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Diaspora philanthropy has increasingly become a visible resource of nations from the South, next only to the more widespread money transfers from members of diasporic communities in the first world. The discourse of transnational giving is shaped by the liberal philosophy that has always accompanied solidarity through philanthropy, which sidelines questions of the unevenness of giving, political accountability, and the role of the state in regulating and transforming resource transfers into profitable investment. I argue in this paper that the problematic operations wherein benevolence rendered are manifested in covert gendered techniques. The yearly Sydney Fiesta Cultura's Miss Philippines-Australia exemplifies the solid links between gender and the political economy of giving. What renders this otherwise 'ordinary' beauty contest as more contentious than other forms of generating funds for philanthropy are the specificities of Filipino-Australian migration: the transnational movement of sexual labour that hyperfeminised the community like no other in Australia. The fiesta, not unlike other expressions of cultural production that attempt to conceal this sexualised past, nonetheless raises the spectre of the 'mail-order bride' whose migration 'built' the community, an assertion that meets opposition from the middle class, professional and mestizo migrants from the Philippines. However, the processes that the fiesta puts into place in facilitating diaspora philanthropy are reliant on women's labour, thus revealing the intersections of the community's past and present. This overlooked facet also hints at the philanthropy engendered within diasporic formations as distinct and conditioned by the migrant history that has shaped these communities.

Brain drain has long been a common concern for migrant-sending countries, particularly for small countries where high-skilled emigration rates are highest. However, while economic theory suggests a number of possible benefits, in addition to costs, from skilled emigration, the evidence base on many of these is very limited. Moreover, the lessons from case studies of benefits to China and India from skilled emigration may not be relevant to much smaller countries. This paper presents the results of innovative surveys which tracked academic high-achievers from five countries to wherever they moved in the world in order to directly measure at the micro level the channels through which high-skilled emigration affects the sending country. The results show that there are very high levels of emigration and of return migration among the very highly skilled; the income gains to the best and brightest from migrating are very large, and an order of magnitude or more greater than any other effect; there are large benefits from migration in terms of postgraduate education; most high-skilled migrants from poorer countries send remittances; but that involvement in trade and foreign direct investment is a rare occurrence. There is considerable knowledge flow from both current and return migrants about job and study opportunities abroad, but little net knowledge sharing from current migrants to home country governments or businesses. Finally, the fiscal costs vary considerably across countries, and depend on the extent to which governments rely on progressive income taxation.

Postwar Mediterranean migration to the city of Ghent -- Integration processes of immigrants in the local labour market and the workplace -- Immigrant workers' relations with colleagues and employers -- Integration processes of immigrants in the local housing market and the neighbourhood -- Immigrants' social relations with neighbours -- Quantitative appendix -- List of interviews

This cogent analysis of data on education and society from a variety of sources sets out to provide answers to scientific and policy questions on the quality of education and the way it relates to various forms of inequality in modern societies, particularly in Europe. The authors examine not only the well known cross-national PISA datasets, but also the European Social Survey and TIMSS, going further than many researchers by folding into their analyses economic, legal and historical factors. Most research up to now using the PISA data is restricted to educational research. Interesting as that educational question is, the chapters here use the PISA, and other data, to explore more profoundly the relationship between education and the various forms of inequality in European and other modern societies. The work comes from two different perspectives: one that looks at how the different characteristics of societies, their economies, and their educational systems influence the average educational achievements of specific groups of pupils, such as immigrants, in those societies, and a second, which explores how, and in what degree, the characteristics of schools, educational systems and labour-markets either hardens or softens differences in the educational outcomes of various groups of pupils. With a special feature of the book being its emphasis on comparing Asian and European countries, and with the content free of the political constraints that can often attend studies of these datasets, this book will be an vital resource for educationalists and policy-makers alike. TOC:From the contents 1. The Gordian Knot between Quality and Inequality of Education. A Cross-National Attempt to Unravelling. 2. Institutional arrangements and educational outcomes. 3. Migration and educational inequality. 4. Education in Europe Asia: analogies and differences. 5. Features of Educational Systems as Factors in the Creation of Unequal Educational Outcomes.

In this short essay, the focus is on social and political aspects of forced migration. It is argued that policies designed to restrict access to developed countries have, rather like the American "prohibition", produced a thriving criminal market for smugglers, in this case of people. Making travel more difficult increases both their profits and the sophistication of their methods. Provision of targeted, properly controlled, support for refugees in countriesneighbouring conflict zones might help to reduce the pressure on travel to Europe and could be both more successful and more humanitarian. For those who do reach developed countries, there is scope to improve the legal decision-making process. Psychologicalinput should include scientific investigation of legal assumptions, and the provision of relevant expert literature reviews, for exampleconcerning modern knowledge of memory. Trust is the first casualty of repressive violence, and mistrust among opposition groups is probably one of the key mechanisms of its success. We need to make sure that we do not provide further grounds for this sort of reaction. Although there is no brave or new world ahead, we must continue to confront ignorance and prejudice, as we seek to avoid more humanitarian disasters. It is now just over thirty years since we published a potential framework for understanding how survivors of organised state violence react to complex and severe trauma (Turner & Gorst-Unsworth, 1990). We argued that no single psychological process underpins the reactions to this experience, and therefore, there can be no unitary torture syndrome, but rather a series of understandable psychological pathways activated to varying degrees by different experiences, leading to diversity of emotional response, with implications for recovery and treatment. We also asked family doctors about health needs of refugees (Ramsay & Turner, 1993), and it is wonderful to see how the evidence on treatment options has developed since then, especially in recent years. In ...

In this short essay, the focus is on social and political aspects of forced migration. It is argued that policies designed to restrict access to developed countries have, rather like the American "prohibition", produced a thriving criminal market for smugglers, in this case of people. Making travel more difficult increases both their profits and the sophistication of their methods. Provision of targeted, properly controlled, support for refugees in countriesneighbouring conflict zones might help to reduce the pressure on travel to Europe and could be both more successful and more humanitarian. For those who do reach developed countries, there is scope to improve the legal decision-making process. Psychologicalinput should include scientific investigation of legal assumptions, and the provision of relevant expert literature reviews, for exampleconcerning modern knowledge of memory. Trust is the first casualty of repressive violence, and mistrust among opposition groups is probably one of the key mechanisms of its success. We need to make sure that we do not provide further grounds for this sort of reaction. Although there is no brave or new world ahead, we must continue to confront ignorance and prejudice, as we seek to avoid more humanitarian disasters. It is now just over thirty years since we published a potential framework for understanding how survivors of organised state violence react to complex and severe trauma (Turner & Gorst-Unsworth, 1990). We argued that no single psychological process underpins the reactions to this experience, and therefore, there can be no unitary torture syndrome, but rather a series of understandable psychological pathways activated to varying degrees by different experiences, leading to diversity of emotional response, with implications for recovery and treatment. We also asked family doctors about health needs of refugees (Ramsay & Turner, 1993), and it is wonderful to see how the evidence on treatment options has developed since then, especially in recent years. In ...

This article demonstrates the dynamic relationship between long-term ethnicized silences, family secrets and nation-building in Central and Eastern Europe. How have modern nation-states been imagined and formed on the basis of these long-term silences? In order to illustrate what we believe could be the contribution to anthropology (principally to nationalism studies) enabled by introducing this analytical category of silences, in this research we will focus on a close analysis of the life story and identity journey of a self-identified "Slovak woman with Hungarian-Roma roots" who settled in the Czech Republic in 2009. Through this ethnographic example, and in an attempt to go beyond particularities, some of the themes covered are: what meanings, uses and processes of silences can we find in Slovakia, and what is their relationship to the construction of minorities and to an ethno-cultural model of nation-building (an imagined community)? In which domains and under which power relationships have long-term silences and hidden family secrets prevailed in everyday life? To what extent have those silence frameworks been negotiated and used as intergenerational strategies of family unity and protection? And finally, within the context of migration and the complex processes of Europeanization and globalization, how have those long-term, in this case "shamed", ethnicized Roma silences been contested and broken, and what is the meaning of this development (at micro and macro levels)? In other words, for nation-states that have long been imagined on the principle of ethno-cultural homogeneity, I ask what can long-term ethnicized silences tell us about the process of nation-building (from the bottom up) and the quality of our EU democracies? Where do we come from, where are we now and, at least in terms of a warning (due to the rise of xenophobic forms of populism and radical nationalism), where are we going? ; 24 cm ; This article demonstrates the dynamic relationship between long-term ethnicized silences, family secrets ...

The report explores the impact of the recent migration flows on the asylum and international protection regimes in Italy during the years 2011-2017 and also seeks to identify some best practices and policy recommendations. Through empirical evidence, statistics, expert interviews, discourse analysis and an overview of academic literature, the report examines the response of the Italian authorities to the growing number of applications for international protection (and therefore, the consequent growth of a strong anti-immigrant narrative). In particular, when comparing the legal framework and its effective implementation, the report stresses the existence of 3 different dimensions of the concept of protection in the Italian experience: - the constitutional dimension: at the top of the Italian system of the sources of law, Art.10, par. 3 of the Italian Constitution recognizes the right of asylum for every foreigner who, in his/her country, is denied the effective exercise of the democratic freedoms established by the Constitution itself; - the international and supranational dimension: for the purpose of implementing the Geneva Convention of 1951 as well as EU Law (inter alia, Art. 18 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Directive 2004/83/EC), Italian legislation introduced 2 forms of international protection: refugee and subsidiary protection (in particular, Legislative Decrees nos. 251/2007 and 142/2015); - the domestic legislative dimension: in addition to the types of protection deriving from international and supranational law, domestic legislation has introduced some specific forms of protection, and in particular humanitarian protection (Art. 5 of the Consolidated Act of provisions concerning immigration introduced humanitarian protection). In 2018, Decree-Law no. 113/2018 abolished the humanitarian protection. Currently, the art. 20 of the Consolidated Act identifies 7 cases in which a national temporary permit to stay could be issued for specific reasons.

*Arş. Gör. Melih SEVER Suleyman Demirel University Faculty ; Turkey, as both a destination and a transit country for sex trafficking, is exposed to growing problems due to its geographical location. Recent migrant influx from war-torn neighboring countries such as Syria and Iraq is resulting in enormous numbers of potential sex trafficking victims. Although the Turkish state seems willing to combat the problem by increasing cooperation with international organizations and legal instruments, lack of commitment in implementation and inadequate funding are some of the problems faced by the state. In this study, it is argued that increasing efforts and cooperation with international organizations such as United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and International Organization for Migration (IOM) and reshaping the underlying socio-cultural factors that facilitate illegal sex work sector may assist the Turkish state's fight against this crime. However, Turkey's effort to combat trafficking will have little impact since the extensive nature of sex trafficking requires global, international action, which will address not only nation states but also international socio-economic problems. ; Türkiye kadın ticareti açısından hem geçiş hem de varış ülkesi olarak değerlendirilen coğrafi konumu nedeniyle artan oranda kadın ticaretine maruz kalmaktadır. Irak ve Suriye gibi savaşın etkilediği komşu ülkelerden gelen yoğun göçmen akışı potansiyel kadın ticareti mağdurlarının sayısını ciddi şekilde artırmaktadır. Türk devleti uluslararası örgütlerle yapılan proje ve çalışmalar ve yeni yasal düzenlemeler ile bazı adımlar atsa da yeterli maddi olanakların yaratılmaması ve kararlılığın gösterilmemesi karşılaşılan bazı sorunları oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin, Birleşmiş Milletler Suç ve Uyuşturucu Ofisi (UNODC) ve Uluslararası Göç Örgütü (IOM) gibi uluslararası örgütlerle bu mücadelesinde işbirliği içinde olması gerektiği ve yasadışı seks işçiliğini kolaylaştıran sosyo-kültürel etmenlerin göz önüne alınması gerekliliği tartışılmıştır. Öte yandan, insan kaçakçılığı ve kadın ticareti ile mücadelede sadece ulus devletlerin değil uluslararası kaçakçı ağlarının ve sosyo-ekonomik sorunların da göz önüne alındığı kapsamlı bir uluslararası müdahalenin şart olduğu vurgulanmaktadır.

This article focuses on the state of demographic transition in Ethiopia and describes the current situation of population growth as well as its ramifications in the fields of Maternal Health, HIV/AIDS, Education, Migration and Urbanization, Food Security, Security, and Gender. Approaches to tackle the challenges posed by demographic transition are portrayed featuring the response of the Ethiopian Government. The example used is Integrated Functional Adult Education (IFAE), implemented through an interdisciplinary and inter-ministerial strategy laid down in the Master Plan for Adult Education. Pilot experience in the field is displayed by the Integrated Women Empowerment Program (IWEP) to present possible changes on the ground. (DIPF/Orig.) ; Mit diesem Beitrag wird die demografische Entwicklung in Äthiopien und deren Auswirkungen auf unterschiedliche gesellschaftliche Felder, wie zum Beispiel Gesundheit, Sicherheit, Migration, Urbanisierung und Bildung beschrieben. Dabei wird in den Blick genommen, wie die äthiopische Regierung auf die damit verbundenen Herausforderungen im Bereich der Bildung reagiert. Diese Bemühungen werden durch die Darstellung von Integrated Functional Adult Education (IFAE) anhand des Integrated Women Empowerment Program (IWEP) illustriert. (DIPF/Orig.)

Berlin is increasingly emerging as a hub of Arab intellectual life in Europe. In this first study of Arab culture to zoom in on the thriving metropolis, the contributors shed light on the dynamics of transformation with Arabs as agents, subjects, and objects of change in the spheres of politics, society and history, gender, demographics and migration, media and culture, and education and research. The kaleidoscopic character of the collection, embracing academic articles, essays, interviews and photos, reflects critical encounters in Berlin. It brings together authors from inter- and multidisciplinary fields and backgrounds and invites the readers into a much-needed conversation on contemporary transformations.

This article analyses sanctuary initiatives intended to change the situation of 'irregularised residents'. Through fieldwork, three main activities are identified: assistance for welfare services, alternatives to inaccessible services, and inventing new ways of organising togetherness in the city. The role of activists in the initiatives links to discussions within Critical Human Rights literature, which emphasise the anti-institutionalist origins of rights. Yet, a complex interplay also plays out through co-current resistance against the state's migration policing and collaboration with city-level state agencies. Understanding this complex process is important to improving knowledge of both the politics of sanctuary and human rights.

The story of Israel's foundation has often been told from the perspective of Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel. Leaving Zion turns this historical narrative on its head, focusing on Jewish out-migration from Palestine and Israel between 1945 and the late 1950s. Based on previously unexamined primary sources collected from twenty-two archives in six countries, Ori Yehudai demonstrates that despite the dominant view that displaced Jews should settle in the Jewish homeland, many Jews instead saw the country as a site of displacement or a way-station to more desirable lands. Weaving together the perspectives of governments, aid organizations, Jewish communities and the personal stories of individual migrants, Yehudai brings to light the ideological, political and social tensions surrounding emigration. Covering events in the Middle East, Europe and the Americas, this study provides a fresh transnational perspective on the critical period surrounding the birth of Israel and the post-Holocaust reconstruction of the Jewish world.