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Few words have been used with more different meanings than the word "law." "International law" has likewise had many diverse definitions. The term, international law, is here used to cover the rules and principles which are generally observed in the relations among states. As laws in general become serviceable as their observance becomes regular, so international law becomes serviceable as its rules and principles are generally followed.The modernization of international law would imply the adaptation of international law to modern conditions. Conditions have changed since the old days when "strange air made a man unfree;" when all foreigners were enemies; when emigration was prohibited lest all man-power of a state might leave and there might be no available material for an army; or when such principles generally prevailed as that of Machiavelli, which he enunciates in the following words: "that whoever is the occasion of another's advancement is the cause of his own diminution" (Chap. 3).The development of the family of nations idea, and its extension from the Christian European states to other so-called Christian states, and later to states having a recognized political standing, regardless of religious or ethnic bases, shows the enlarging aspects of international relationship. In order that this relationship might continue, it was necessary that principles generally recognized by those having control of political affairs as worthy of their support should underlie these relationships.

"U.S. Government Printing Office: 1934-89124"--P. 4. ; Cover title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

"86243p0s-34"--P. [3]. ; "Issued by Federal Housing Administration." ; Cover title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

On February 6, the Ohio supreme court handed down a decision invalidating the Cuyahoga county charter. While this was a severe blow to those who had worked for years for the modernization of the sadly disorganized polity of this metropolitan region, by far its most serious aspect was the court's adoption of an interpretation of the constitution which in effect abrogated the procedure for the adoption of a county charter by a simple majority of those voting in the county. This decision has doubtless set back the reform of county government a minimum of five to ten years.

Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the problems of local government in rural areas. Increasing demands upon the taxpayer for the support of government and its services have emphasized the need for modernization of our local political institutions. Although advances in this direction are inevitably slow, each year brings some progressive steps, the cumulative effect of which, over a number of years, should be considerable. In 1939, with most state legislatures in session, numerous statutes were enacted which had as their purpose the readjustment of governmental areas or functions, the improvement of local-government organization or finance, or the promotion of coöperation among various governmental units. At the same time, there were instances in which local units themselves sought, under existing authority, to undertake the performance of new services or to provide their inhabitants with governmental forms or procedures better suited to present-day needs. As in previous years, the developments of 1939 will be summarized under the following headings: (1) areas; (2) organization and personnel; (3) functions; (4) finance; (5) optional charters; and (6) intergovernmental relations.

Adams, Romanzo. The education and the economic outlook for the boys of Hawaii, a study in the field of race relationships. 1927.- Bau, Mingchien Joshua. Chinese nationalism.- Bau, M.J. Concessions and settlements - and their transference to Chinese rule.- Bau, M.J. Extraterritoriality - and its relinquishment.- Bau, M.J. The new British policy in China.- Bau, M.J. Readjustment of China's treaty relations.- Bau, M.J. The spark that set the nation afire.- Bau, M.J. Tariff autonomy - and its exercise.- Bau, M.J. Unequal treaties.- Bau, M.J. Appendices, relating to the Chinese question.- Charteris, A.H. Australian immigration laws and their working.- Currey, C.H. Politics and parties in Australia.- Dan, Inō. Japanese art and its modernization.- Faris, Ellsworth. The superiority of race.- Harada, Tasuku. The social status of the Japanese in Hawaii.- Hodgkin, H.T. Memorandum on missions- Hume, E.H. Facing the future of the missionary movement.- Lee, Shao Chang. A brief interpretative outline for the study of Chinese culture.- Mills, R.C. Australian public debt.- Nasu, Shiroshi. The problem of population and food supply in Japan.- Scholefield, G.H. and Hall, T.D.H. Asiatic immigration in New Zealand: its history and legislation.- Taylor, Griffith. The resources of Australia.- Wood, G.L. Effect of migration on the economic condition of labourers in the lands to which migrants go - Difference in standards of living as a barrier to immigration.- Yamasaki, Naomasa. Micronesia and Micronesians. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Ten years ago the Moslem world seemed near to political extinction. The only portion of it that could present a reasonable claim to be called independent was Turkey, and Turkish freedom was hampered by debt control, which gave foreigners the command of a large fraction of the Turkish revenues, and by the Capitulations, which allowed foreigners to reside on Turkish territory without obedience to Turkish laws. At the close of the Great War this last remnant of the once vast political Islam seemed about to be destroyed. But in a little more than five years a very different situation has developed among the Moslems, and in many regions they are moving rapidly in the direction of independence and modernization. Not only Turkey, but Persia, Afghanistan, Khiva, Bokhara, Albania, Egypt, and the Hejaz claim to be independent now; while other regions, such as Palestine, Syria, Mesopotamia, Turkestan, and Azerbeijan, not to speak of Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers, and Morocco, are in different degrees stirred with the desire to become free. In fact, every portion of the Moslem world, defining it to mean those lands in which persons professing the Mohammedan faith are in the majority, aspires to full statehood. India does not fall within this definition, having only about 20 per cent of Moslems; but the Moslems of India along with the rest are agitated by the demand for the complete independence of that great country.The principal ideas that have been working in the Moslem world are self-determination, constitutionalism, the separation of church and state, the desire to obtain the benefits of modern scientific advances, and unwillingness to remain indefinitely among those regarded as backward peoples. All of these ideas have had their origin or their recent development in western civilization. They have all been greatly promoted by the example and in many cases by the actual promises of Western nations engaged in the recent war.