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[ENG] The present "Study of resources of industrial minerals and rocks for social economic inclusion and development in the Cusco region: Southern Sector" consists of four chapters and fifteen maps, which has been prepared with information from official and private sources, both national and international, also with information collected during field work. The objective of the study is the identification of industrial minerals and rocks (RMI) that have economic possibilities for their use as raw materials that could contribute to the improvement and / or replacement of materials currently scarcely used in the region and therefore generate new sources to work and improve the economy and welfare of the population. Chapter I presents background information, objectives, basic concepts of industrial minerals and rocks, economic development, sustainable development, incidence of poverty, economic and social inclusion, poverty and extreme poverty. It includes the work methodology of the study, location and accessibility of the region, its political division, area, population and climate. In chapter II, a description is given of the geological framework of the Cusco region, which dates from the Neoproterozoic to the recent Quaternary and that includes metamorphic, sedimentary and igneous rocks. In chapter III the situation of the 58 RMI in the region is touched, a definition is made of the only ones that occur, such as: gypsum (19), aggregates (18), limestones (10), volcanic tuff (sillar) (4), salt (3), travertine (2), volcanic flagstone (1) and common clay (1). All of them with economic extraction possibilities. It also presents the evaluation and interpretation of the results of the laboratory analysis of the samples of industrial rocks and minerals identified and selected based on the requirements and technical specifications required for their use in different industries. Chapter IV analyzes the economic and social situation of the region, based on the main macroeconomic indicators. The GDP of the Cusco region in the last ten years has experienced an average annual growth of 9.9%. According to data from INEI, the poverty index registered in the year 2009 was 63.5% and for the year 2012, it was between 21.9% and 30.6%. In 2009, the provinces with the highest poverty index were Canas and Chumbivilcas, with 83.5% and 85.7%, respectively; while the province with the best social status it wasthe Cusco, with 24.7%. The province with the highest estimated population in 2017 is Cusco and the one with the lowest population is Acomayo. The indicators of housing and basic services indicate that 76.60% of the houses are built of adobe and mud, 4.82% of wood and 4.16% of stone with mud, consequently they represent a risk before any geological event. The houses with availability of electric lighting by public network represent 64.37% of the total, 30.73% have no electricity and water. ; [ESP] El presente "Estudio de recursos de rocas y minerales industriales para la inclusión económica social y desarrollo en la región Cusco: Sector Meridional" consta de cuatro capítulos y quince mapas, el cual ha sido elaborado con información de fuentes oficiales y privadas, tanto nacionales como internacionales; además con información recolectada durante los trabajos de campo. El estudio tiene como objetivo la identificación de rocas y minerales industriales (RMI) que tengan posibilidades económicas para su aprovechamiento como materias primas que podrían contribuir al mejoramiento y/o reemplazo de los materiales actualmente usados escasamente en la región y, por consiguiente, generar nuevas fuentes de trabajo y mejorar la economía y bienestar de la población. En el capítulo I se presenta información sobre los antecedentes, objetivos, conceptos básicos de rocas y minerales industriales, desarrollo económico, desarrollo sostenible, incidencia de pobreza, inclusión económica y social, pobreza y pobreza extrema. Se incluye la metodología de trabajo del estudio, ubicación y accesibilidad de la región, su división política, superficie, población y clima. En el capítulo II se hace una descripción del marco geológico de la región Cusco, que data desde el Neoproterozoico hasta el Cuaternario reciente y que comprende rocas metamórficas, sedimentarias e ígneas. En el capítulo III se toca la situación de las 58 RMI en la región, se realiza una definición de las únicas que ocurren, como son: yeso (19), agregados o áridos (18), calizas (10), toba volcánica (sillar) (4), sal (3), travertino (2), piedra laja volcánica (1) y arcilla común (1). Todas con posibilidades económicas de extracción. También se presenta la evaluación e interpretación de los resultados de los análisis de laboratorio de las muestras de rocas y minerales industriales identificadas y seleccionadas a partir de los requerimientos y especificaciones técnicas requeridas para su uso en diferentes industrias. En el capítulo IV se analiza la situación económica y social de la región a partir de los principales indicadores macroeconómicos. El PBI de la región Cusco en los diez últimos años ha experimentado un crecimiento promedio anual de 9.9 %. Según datos de INEI, el índice de pobreza registrado en el año 2009 fue de 63.5 % y para el año 2012 fue entre 21.9 % y 30.6 %. En el año 2009 las provincias con mayor índice de pobreza fueron Canas y Chumbivilcas, con 83.5 % y 85.7 %, respectivamente; mientras que la provincia con mejor estatus social fue el Cusco, con 24.7 %. La provincia con mayor población estimada, al año 2017, es la del Cusco y la de menor población es la de Acomayo. Los indicadores de vivienda y servicios básicos señalan que el 76.60 % de las viviendas están construidas de adobe y tapia, el 4.82 % de madera y el 4.16 % de piedra con barro, en consecuencia representan un riesgo ante cualquier evento geológico. Las viviendas con disponibilidad de alumbrado eléctrico por red pública representan el 64.37 % del total, el 30.73 % no dispone de luz ni agua.

As debates rage about the responsibilities of business and government in global extractives industries, there remains a significant lack of empirical research and theoretical analysis focused on the dynamics of resource extraction, governance and corporate social responsibility. This collection takes a broad, 'governance ecosystem' view to exploring the complex and cross-cutting relationships between key actors involved in and affected by mining governance in Latin America. Case studies include the Kimberley process over conflict diamonds, the PERCAN Initiative in Peru, the Caraj̀s iron ore complex in the Brazilian Amazon, Apex and Empresa Huanuni in Bolivia, and the gold producers Newmont and Goldcorp.

ABSTRACT Private equity funds, mostly domiciled in secrecy jurisdictions, are dominant investors in the resource‐based economies of Africa. Some of the investments that these funds make have been speculative and based on perceived high‐value 'futures' in biodiversity, bio‐fuels and land, carbon capture or strategic minerals. However, private equity funds are also heavily invested in mining, energy and infrastructure, which also generate wealth from the non‐human world; 'old' markets alongside the 'new' markets for discovered nature‐based commodities. This article reviews how private equity funds, and their partners in development finance institutions, frame and value the consequential impact of their industries on people and things. It then explores how this valuation, and other related calculative technologies of 'concern' for the 'environment'— such as risk assessment and offsetting — are incorporated into firms' investment decision making. This enquiry finds that: 1) financiers currently employ thin, partial and pseudo‐mathematical methods of assessing environmental impact and worth; and 2) that environmental and developmental impact 'science' is a performative technology, with only marginal relation to the material world it seeks to measure and protect. Using calculative technologies in which financial considerations are privileged, financiers have wrought a dissociated, incomplete and partial valorization of the non‐human world. Nonetheless, 3) these calculative devices assist in legitimizing private equity funds as institutional leaders in pre‐existing power structures which exploit natural resources in Africa for the benefit of money‐holders. These propositions roughly correspond to the technical, empirical and theoretical dimensions of a socio‐technical arrangement applying to nature‐based accumulation, which, overall, performs a political process of financialization.

La presente investigación se realizó en el Río Cotuhé y el corregimiento de Tarapacá, en el Departamento del Amazonas durante el periodo comprendido entre diciembre de 2014 y julio de 2016; el propósito de la investigación consistió en el análisis de los niveles de mercurio determinados en el tramo Caña Brava- Buenos Aires del Río Cotuhé asociados a la actividad minera artesanal de oro aluvión que se presenta en el Río entre la comunidad Caña Brava y Buenos Aires. El presente estudio se justificó debido a que la actividad minera de oro de aluvión se lleva a cabo de forma artesanal hace aproximadamente 15 años, lo cual ha ocasionado impactos negativos tanto a la población como al ambiente, con la contaminación del recurso hídrico, disminución de peces, aparición de enfermedades y cambios en la dinámica social, entre otros, sin tener hasta el momento un control por parte de las autoridades ambientales y militares. Para ello se identificó el proceso minero artesanal de oro en la zona mediante evaluaciones diagnosticas e inmersión social, que permitió establecer criterios para el muestreo de agua. Esta evaluación se desarrolló mediante un muestreo puntual de agua teniendo en cuenta los parámetros de calidad para la obtención, preservación y transporte de las muestras hasta el laboratorio encargado de realizar el análisis de mercurio mediante la técnica de adsorción atómica por generador de hidruros. El análisis de datos permitió determinar que en la zona se encuentran valores de mercurio total entre <0,001 y 0,003 mg/l. lo que conllevo a las siguientes conclusiones: a) la actividad minera artesanal de oro aluvión llevada a cabo en el Río Cotuhé, está generando contaminación del recurso hídrico, dado que algunos valores determinados en las muestras de agua están al límite permisible (muestras 1,3 y 5 con 0,001 mg/l Hg) e inclusive unas de ellas supera los criterios establecidos en la resolución 2115 de 2007, articulo 5, que define el valor máximo permisible para consumo humano de 0,001 mg/l Hg (muestra 2 y 4 con 0,002 mg/l Hg y muestra 6 con 0,003mg/l Hg), superándola en un 0,001mg/l Hg y 0,002mg/l Hg. b) esta actividad no solo está ocasionando daño al ambiente si no que adicional a esto, está generando impactos a nivel social, puesto que las comunidades que se encuentran expuestas a esta actividad están cambiando su dinámica social, c) es importante promover el uso de alternativas para disminuir o reemplazar el uso del mercurio mediante técnicas, como flotación espumante, y ciclón o vórtice en la minería artesanal

I. Introduction : discourses of China-in-Africa and copper mining in Zambia -- II. Empirical problems. A. Safety records compared and contextualized -- B. The wage gap : factoring in contract workers, productivity and profits -- C. Hours -- D. Job security -- E. Unions -- III. Methodological confusions -- IV. Contextualizing the claim -- V. Conclusion : why "the Chinese are the worst. - Examines conditions at China Nonferrous Metal Mining Company (CNMC) and Zambia's mining enterprises, and empirically evaluates practices implicating rights related to safety, wages, hours, unions, and job security in order to evaluate assertions by Human Rights Watch (HRW) that CNMC engages in labor abuses and is a "bad employer" compared to Western-based foreign investors

Regulatory Governance and Risk Management will be the first book addressing the diffusion of risk-based governance in the coal mining industry from a health and safety standpoint. More specifically, it aims to understand a puzzling phenomenon. Since the 1990s, the approach of risk-based governance has been widely adopted in almost all developed countries in Europe and commonwealth countries. It, however, has diffused much more slowly in the U.S. Using a diffusion approach and comparisons between Australia and the U.S., this book examines mechanisms that both drive and prevent the diffusion of risk-based governance in the coal mining industry. This book has two major selling points. First, this is a timely work given the Upper Big Branch coal mine explosion occurred in April, 2010. After this disaster, many asked why an enhanced level of enforcement after 2006 has not prevented catastrophic accidents from occurring and why risk-based governance, which helps other countries achieve better safety performance, has been largely ignored in the U.S. This book answers these questions and makes recommendations on how to remove barriers in moving toward risk-based governance. Second, this book is readable because it embeds theories into storytelling and gives particular emphasis on the influence of key strategic individuals.

This text shares practical experiences in establishing and implementing partnerships for development between business, government and civil society. The focus is on the oil, gas and mining industries, who increasingly operate in regions characterized by poor communities and fragile environments.

The Mesoproterozoic Kibaran belts host large amounts of mineral resources such as cassiterite, wolframite, gold, and columbite-group minerals ("coltan"), all of them in high demand for new technologies and related industries. Most of these mineral occurrences are linked to the latest Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic G4 granitoid intrusions, also termed "tin(-bearing) granites". Three main parts constitute the Kibaran belts: the Kibaride Belt (KIB) in the south, the Karagwe-Ankole Belt (KAB) in the east, and the Kivu Belt (KVB) in the west. Geological detail concerning the metallogeny of the KVB, which hosts large parts of these mineral resources, is very sparse. Previously, there was an assumed time gap of about 200 Ma between the formation of the last Kibaran terranes (1250 to 1200 Ma) and the emplacement of the G4 granites (ca. 1050 to 970 Ma), which generated the main mineralizations. Recent studies dated the last Kibaran tectono-thermal events younger than 1120 to 1110 Ma, which gave evidence for a drastic reduction in this time gap. Thus, the two newly recognized tectono-thermal events have likely contributed to the remobilization of older mineralized granites. These new data allow us to link the G4 granitoids and the associated mineralizations with the terminal Kibaran orogeny. However, the G4 emplacement and its relationships with older granites, with their host rocks and associated mineralizations, are not yet understood. Here, the main occurrences of the KVB are reviewed, and comparisons with similar mineralizations in the adjacent KAB are undertaken to improve our understanding on these complex relationships.

In this paper, I develop an operational methodology to consistently compare alternative sustainability paradigms (weak sustainability [WS], strong sustainability [SS], a-growth [AG], and de-growth [DG]) and different assessment approaches (life-cycle assessment [LCA], cost-benefit analysis [CBA], and multi-criteria analysis [MCA]) within alternative relationship frameworks (economic general equilibrium [EGE] and ecosystem services [ESS]). The goal is to suggest different environmental interventions (e.g., projects vs. policies) for nature management and guide decisions to achieve nature conservation, defined here as reducing environmental pressures to preserve the future environment and its functioning over time. I then apply the methodology to 30 interdependent industries in Italy for three pollutants (greenhouse-effect gases, polluted rain, and air pollution) and four resources (water, minerals, fossil fuels, biomass) during two periods (from 1990 to 2007 and from 1990 to 2012). The industries were prioritised in terms of interventions to be taken to diminish pollution damage and resource depletion (e.g., fishing and non-energy mining for any sustainability paradigm), whereas sustainability paradigms are compared in terms of their likelihood (i.e., WS > AG = DG > SS), robustness (i.e., AG > SS > DG > WS), effectiveness (i.e., SS > AG > DG > WS), and feasibility (i.e., SS > DG > WS > AG). Proper assessment approaches for projects are finally identified for situations when policies are infeasible (e.g., LCA in WS and SS, MCA in DG and SS within ESS, CBA in WS and AG within EGE), by suggesting MCA in WS within ESS once ecological services are linked to sustainability criteria.

Artisanal mining is commonly associated with violent conflict, rampant corruption and desperate poverty. Yet millions of people across Sub Sahara Africa depend on it. Many of them are living in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), home to important mineral reserves, but also to a plethora of armed groups and massive human rights violations. African Artisanal Mining from the Inside Out provides a rich and in-depth analysis of the Congolese gold sector. Instead of portraying miners and traders as passive victims of economic forces, regional conflicts or disheartening national policies, it.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- One: The Economic Heritage -- Agriculture -- Handicrafts -- Economic Modernization and Foreign Investment -- Characteristics of Modern Industry in China -- Foreign Trade -- Human Resources -- Two: Alternative Paths to Economic Development -- The Resources for Development -- The Chinese Strategy for Development, The First Phase, 1952-1957 -- The Great Leap Forward -- Development Policy Since the Great Leap -- Three: Development of the Industrial Sector -- The Soviet Assistance Program -- The Growth of Industrial Output -- The Pattern of Industrial Expansion -- Handicraft Production -- The Choice of Techniques in Manufacturing -- The Location of Industry -- The Fuel and Mineral Industries -- The Electrical Power Industry -- Transportation -- The Construction Industry -- Manchuria -- Conclusions -- Four: Agriculture -- The Agricultural Contribution to Economic Growth -- Agricultural Production During and After the Great Leap Forward -- Agricultural Development Policy -- Current Agricultural Policy -- Five: Population and Employment -- Population -- Nonagricultural Employment -- Employment in Agriculture -- Unemployment -- Professional and Scientific Manpower -- Six: The Control and Allocation of Resources -- Economic Reorganization -- Mobilization of Savings -- National Economic Planning -- The Use of Markets and Prices in Resource Great Leap Forward -- Seven: Conditions of Life and Labor -- Pre-Communist Conditions -- Aggregate Measures of Living Standards Since 1949 -- Urban Living Standards, 1952-1956 -- Urban Living Standards Since 1956 -- Rural Living Standards -- State Welfare Benefits -- Organization of the Labor Market -- The Rural Wage System -- Eight Foreign Economic Relations -- Control and Organization of Foreign Trade -- Trends in Foreign Trade

This volume traces the development of the central highlands, one of Peru's major mining regions. It draws on extensive fieldwork carried out in Peru between 1970 and 1982, spanning a reforming military government, reaction and a return to civilian politics under Belaunde. Through historical material combined with field studies of villages and of the major town of the region, Huancayo, the book examines the economic and cultural processes underlying the 'progressive' reputation of the region in Peru and in the literature on development. Since the major enterprise of the region, the Cerro de Pasco Mining Corporation, was, until the 1970s, foreign owned, a persisting theme is the type of economic growth associated with and the distortions produced by, foreign capitalist economic enclaves on predominantly peasant economies. The political consequences are examined, showing the weakness of regional interest groups and the failure of contemporary regional development policies

To resolve global political and scholarly concerns over conflict minerals ("CM") produced in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and neighboring regions, two kinds of CM-related disclosure rules (or "CM rules") come into play in regulating their use: government-mandated laws such as Section 1502 of the Dodd-Frank Act in the United States (hereinafter "Sec. 1502") and transnational voluntary codes such as the Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition ("EICC") Code of Conduct. The creation of both of these CM rules could be attributed to the promotion of such concerns by the United Nations. This article is the first attempt to unpack and closely consider the process of two distinct types of CM rules that are probably transplanted into Taiwan through global supply chains. This article joins a growing body of literature that deepens our understanding of the channels and objects of legal transplants. The findings of the Taiwanese case study are important for two reasons. First, in terms of the transplant process or channels, some Taiwanese companies have started to follow CM rules due to their supply contracts, demonstrating that applicable CM rules might have been transplanted into Taiwan through private channels such as supply contracts, rather than through the formal public channels of legal transplantation initiated by the government. Second, but just as importantly, with regard to transplanted objects, what further distinguishes this article from prior studies is that the Taiwanese case study could indicate that Taiwanese suppliers comply with CM rules established by the EICC more prevalently than those promulgated under the Dodd-Frank Act. If so, this would imply that when it comes to adopting or implementing transnational corporate social responsibility ("CSR") standards in suppliers' countries or jurisdictions, private CSR standards written by non-governmental organizations ("NGOs") or industries themselves in a bottom-up approach are more effective or more easily accepted than public standards such as state ...