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Producción Científica ; This article aims to highlight the longstanding issues concerning properties no longer useful to the institutional goals of Italian Ministry of Defense, to analyze the State dismissal and valorization policies and the related procedures (such as the 'Territorial Unitary Development' and 'federalism state property' programs). Specifically, it will focus the attention on role of the task force between the Ministry of Defense and State Property Agency for the elaboration of hypotheses and paths of rationalization and optimization projects of the use of military sites. Starting from some research already carried out by the two authors, it will update the ongoing procedures of refurbishment of abandoned military sites in Italy (among them, the art. 26 of Decree Law 'unlocked Italy' and the 'federal building') and it will analyze the role of 'new' actors in the procedures, as the Investment Management Companies 'Cassa Depositi e Prestiti' and 'Invimit'. Those actors, through their real estate investment trusts, are acting as private stakeholders in an attempt to unlock the planning, design, economic and sometimes social inertia related to urban regeneration projects of former military assets in several Italian cities (such as Bologna, Florence, Milan, Rome and Turin). Eventually, it will try to understand if nowadays it is faced with a season characterized by more efficient procedures. ; European Joint Doctorate "urbanHIST". European Union. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 721933.

In 1810 Napoleon wrote: "Portoferraio is a very important place". That place on Island of Elba was a central node in the network of military arsenals of the Empire and an important piece on Italian military chessboard. Outside the Renaissance walls of the town, around a crumbling fort built in 1700, Napoleon planned a new military fortification's system inspired to the model of the "camp retranché", useful to protect the town against the landing of the enemy. Three forts were built. Two ones were only planned. A total of five fortresses constituted a crown around the town and are, also today, an unique example of the original and direct Napoleon personal architectural overview.

SDR, since its theoretical definition by J. Mitola, has been really appealing for the military communications. The possibility to move forward from the legacy radio devices, where all the functionalities were directly embedded in the hardware, towards a new type of radio that allows reconfigurability and flexibility is seen as a Deus ex machina in the complex and crowded panorama of tactical communications. The possibility to execute different waveforms on the same platform can potentially prolong the lifecycle of an operational radio for several years. The possibility to port the same waveform to different hardware, on the other hand, has twofold implications: it allows the re-use of the same waveform, maximizing the return on investment for the developers and, in addition, it allows decoupling the radio manufacturer from the software developer, potentially creating a new market for the waveforms development and procurement. Similarly to what has been commonly experienced in the smartphone market, where Apps are developed independently by the vendor of the terminal, in the future, SDR waveforms might be developed by different subjects, even outside Industry (e.g. universities and research centers) and then ported on an existing SDR platform. The "SDR revolution" is anyway not feasible as long as common development rules for waveforms and common interfaces between the waveform and the underlying hardwarewill be clearly defined. The most relevant contribution in this sense was the definition of the Software Communication Architecture (SCA), published and maintained by the Joint Tactical Networking Centre (JTNC). The SCA defined a set of requirements and rules both for the development of waveforms and for the software definition of processing elements and functions within the host platforms, though leaving to implementers the possibility to choose between different hardware and software solution for the implementation of a SCA-compliant SDR solution. SCA, rapidly became a de facto standard in the military panorama, as it has been widely adopted for the major military SDR programmes also in Europe, mainly in its version 2.2.2. SCA 2.2.2 was designed to meet the stringent requirement of military communications, in terms of security,timing accuracy, real time behavior and it was not able to spread widely outside this context for several years, mainly because of the overhead it imposes to the applications. Today SCA, in its version 4.1, has been published in the US as an emerging standard and its evolution is also supported by the Wireless Innovation Forum. One of the goal of the SCA 4.1 is to define profiles that allows its implementation in devices with limited processing resources, meeting the needs of small form factor devices in the military context and projecting towards applications outside the military. Nevertheless, some other emerging standards are facing the military SDR market, as possible alternatives to SCA. From the point of view of a procurement agency (like MoDs are in the context of military communications),SDR offers significant benefits but, at the same time, it raises new issues and challenges. First, the transition to the software implementation of some functions of the radio platform, requires the development of new testing skills inside the Defence panorama. Each service (i.e. Armed Force) in the Italian Defence, developed during the years, its verification and validation (V&V) facilities, holding a proven experience in the testing methodologies for military radios. The transition to SDR requires that radio testing skills are enhanced with software verification and signal processing skills, as many of the function of new radios are not only performed in software but they also offer the possibility to perform inspection on their behavior. The military procurement strategy for SDR is today closely linked to SCA-based architectures. For these architectures new waveforms have been developed. The ability to test these waveforms,prior to their porting on the final hosting platforms, requires the verification of the compliance of the software modules to the rules of the underlying software architecture (SCA-based). This means that the verification strategy shall comprise the ability to verify that the SCA implementation of a software component is properly performed, assuring future compatibility of the component with the other elements of the waveform and of the platform. After the aforementioned V&V steps, carried out usually during the development of the SDR system or of one of its component (platform, waveform), the complete system is usually delivered to the test facility to undergo a number of tests analogous to that performed on the legacy systems: they span from testing the behavior of the radio over the air, to environmental and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing, to interoperability testing with existing communication systems, where applicable. These activities are usually performed through "live fire exercise", how they are called in military jargon: the system is deployed into an environment that tries to recreate as much as possible the operational scenario and tested under realistic conditions, by the operators that will employ it in real operations soon afterwards. In response to these needs, the Italian MoD has identified the development of a governmental capability for SDR V&V as a strategic pillar and has consequently funded the establishment of a dedicated laboratory (called LANCERS), based on a cooperation between CSSN ITE, a research and experimentation center of the Italian Navy located in Livorno and CNIT (Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni) where experimentation and research on tools and technicques for SDR V&V are performed. The laboratory has developed with the time also some collaboration with industries involved in the SDR market. This work summarizes the outcomes of the activities carried out in the LANCERS laboratory, regarding methodologies, tools and experimentation oriented to V&V of military SDR. After providing a brief overview of the major programmes and stakeholders of the military SDR panorama in chapter 1, an analysis of the domains of application of the T&E strategies for SDR will be identified in Chapter2. Chapter 3 will provide an in depth description of the tools and procedures developed at LANCERS lab for military SDR test and evaluation. Different tools, addressing the needs of different phases of SDR development, will be presented, together with the design process that brought to their creation and some results of real applications of these tools. Chapter 4 will present a field testing campaign performed as a necessary complement to the lab test activities listed in chapter 3. Chapter 5 will draw the conclusions and present future work plans for further improving the tools and procedures presented. For some testing activities the presentation of the results will be limited, due to the fact that the disclosure of information related to some particular SDR product is at the moment of writing this thesis yet subject to restrictions. Provided results will be anyway sufficient to provide the reader with a good understanding of the functionalities and applicability of the presented tools and procedures.

According to the common opinion, the status of base of operations accorded to Milan at the time of Gallienus prefigures the pre‐eminent role of the city that will emerge during the Tetrarchic age; notwithstanding, this historical period has been little investigated so far due to the scarcity of available documentation. Therefore, this paper aims to study the history of Milan and, more generally, of the Cisalpina between the invasion of the Alamanni in 259‐260 and the age of Diocletian. During these years, northern Italy seems to act as a driving force of macro‐regional events which concern the internal struggles to achieve the imperial power and the conflicts with those barbarians who were militarily active along the borders. Particular attention will be paid to Aureolus: his military ducatus, which was extended at least to the Raetia, prefigures the connection be‐ tween the Raetia and Italy that will be institutionalised in late antiquity. ; È opinione corrente che il ruolo di base operativa rivestito da Milano durante l'età di Gallieno anticipi quella preminenza della città poi affermatasi in età tetrarchica; questa fase tuttavia, anche a causa della scarsità della documentazione, è stata sinora poco indagata. Il contributo si propone pertanto di approfondire lo studio della storia della città, e più in generale della cisalpina, tra l'invasione degli Alamanni del 259‐260 e l'avvento di Diocleziano. In questi anni, l'Italia settentrionale appare il motore di eventi di portata macro‐regionale, che investono sia le lotte interne per la conquista della porpora, sia lo scontro con i barbari che premono sui confini. Particolarmente significativa appare l'esperienza di Aureolo, il cui ducato militare esteso perlomeno sino alla rezia preannuncia quel legame tra la rezia e l'Italia che verrà istituzionalizzato in epoca tardoantica.

The territory of Arborea is rich of military fortifications built during the Second World War as part of the long series of posts erected in Sardinia, designated to protect and control the coasts from assaults and landings. In this specific area, reclaimed and farmed thank to a great reclamation conducted by the company Società Bonifiche Sarde in the first decades of the XX century, several military fortifications such as bunkers, batteries and strongholds were built along the coast, starting from 1940-41. The typical pattern of the land, designed on the basis of a weave of orthogonal roads, determined a precise position of these works, so we can find a first line on the beach and inner groups of four or five elements at the beginning of the roads that led to the heart of the region; thus we notice a contrast between two opposite and tangible tensions that coexist here. On the one hand, in fact, there is the one related to the human capability of shaping a land by stealing it from swamps and making it productive and inhabited in a few years; on the other hand, the tension, also human, represented by the threat to its survival. Currently, these works, abandoned and often swallowed in the vegetation, are silent witnesses of a past that must be a warning for the future. Rediscovering and enhancing them is part of the wider path to the protection, conservation and promotion of the whole Arborea's area, from the landscape point of view and from the architectural one, that consider reusing these "modern archeologies" giving them new functions in order to be used and useful again, but also making them vehicles of historical memory.

Le aziende militari private si sono dimostrate, nel corso degli ultimi anni, come una realtà emergente della conflittualità contemporanea. Tuttavia, tanto la loro natura quanto la loro costituzione rimangono a tutt'oggi alquanto sfuggenti, rendendo sovente difficile un approccio distaccato alle questioni problematiche che esse pongono. Si cerca dunque di affrontare il nodo critico della definizione della nuova attività mercenaria, comparandola con le sue alternative tradizionali, e stabilendo quindi quali canoni risultino significativi nel definirla. Le conclusioni che se ne ricavano delineano la possibile nascita di un moto di controtendenza alla concentrazione della forza, fenomeno questo che è possibile individuare anche in altre manifestazioni della bellicosità attuale.

This paper is concerned with academic silencing in Suriname and its links with the conflict that took place at the national level, which was given scant consideration in research. Emphasis will be given to the establishment of the hero-system in order to ensure peace and the connections between academic silencing, dictatorship and law and order. ; This paper is concerned with academic silencing in Suriname and its links with the conflict that took place at the national level, which was given scant consideration in research. Emphasis will be given to the establishment of the hero-system in order to ensure peace and the connections between academic silencing, dictatorship and law and order.

The areas on the banks of Garda Lake are characterized by the presence of many castles and military defensive facilities watching the lake from the top of the mountains. Every shore of the Lake shows his belonging to different ancient supremacies. That is evident because the various lakefronts have unique, architectural and morphological details and this radically characterizes the local landscape although the Lake has the rule of a linking element for the territory. Coming through the analysis of the topic concerned on military facilities and studying the scope that fortifications have had from the moment in which they have been built till today, it is possible to understand which enhancement and protection strategies are employed now. Going backwards supremacy facts, old military engagements and battles among the conquerors on the Lake banks, on which there is a plenty of documents, it is feasible to define the new political orders that have defined the fortifications future. Therefore, if along the Verona coast the military facilities have been swamped with modern artillery making end to the Scaligero domination, on Brescian coast the fortifications loss their importance under the "pacific" Venetian control, becoming useless and people weren't sensitive to maintain them. The city walls have been destroyed and also the houses inside their perimeter. The fortified towers were turned into churches bell towers, the constructions and free areas were converted to new recreational and useful purposes such as squares, city halls, community centers and also cemeteries. At the beginning of XXth century above Venetian coast, urban development and tourism were braked by city walls and politicians would destroyed the old walls with the aim to create free access to villages. The possibility to see the lake from the villages favored the foreign industry as the new source of income. The Ministry of National Education restored, in the same time, two very important castles: the Sirmione and Lazise Fortress. These two National monuments became political symbols. The local patriots recognized these old military architectures like icon to remember when Italy was politically free. There were many examples of rebuilding of medieval style and the castles became important tourist attractions. In Brescian area castles and fortifications had a positive fate. In the second half of the XXth century a new interest was born above military architectures. A desire to regenerate these types of buildings supported the decision to call this lakefront "Riviera dei Castelli". The activities carried out by Public Administrations have been gone in the direction of requalification and programmed management of the asset. The specific constructional features, the designs, the similar materials, the degradation issues were been the reason to optimize the work. The solutions to resolve the problems were similar, so the local authorities maximized the financial, planning, human, social resources. This decision was soon recognized and appreciated by Cariplo Foundation and they decided to finance part of the conservation works. At the same time the Polpenazze del Garda city council activated a big conservative plan already started. This project was organized in tree parts. The first step regarded to convert the enclosed spaces into City Council. This operation was careful. The focus of the restoration plan was to recognize the signs of military history with the aim to remember the old political role (in this building the "vicinia" decided the government of the village). The second aspect concerns about urban renewal of the area inside the walls perimeter. At the end, the last activity is the regeneration and development of the urban park outside the walls.

The thesis aims to analyze the relationship between military spending and economic development on the basis of several approaches either theoretical or empirical. This research was proposed to achieve two objectives : the first is the classification of research on the topic of military spending reported to economic development and / or growth for the period from the 1960s and 1970 among the major schools of economic thought, the second, on the contrary, born of the desire to investigate the responses that the literature provided the theoretical modeling and empirical application of military expenditures reported to the growth consisted to conduct critical analysis of the mainstream literature and trying to find answers to unresolved issues and weaknesses identified in the approaches so-called heterodox also providing trails of research for future and further developments. For what concerns the first two objectives, that of classification among the major schools of economic thought, the relevant literature has been divided into two main sections : first, there are works that fall under the neo-classical, secondly, there are the heterodox works. The split between the two sections has been made on the basis of two dimensions : according to the methods used to perform the analysis and depending on the time scale. One of the most important conclusions of the thesis aims at a revaluation of the use of the methodology of input-ouput. ; La thèse vise à analyser les relations entre dépenses militaires et développement économique sur la base de plusieurs approches soit théoriques soit empiriques. Ce travail de recherche s'est proposé d'atteindre deux objectifs : le premier est constitué par la classification des recherches effectuées sur la thématique des dépenses militaires rapportées au développement économique et/ou à la croissance, pour la période qui part des années 1960 et 1970 parmi les principales écoles de la pensée économique ; le deuxième, au contraire, né de la volonté d'enquêter sur les réponses que la ...

The thesis aims to analyze the relationship between military spending and economic development on the basis of several approaches either theoretical or empirical. This research was proposed to achieve two objectives : the first is the classification of research on the topic of military spending reported to economic development and / or growth for the period from the 1960s and 1970 among the major schools of economic thought, the second, on the contrary, born of the desire to investigate the responses that the literature provided the theoretical modeling and empirical application of military expenditures reported to the growth consisted to conduct critical analysis of the mainstream literature and trying to find answers to unresolved issues and weaknesses identified in the approaches so-called heterodox also providing trails of research for future and further developments. For what concerns the first two objectives, that of classification among the major schools of economic thought, the relevant literature has been divided into two main sections : first, there are works that fall under the neo-classical, secondly, there are the heterodox works. The split between the two sections has been made on the basis of two dimensions : according to the methods used to perform the analysis and depending on the time scale. One of the most important conclusions of the thesis aims at a revaluation of the use of the methodology of input-ouput. ; La thèse vise à analyser les relations entre dépenses militaires et développement économique sur la base de plusieurs approches soit théoriques soit empiriques. Ce travail de recherche s'est proposé d'atteindre deux objectifs : le premier est constitué par la classification des recherches effectuées sur la thématique des dépenses militaires rapportées au développement économique et/ou à la croissance, pour la période qui part des années 1960 et 1970 parmi les principales écoles de la pensée économique ; le deuxième, au contraire, né de la volonté d'enquêter sur les réponses que la littérature fournissait à la modélisation théorique et à l'application empirique des dépenses militaires rapportées à la croissance, a consisté à mener l'analyse critique de la littérature mainstream et à tenter de trouver des réponses aux questions non résolues et aux faiblesses repérées dans les approches soi-disant hétérodoxes, en fournissant aussi des pistes de recherche pour des développements futurs et supplémentaires. Pour ce qui concerne le premier des deux objectifs, celui de la classification parmi les principales écoles de la pensée économique, la littérature pertinente a été répartie en deux grandes sections : dans la première, il y a les travaux qui relèvent de l'approche néo-classique, tandis que dans la deuxième, on trouve les travaux hétérodoxes. La répartition entre les deux sections a été effectuée sur la base de deux dimensions : en fonction des méthodologies utilisées pour réaliser les analyses et en fonction de l'échelle temporelle. L'une des conclusions les plus importantes de la thèse vise à une réévaluation de l'utilisation de la méthodologie d'input-output

Challenging the traditional argument that the French army in the 1650s was marked by significant developments in centralized administrative control, this article looks at the continuing importance of the interplay of three interest groups in determining the effectiveness of military operations: central governement; the generals and their military administrators; the regimental officers. It argues that in the Italian theatre these three interest groups proved unable to work together, and explores the consequences of this for strategy and military outcomes.