucyjnych, jak i praktyki politycznej. To powoduje, że nie ma jednego modelu parlamentaryzmu, przeciwnie – występuje wiele jego odmian. W tej sytuacji istnieje obiektywna potrzeba wewnętrznego uporządkowania zbioru systemów parlamentarnych. W artykule zaprezentowano przykłady zastosowania różnych zabiegów systematyzujących, takich jak dychotomia, klasyfikacja czy typologia. Autor dochodzi do wniosku, że najbardziej użytecznym z tych instrumentów jest typologia, a może ona powstać tylko na podstawie rozbudowanej klasyfikacji systemów parlamentarnych. Stworzenie takiej klasyfikacji wymagałoby przeprowadzenia szeroko zakrojonych badań historyczno-porównawczych.