Suchergebnisse

Over the past two decades, the relationship between China's civilian and military industrial sectors has been undergoing a major realignment brought on by the transformation of the country's economic and technological landscape. Whereas the defense sector had been the undisputed leader of Chinese industrial technology for most of the PRC's history, the predominantly non-state civilian economy has begun to catch up with and even surpass comparable military capabilities in many key areas since the 1990s. The Chinese leadership recognizes the enormous potential of the civilian sector for China's military modernization program, especially in light of the often disappointing results of various technology initiatives spearheaded by the state sector, despite massive investments. Serious efforts are now under way to facilitate the entry of non-state sector firms into the military market. However, many obstacles remain, of which the entrenched interests of the defense industry stands out.

Civil wars are far less likely to end in peace agreements than are international wars, and more than a third of civil wars restart within a few years. This may be due to the time-inconsistency of peace settlements in civil wars: once the rebels demobilize, they lose bargaining power and the government can renege on its promises. This makes rebels reluctant to stop fighting and quick to remobilize for a fight. A self-enforcing agreement could prevent this, but it is difficult to create such agreements. Recent efforts to structure self-enforcing agreements after civil wars have involved the integration of former rebels in a new national army. This solution should make unilateral defection from peace settlements more costly. This is an increasingly popular mechanism used in peace settlements, but it is not yet well understood. We do not know if it works or under what conditions it is likely to be used. This article provides the first systematic study of rebel—military integration agreements and considers if and how such agreements can help build peace. It also analyzes the conditions under which such agreements will be reached and implemented. The analysis suggests that rebel—military integration has not been an effective peacebuilding mechanism, but this is often due to poor implementation of the agreements.

'Der Grundgedanke europäischer Integration - dass Europa durch die Zusammenlegung von Ressourcen kosteneffektiver nach innen und wirkungsvoller nach außen handeln kann - hat den militärischen Sektor bisher nur oberflächlich berührt. Angesichts der Gleichzeitigkeit stagnierender oder rückläufiger Verteidigungshaushalte und zunehmender militärischer Engagements wird es für die EU immer dringlicher, neue Formen militärischer Verflechtung zu entwickeln. Die Studie untersucht bisherige Ansätze militärischer (nicht rüstungsindustrieller) Kooperation nach ihren Auswirkungen auf Einsatzfähigkeit in multinationalen Operationen, auf Kosteneinsparungen und auf die europäische militärische/ politische Integration und entwickelt weitergehende Ansätze. Alle gegenwärtigen kooperativen Ansätze verbessern die Einsatzfähigkeit. Selbst die militärisch gewichtigeren EU-Staaten können in der Regel erst durch die Zusammenführung nationaler Beiträge jene Gesamtfähigkeit erreichen, die für anspruchsvolle Operationen erforderlich ist. Integrierte multinationale Strukturen und Fähigkeiten erbringen erst dann nennenswerte Kosteneinsparungen, wenn nationale Strukturen und Fähigkeiten dadurch ersetzt oder reduziert werden. Die Bereitschaft, neue, integrative Ansätze zu verfolgen, die eine höhere Kosten- und Einsatzeffizienz bewirken, gleichzeitig aber auch die rein nationale Entscheidungs- und Handlungsfähigkeit begrenzen, ist zur Zeit bei den europäischen Staaten gering. Daher sind tiefgreifende Maßnahmen auf absehbare Zeit wenig realistisch. Für schrittweises Vorgehen, das an der Peripherie nationaler Souveränität beginnt, besteht eher eine Aussicht auf Realisierung, besonders dann, wenn nicht die EU-25, sondern einzelne Staaten eine stärkere militärische Integration wagen.' (Autorenreferat)

Book Review: Reviewed Book: Germuska, P.: Unified Military Industries of the Soviet Bloc. Hungary and the Division of Labour in Military Production. Lanham, MD & London: Lexington Books, 2015. ; Non peer reviewed

The post 9/11 environment has been characterized by domestic policy actors being incorporated into a globalizing defense industrial sector through the concept of civil-military integration. From administration to administration, the push for increased civil-military integration has spread beyond its original boundaries and has reached the frontlines of the American military. This begs the question, can the market-driven logic of the commercial sector be integrated into the objectives and values of the noncivilian, military sector? More precisely, is civil-military integration the appropriate solution to the post 9/11 strategic shift? The purpose of this study is not to address the detailed merits or limitations of the increased reliance on private contractors. Rather, this study's primary focus is to examine the policies that set into motion and continue to promote the cornerstone of civil-military integration: strategic outsourcing. This study argues that in today's threat environment, the extent of civil-military integration poses unique challenges for U.S. strategic policy. With contactors on the battlefield, basic doctrinal issues emerge. The most basic of these is the notion that in a war zone military members are asked to risk their lives for their country. But, while people are willing to risk their lives for their country, they may not be willing to risk their lives for their company.

The purpose of the research. The article considers the perspectives of the military integration of the European Union countries in the spheres of security and defense. The author defines the purposes and prerequisites of the integration in these spheres. The strategic documents of the EU such as the Security Strategy of 2003, the Global Strategy of 2016 and the Strategic Compass of 2022 are examined in this article. The article reveals the main features of the EU strategic autonomy and examines the parameters of the EU strategic culture in the field of security and defense. The author assesses the initiatives of the European Union in the field of further strengthening of the security and autonomy. The transformation of the Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) has been studied by the author. The Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) project was considered in detail as well as the contribution of the EU countries to this project. Conclusions. As a result of the study, the author concludes that European integration is in the process of qualitative changes that affect the formation of the system of collective security and defense. The EU is increasingly acting as a strength pole, and there is a strategic shift from traditional "soft power" to "hard power". Under the pressure of external factors and due to the efforts of the major powers of the region, it is possible to achieve the goal of strategic autonomy in the field of security and defense. The EU is becoming a serious actor not only of the regional but also the global security.

Die Arbeit beinhaltet im Kern einen Maßnahmenkatalog für eine umfassende Militärreform der irakischen Streitkräfte sowie Empfehlungen zur Verbesserung der militärischen Integration.