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Les relations entre civils et militaires en Turquie ont traversé récemment une période de transformation radicale. Le rôle dominant de l'armée turque dans la politique depuis 1960, par ses interventions directes et indirectes, ainsi qu'au travers de mécanismes institutionnels et non-institutionnels, a considérablement diminué. À partir du début des réformes liées à l'adhésion européenne visant à démocratiser les relations civiles-militaires, puis d'une série d'enquêtes baptisées Ergenekon et Balyoz, dans lesquelles des officiers militaires ont été accusés de planifier des interventions visant à renverser le gouvernement actuel, l'armée a perdu à la fois ses prérogatives en politique et sa crédibilité aux yeux de l'opinion publique. Bien que les relations entre civils et militaires semblent aller dans un sens plus démocratique, en soumettant fortement l'armée au contrôle civil, il semble cependant que les civils ne traitent pas les forces armées de façon juste dans les enquêtes en cours. Par conséquent, en dépit de tous ces changements positifs, il n'est pas clair que la Turquie s'oriente vraiment vers une gouvernance plus démocratique des relations entre civils et militaires.

Le développement et la consolidation de la coopération énergétique entre l'Azerbaïdjan, la Géorgie et la Turquie (AGT) au cours des années 1990 et 2000 ont marqué le début d'une coopération trilatérale qui, depuis lors, s'est transformée en un partenariat stratégique dans divers domaines entre les trois pays. Le partenariat trilatéral a commencé s'institutionnaliser au début des années 2010 sous la forme de réunions annuelles des dirigeants et des ministres des Affaires étrangères des pays participants. Si, au départ, la coopération était principalement axée sur la préparation militaire pour protéger l'infrastructure de transport d'énergie dans les cas d'urgence, elle s'est progressivement élargie à d'autres domaines. Le document examine les éléments clés de la raison d'être du partenariat de défense trilatéral Azerbaïdjan-Géorgie-Turquie, les obstacles existants et les opportunités qui s'offrent à l'avenir. Il propose d'autres mesures envisageables visant à tirer parti des possibilités offertes par le partenariat trilatéral.

The French General Arms Delegation (GAD) deployed a new organizational strategy in 2005 that exemplifies the Delegation's ambition to maintain the continuity of its mission even in today's fluid military environment. The central items in this new strategy include a strengthened focus on coherence in the financial aspects concerning defense programs, continued technological advancement, reinforcement of plans in European military integration, development of the GAD's data systems, and development of a more dynamic human resources protocol. This article examines the GAD's organizational plans to increase its internal efficiency and become a central player in unified European military development.

European air forces today find themselves in the midst of a period of radical development taking place in tandem with the changing realities of international conflict. At the heart of this change, the French air force presents an advantageous lead on several fronts, including independence of technical production and accelerated capacity of operational practice. Having originated from French defense policy over the last forty years, these advantages place the French air force at the cutting edge of European military integration. This article explores how the French air defense model will come to play its part in future European military development.

Through examination of both the economic crisis and recent reluctance of European countries to commit themselves in security and defence matters, together with a close look at how European institutions might be better used, the authors call for renewed European effort towards military integration.

This article presents suggestions pertaining to demand patterns in the European arms market, at both a French- and European Union level. It is here proposed that a greater focus should be placed on uniformity of supply and demand so that a monopoly is avoided within the market. In addition, while the armament policy generally leads towards obtaining the best possible conditions for immediate use, this article argues that investment should be made in a technological and industrial defense base in order to establish long-term security. This base might then serve to establish EU cohesion where exportation of arms is concerned, as such exportation currently follows national standards rather than EU standards. A major challenge that lies ahead for European military integration is not only the practical integration of forces, but moreover the integration of a realistic vision for all member states that reflects shared interest rather than a varying degree of intensity that is dependent largely on national economic capacities. Some of the many challenges inherent in unifying the European arms market through a coherent set of policies are discussed here to illustrate a European defense policy that is at a crossroads between developing its internal framework while also facing American domination of the arms market.

The Privatization of Security and the Transformation of Conflicts by Sami Makki The increasing impact of new public management practices in the areas of defense and security through privatization and outsourcing has reduced the role of the State in managing security matters In the post-September environment US private military companies PMCs play major role in shaping and implementing the US defence policy for which they are being instrumental in waging asymmetric warfare abroad and in protecting the homeland As contributors to the US combat the PMCs are increasingly involved in support functions in expeditionary operations New security military and paramilitary actors have emerged to fill the gaps in internatio nal crisis response initiatives PMCs contribute to the privatization of peace opera tions and stimulate faster civil military integration by bluring traditionnal boundaries As they are involved in post-conflict security sector reform programs PMCs pro mote new security/military norms Transforming civilian actors becomes essential as the new US national military strategy plans for future integrated synchronized joint expeditionnary operations within US-led system of systems

The integration of various technologies, including computer and electronics, makes the nowadays designed systems increasingly complex. They have behaviors which are more elaborate and difficult to predict, they have a greater number of components in interaction and/or perform highest level functions. Parallel to this increasing complexity of these systems, the competitive of the global market imposes strong constraints of cost and time to the system developers. Other strong constraints deal with the quality of these systems, especially when they involve human risks or significant financial risks. Thus, developers are forced to adopt a rigorous design approach to meet the desired system requirements and satisfy the various constraints (cost, time, quality, dependability.). Several methodological approaches to guide the system design are defined through system engineering standards. Our work is based on the EIA-632 standard, which is widely used, especially in the aeronautical and military fields. It is to improve the systems engineering process described by the EIA-632, in order to incorporate a global and explicit consideration of dependability. Indeed, till now the dependability was achieved by reusing generic models after having studied and developed independently each function. So there was no specific consideration of the risks associated with the integration of several technologies. For this reason, we propose to concern ourselves with the dependability requirements at the global level and as early as possible in the development phase. Then, these requirements will be decline to lower levels. We based our approach on the processes of the EIA-632 standard that we expand. We also propose an original method for the declination of the dependability requirements based on fault trees and FMEAC, and an information model based on SysML in order to support our approach. An example from the aeronautical field illustrates our proposals. ; L'intégration de diverses technologies, notamment celles de l'informatique et ...

The integration of various technologies, including computer and electronics, makes the nowadays designed systems increasingly complex. They have behaviors which are more elaborate and difficult to predict, they have a greater number of components in interaction and/or perform highest level functions. Parallel to this increasing complexity of these systems, the competitive of the global market imposes strong constraints of cost and time to the system developers. Other strong constraints deal with the quality of these systems, especially when they involve human risks or significant financial risks. Thus, developers are forced to adopt a rigorous design approach to meet the desired system requirements and satisfy the various constraints (cost, time, quality, dependability.). Several methodological approaches to guide the system design are defined through system engineering standards. Our work is based on the EIA-632 standard, which is widely used, especially in the aeronautical and military fields. It is to improve the systems engineering process described by the EIA-632, in order to incorporate a global and explicit consideration of dependability. Indeed, till now the dependability was achieved by reusing generic models after having studied and developed independently each function. So there was no specific consideration of the risks associated with the integration of several technologies. For this reason, we propose to concern ourselves with the dependability requirements at the global level and as early as possible in the development phase. Then, these requirements will be decline to lower levels. We based our approach on the processes of the EIA-632 standard that we expand. We also propose an original method for the declination of the dependability requirements based on fault trees and FMEAC, and an information model based on SysML in order to support our approach. An example from the aeronautical field illustrates our proposals. ; L'intégration de diverses technologies, notamment celles de l'informatique et ...

The integration of various technologies, including computer and electronics, makes the nowadays designed systems increasingly complex. They have behaviors which are more elaborate and difficult to predict, they have a greater number of components in interaction and/or perform highest level functions. Parallel to this increasing complexity of these systems, the competitive of the global market imposes strong constraints of cost and time to the system developers. Other strong constraints deal with the quality of these systems, especially when they involve human risks or significant financial risks. Thus, developers are forced to adopt a rigorous design approach to meet the desired system requirements and satisfy the various constraints (cost, time, quality, dependability.). Several methodological approaches to guide the system design are defined through system engineering standards. Our work is based on the EIA-632 standard, which is widely used, especially in the aeronautical and military fields. It is to improve the systems engineering process described by the EIA-632, in order to incorporate a global and explicit consideration of dependability. Indeed, till now the dependability was achieved by reusing generic models after having studied and developed independently each function. So there was no specific consideration of the risks associated with the integration of several technologies. For this reason, we propose to concern ourselves with the dependability requirements at the global level and as early as possible in the development phase. Then, these requirements will be decline to lower levels. We based our approach on the processes of the EIA-632 standard that we expand. We also propose an original method for the declination of the dependability requirements based on fault trees and FMEAC, and an information model based on SysML in order to support our approach. An example from the aeronautical field illustrates our proposals. ; L'intégration de diverses technologies, notamment celles de l'informatique et ...

New versions of Safran Electronics & Defense optronic products such as infrared binoculars or firearm sights are endowed with more and more functionalities. This leads to a need in the improvement of the user interface of those systems. The integration of eye-gaze bases interaction modalities seems interesting because of the speed, the naturalness and the availability of the eye. The eye-gaze based interaction is already well developed for impaired people but is not a mature technology for healthy people yet. During active eye-based interactions, which are explicit input from the user, a problem named Midas Touch arises. It consists in the in the incapacity of the system to differentiate scene analysis and voluntary user input. This is because the eye is a sensory organ over all. To overcome this problem, several interaction modalities have been designed: Dwell Time uses for example a minimum gaze dwell duration to trigger input, but the fixation area may also be located near the item to activate (relocated Dwell Time). It is also possible to associate the eye with another input modality such as a press button to indicate the intent from the user (multimodality eye-button). Each of these modalities has pros and cons and cherry-picking the most suitable to a given situation is not trivial. Moreover, the performances of the interaction modalities seem dependent from external variables, which represents the context of an interaction modality. To integrate eye-based interaction in systems and to choose which modality to use, it is necessary to identify what are the context characteristics and how they affect the modalities. Our goal is to propose an interaction modality context model,; that is to define all the external characteristics affecting the modality performances. From a state of the art of the eye-based interaction, we propose a description of the context following four axes: the user, the task, the system and the environment. Each of these axes decomposed in characteristics whose influence is justified ...

Issues regarding public policies and territorial differentiation have risen as a result of three contemporary phenomena: sectorial structural adjustments and their corresponding territorial impacts; the rescaling of political authority; and the emergence of a variety of local governance models. This dissertation analyses the evolution of six cities, historically modelled by national defence policy, in light of recent defence policy reforms and the rise in local government competencies. The scope of the analysis covers six cities, three in France and three in Italy. The dissertation demonstrates the need to analyse locally-specific forms of national and local public intervention; and their reciprocal interactions; in order to understand urban and social evolutions. It develops a framework inspired by historical sociology of the State that conceptualizes the links between public policy and territorial structuring and integration. On one hand, territorial retrenchment of national defence policy varies accross cities, as a result of negotiations between central defence and financial administrations, and increasing local government lobbying of the central State. On the other hand, it illustrates the varying degrees to which local governments are capable of organising and managing public intervention; and can transform spaces which are historically structured by the State. This capacity hinges upon the nature of urban political agendas; the existing means of institutionalised collective action; as well as upon the ways in which the State operates in cities. The dissertation helps redefine central/local relations in the context of decentralization and budgetary constraints. ; Les restructurations sectorielles et leurs différents effets localisés, le réétalonnage des échelles de l'autorité politique, les modes de gouvernement propres à chaque ville soulèvent une question sur les recompositions de l'action publique et la différenciation territoriale. Cette recherche prend pour objet le changement des villes ...

Issues regarding local policies and territorial differentiation have risen as a result of three contemporary phenomena: sectorial structural adjustments and their corresponding territorial impacts; the rescaling of political authority; and the emergence of a variety of local governance models. This dissertation analyses the evolution of six cities, historically modelled by national defence policy, in light of recent defence policy reforms and the rise in local government competencies. The scope of the analysis covers six cities, three in France and three in Italy. The dissertation demonstrates the need to analyse locally-specific forms of national and local public intervention; and their reciprocal interactions; in order to understand urban and social evolutions. It develops a framework inspired by historical sociology of the State that conceptualizes the links between public policy and territorial structuring and integration. On one hand, territorial retrenchment of national defence policy varies across cities, as a result of negotiations between central defence and financial administrations, and increasing local government lobbying of the central State. On the other hand, it illustrates the varying degrees to which local governments are capable of organising and managing public intervention; and can transform spaces that are historically structured by the State. This capacity hinges upon the nature of urban political agendas; the existing means of institutionalised collective action; as well as upon the ways in which the State operates in cities. The dissertation helps redefine central/local relations in the context of decentralization and budgetary constraints. ; Les restructurations sectorielles et leurs différents effets localisés, le réétalonnage des échelles de l'autorité politique, les modes de gouvernement propres à chaque ville soulèvent une question sur les recompositions de l'action publique et la différenciation territoriale. Cette recherche prend pour objet le changement des villes historiquement ...

Issues regarding public policies and territorial differentiation have risen as a result of three contemporary phenomena: sectorial structural adjustments and their corresponding territorial impacts; the rescaling of political authority; and the emergence of a variety of local governance models. This dissertation analyses the evolution of six cities, historically modelled by national defence policy, in light of recent defence policy reforms and the rise in local government competencies. The scope of the analysis covers six cities, three in France and three in Italy. The dissertation demonstrates the need to analyse locally-specific forms of national and local public intervention; and their reciprocal interactions; in order to understand urban and social evolutions. It develops a framework inspired by historical sociology of the State that conceptualizes the links between public policy and territorial structuring and integration. On one hand, territorial retrenchment of national defence policy varies accross cities, as a result of negotiations between central defence and financial administrations, and increasing local government lobbying of the central State. On the other hand, it illustrates the varying degrees to which local governments are capable of organising and managing public intervention; and can transform spaces which are historically structured by the State. This capacity hinges upon the nature of urban political agendas; the existing means of institutionalised collective action; as well as upon the ways in which the State operates in cities. The dissertation helps redefine central/local relations in the context of decentralization and budgetary constraints. ; Les restructurations sectorielles et leurs différents effets localisés, le réétalonnage des échelles de l'autorité politique, les modes de gouvernement propres à chaque ville soulèvent une question sur les recompositions de l'action publique et la différenciation territoriale. Cette recherche prend pour objet le changement des villes ...

Issues regarding public policies and territorial differentiation have risen as a result of three contemporary phenomena: sectorial structural adjustments and their corresponding territorial impacts; the rescaling of political authority; and the emergence of a variety of local governance models. This dissertation analyses the evolution of six cities, historically modelled by national defence policy, in light of recent defence policy reforms and the rise in local government competencies. The scope of the analysis covers six cities, three in France and three in Italy. The dissertation demonstrates the need to analyse locally-specific forms of national and local public intervention; and their reciprocal interactions; in order to understand urban and social evolutions. It develops a framework inspired by historical sociology of the State that conceptualizes the links between public policy and territorial structuring and integration. On one hand, territorial retrenchment of national defence policy varies accross cities, as a result of negotiations between central defence and financial administrations, and increasing local government lobbying of the central State. On the other hand, it illustrates the varying degrees to which local governments are capable of organising and managing public intervention; and can transform spaces which are historically structured by the State. This capacity hinges upon the nature of urban political agendas; the existing means of institutionalised collective action; as well as upon the ways in which the State operates in cities. The dissertation helps redefine central/local relations in the context of decentralization and budgetary constraints. ; Les restructurations sectorielles et leurs différents effets localisés, le réétalonnage des échelles de l'autorité politique, les modes de gouvernement propres à chaque ville soulèvent une question sur les recompositions de l'action publique et la différenciation territoriale. Cette recherche prend pour objet le changement des villes ...