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It is contended that various aspects of modernization processes encourage political corruption. Three characteristics of modernizing societies that breed corruption are identified: modifications in a society's fundamental values; the emergence of novel forms of wealth & power that have no relationship with traditional social norms; & changes in political decision making. It is asserted that political corruption can be reduced by coinciding social norms with appropriate behavior for public officials. Similarities between the causes of political corruption & violence are then identified. Although the scale of corruption increases as a given official's bureaucratic status increases in most societies, the frequency of corrupt actions varies greatly across societies. Examples of societies in which either low-level or high-ranking officials are more corrupt than their counterparts are presented. It is asserted that political corruption can facilitate both political & economic development in modernizing nations. Corruption seems most prevalent in nations that lack effective political parties or permit individual or group interests to dominate. J. W. Parker

It is contended that various aspects of modernization processes encourage political corruption. Three characteristics of modernizing societies that breed corruption are identified: modifications in a society's fundamental values; the emergence of novel forms of wealth & power that have no relationship with traditional social norms; & changes in political decision making. It is asserted that political corruption can be reduced by coinciding social norms with appropriate behavior for public officials. Similarities between the causes of political corruption & violence are then identified. Although the scale of corruption increases as a given official's bureaucratic status increases in most societies, the frequency of corrupt actions varies greatly across societies. Examples of societies in which either low-level or high-ranking officials are more corrupt than their counterparts are presented. It is asserted that political corruption can facilitate both political & economic development in modernizing nations. Corruption seems most prevalent in nations that lack effective political parties or permit individual or group interests to dominate. J. W. Parker

This study will concern itself with Turkish political development from the early nineteenth century up to the present time: Firstly, the term modernization will be explained and the historical roots of Turkish modernization will be examined. Then, it will be concerned with the development of Turkish democracy. Also, the late Ottoman Period will be looked at very briefly, because Turkish modernization began in the Ottoman Empire. The central institution in the process of Turkish modernization was the army. After the abolition of the Janissary in 1826, the military became one of the most Westernized elements in the Empire. Liberal ideas first spread among the military officers and military colleges became the centre of secret political organizations in the mid-nineteenth century. Turkish military elites have always had the aim of representing the new values, behavior patterns and life styles since the late Ottoman era. ; This study will concern itself with Turkish political development from the early nineteenth century up to the present time: Firstly, the term modernization will be explained and the historical roots of Turkish modernization will be examined. Then, it will be concerned with the development of Turkish democracy. Also, the late Ottoman Period will be looked at very briefly, because Turkish modernization began in the Ottoman Empire. The central institution in the process of Turkish modernization was the army. After the abolition of the Janissary in 1826, the military became one of the most Westernized elements in the Empire. Liberal ideas first spread among the military officers and military colleges became the centre of secret political organizations in the mid-nineteenth century. Turkish military elites have always had the aim of representing the new values, behavior patterns and life styles since the late Ottoman era.

It is contended that the traditional perception of modernization as a national process has been replaced by the understanding of it as a global movement. An overview of modernization processes in Third World & postcolonial nations during the mid-20th century is provided; it is subsequently asserted that present-day modernization processes are principally connected to already-industrialized nations. It is maintained that international financial organizations are currently capable of controlling modernization processes in developing nations since these states lack certain economic & political institutions. The International Monetary Fund's loan to the UK in 1976 is interpreted as the point at which US foreign policy, combined with support from international financial organizations, established its dominance over contemporary modernization processes. Differences between the Bill Clinton administration's & the current George W. Bush administration's foreign policy are discussed to illustrate how military & industrial concerns have replaced an overriding attention to economic growth. It is concluded that global modernization processes have actually been replaced by regionalism; the implications of this transition from globalism to regionalism are considered. J. W. Parker

This chapter explores the strengthening & modernization of China's strategic force. The country has long sought to build a deterrent force by improving its nuclear weapons. Efforts are also being made to improve the training & readiness of troops. Other changes to be expected include the development of Ballistic Missile Defense countermeasures & the enhancement of nuclear war-fighting capabilities. While these efforts are hindered by delays, especially due to inadequate material stocks & limited technology, progress is being made. Modernization of US weapons, including BMD deployment, will have a significant influence on Beijing's decisions. Reassurance & dialogue on the US's part might slow down Chinese developments, but greater transparency on both sides would help even more. The Bush administration has improved dialogue by engaging in regular security discussions with the Chinese government. Another positive factor is the two countries' cooperation in fighting terrorism & trying to stop nuclear development in North Korea. J. Stanton