The Military Dictatorship in Yugoslavia
In: Current History, Band 29, Heft 5, S. 867-871
ISSN: 1944-785X
In: Current History, Band 29, Heft 5, S. 867-871
ISSN: 1944-785X
In: American political science review, Band 23, Heft 2, S. 449-459
ISSN: 1537-5943
The coup d'état, so-called, which, on January 6, 1929, brought into being a new form of government and established a new type of constitutional régime in the kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, marked the end of exactly a decade of experimentation with the traditional principles of parliamentary government. That this "critical period" had not been an unqualified success is admitted by statesmen, diplomats, and politicians alike; that it was abruptly ended by the personal intervention of King Alexander and the supercession of the Vidov-dan constitution is equally a matter of fact. From Zagreb to Belgrade the passing of the political order which had obtained in the triune kingdom since 1918 has brought general rejoicing; outside the country, however, the queries have been raised: Is the change indicative of the future fate of all democracies, and have not the doctrines of fascism, of military dictatorship, of camarilla government, simply been transplanted to the Yugoslav capital from Rome and Madrid respectively?The situation is not to be understood merely by drawing hasty conclusions as to the prospective demise of democratic or parliamentary government everywhere, nor is it possible to speak, with any scientific accuracy, of the new régime in the Serb-Croat-Slovene state as a Balkan adaptation of the Italian and Iberian dictatorships. The occurrence of this constitutional change in the life of the Yugoslav people has its own distinctive raison d'être and does not flow from mere facile imitation of dictatorial practices in other countries.
In: American political science review, Band 15, Heft 2, S. 233-252
ISSN: 1537-5943
It is now nine years since the outbreak of the Chinese revolution. It is fifteen years since the Manchus attempted to maintain their control by introducing representative institutions into China. The development toward constitutional and representative government under the Manchus was checked in 1911 by the revolutionary movement. When the Chinese Republic was established as the successor to the alien Manchu Empire it was felt that the problem of modernizing China bade fair to be solved, and that in an orderly way her political institutions would be brought into harmony with western standards. Unfortunately that orderly progress has not come. Parliamentary government under the Nanking (provisional) Constitution was replaced by the dictatorship of Yuan Shih-kai under the arrangements of the so-called constitutional compact, which in turn was followed by the attempt to reëstablish the monarchy. The failure of the monarchy movement brought back parliamentary government, but before a permanent constitution could be adopted Parliament was again dissolved, and a government controlled by a military clique set up in its place. Since this military government was unacceptable to the southern provinces, the country became divided. So far it has not been possible for the country to reconcile its differences. Instead of an ordered constitutional progress, has come apparent failure in the effort to establish representative government. The name of a republic has been maintained, it is true, and the forms of constitutional government have been retained, but a permanent national government has not been set up, nor has popular government replaced the paternal despotism of the past.
Unsigned report on the reforms to the 1917 Constitution regarding oil matters and arguing that they threaten the American interests. Secret memorandum by James R. Sheffield, American Ambassador in Mexico, in which he informs of a military conspiracy against Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles and the establishment of a dictatorship comprised of Generals Eugenio Martínez, Juan Andrew Almazán, Marcelo Caraveo, Jesús Agustín Castro, Eulalio Gutiérrez, and José Alvarez. / Informe sin firmar en el que se comentan las reformas a la Constitución de 1917 en materia petrolera, aseverando que atentan contra los intereses norteamericanos. Memorándum secreto de James R. Sheffield, Embajador de Estados Unidos en México, en el que informa de un complot militar en contra del Gral. PEC por el cual se instaurará una dictadura militar compuesta por los generales Eugenio Martínez, Juan Andrew Almazán, Marcelo Caraveo, Jesús Agustín Castro, Eulalio Gutiérrez y José Alvarez.
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