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In the westernization process, the assumption is made that the Mc is the 'progressive' element striving to overcome the vested interest of the Uc's & the ignorance of the traditionbound peasant masses. While this generally represents the Iranian society, the author focuses on 'att's' of the modern Mc which complicate its 'progressive' role. A small group of wealthy landowners, merchants, manufacturers, & a larger group of army officers support the gov, officials, policies, & other activities. Opposition is in 3 groups: (i) leaders of large tribes, (ii) bazaar & its workers led by traditional religious leaders, & (iii) the 'modern' Mc of gov officials, small landowners, teachers, & non-bazaar merchants. The peasants - (80% Iranians) - are of little importance in public life. This report is based on (a) unstructured observations & conversations recorded in Shiraz, (b) a small sample of personal acquaintances was asked questions at the end of the 11-month stay, & (c) analysis of letters, newspapers, magazines, movies, & Persian & relevant Western literature was included. The following att's bearing on the capacity of the Mc to lead modernization are discussed: (1) Men are by nature evil, powerseeking, & irrational; 'right' educ can change men for the better. (2) All is changeable & in a state of flux. (3) The emotional effect on the audience of verbal communication is stressed; exaggeration is acceptable & demanded. (4) Untruth in statements is tolerated to an unusual degree & in bargaining, describing one's country, or opinions, the truth is regarded as stupid or foolish. (5) One must distrust those around him in society regardless of how friendly they seem at present, (6) Life is a struggle to obtain & preserve a position in an established order through manipulation of others. (7) One is pessimistic about there being any values beyond his own immediate pleasure for which he should strive including fear & distrust of the opposite sex & marriage. (8) Belief in personal superiority, moral & intellectual, over those around him. (9) Any gov is the enemy & great exploiter of the people: only unorganized church people & threats of revolution or de-pop inhibit the gov. (10) One's needs for security, happiness, & success cannot be satisfied in Iran & nothing can signif'ly improve conditions in Iran. The emphasis on personal manipulation of people, absence of att's necessary for cooperation, clouding of communication with untruths, exaggeration, & pessimism are hindrances to the modernizing role of the Mc. J. D. Twight.

The process of reception of foreign law in Turkey dates back to the middle of the 19th cent & is determined by the Westernization & secularization of Turkish customs & institutions. The sharp transition from religious sanctions to a system of law seems to outsiders to have occurred in 1926 with the adoption of the Swiss Civil Code. Actually, this was not the abrupt break with the past it appeared to be. The general evolution of law has been from a religious to a secular basis. The secularization of law had gone on for 150 yrs. In fact, Muslim law had begun to rigidify & lost its efficacy as a model legal system since the 10th cent. This secularization is reflected in the existence of a number of provisions from foreign sources which were incorporated into Turkish law even though they were contrary to Muslim law. Family law remained relatively untouched by this secular evolution. The Ataturk revolution, therefore, only accelerated the process & helped put an end to the dualism--secular & religious--of the Ottomon monarchy. The difficulties arising from the adoption of Western law are those which are apt to occur during any transition period. They are the result of conservative opposition to the reformative spirit of the new laws & the diff's in moral & material conditions in the communities of Turkey & those from which the Western laws were obtained. Turkish law needs to be made more harmonious with conditions in Turkish communities. A Committee for Revision, set up by the Ministry of Justice, is working toward this end. B. J. Keeley.