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Intro -- MONGOLIA PROFILES, FOREIGN RELATIONS AND U.S. INTERESTS -- MONGOLIA PROFILES, FOREIGN RELATIONS AND U.S. INTERESTS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 MONGOLIA: ISSUES FOR CONGRESS* -- SUMMARY -- OVERVIEW -- MONGOLIA'S DEMOCRACY -- Mongolia's Democratic Development -- Views of Mongolia's Democracy and Human Rights -- Institutions and Electoral Procedures -- Presidency of the Community of Democracies -- ECONOMIC ISSUES -- Investment Climate -- Flagship Mining Projects -- Oyu Tolgoi Copper and Gold Deposit -- Tavan Tolgoi Coal Deposit -- Dornod Uranium Deposit -- MONGOLIA'S ENGAGEMENT WITH THE WORLD -- Deployments to Iraq, Afghanistan, and U.N. Peacekeeping Missions -- Stance in International Organizations -- Nuclear-Weapons-Free Status -- Relations with the United States -- U.S. Assistance to Mongolia -- Millennium Challenge Corporation Compact -- Other U.S. Government Programs in Mongolia -- Relations with Russia60 -- Relations with China -- Relations with Japan -- Relations with the Koreas -- Relations with the European Union -- APPENDIX A. SELECT LEGISLATION ON MONGOLIA -- APPENDIX B. MONGOLIAN ELECTIONS 1992-PRESENT -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 MONGOLIA PROFILE* -- PROFILE -- Geography -- People -- Government -- Economy -- PEOPLE -- HISTORY -- CHRONOLOGY OF MONGOLIAN HISTORY 1921-PRESENT -- GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS -- Political Parties -- Legal System -- Principal Government Officials -- ECONOMY -- Environment -- FOREIGN RELATIONS -- U.S.-MONGOLIAN RELATIONS -- Chapter 3 2010 COUNTRY REPORTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS PRACTICES: MONGOLIA* -- RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS -- Section 1. Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom From -- A. Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life -- B. Disappearance -- C. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

This paper compares the output gap estimates for Mongolia based on a number of different methods. Special attention is paid to the substantial role of mining in the Mongolian economy. We find that a Blanchard and Quah-type joint model of output and inflation provides a more robust estimate of the output gap for Mongolia than the traditional statistical decompositions

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- PROGRAM POLICIES -- A. Macro Policies -- B. Structural Policies -- PROGRAM MODALITIES -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Wage Bill -- 2. Fuel Pricing in Mongolia -- FIGURES -- 1. Real Sector Developments -- 2. Fiscal Sector Developments -- 3. Financial Sector Developments -- 4. External Sector Developments -- 5. Monetary Sector -- 6. Markets -- 7. Gender -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic and Financial Indicators, 2015-23 -- 2a. Summary Operations of the General Government, 2015-23 (In billions of togrogs) -- 2b. Summary Operations of the General Government, 2015-23 (In percent of GDP) -- 3. Balance of Payments, 2015-23 -- 4. Monetary Aggregates, 2015-23 -- 5. External Financing Requirements and Sources, 2015-23 -- 6. Indicators of Fund Credit, 2017-23 -- 7. Access and Phasing Under the Extended Fund Facility (EFF) -- 8. Selected Economic and Financial Stability Indicators, 2010-18 -- ANNEXES -- I. External Sector Assessment -- II. Public Debt Sustainability Analysis -- III. External Debt Sustainability Analysis -- APPENDIX -- I. Letter of Intent -- Attachment I. Technical Memorandum of Understanding.

KEY ISSUESOverview. Mongolia has made impressive progress in developing its economy over the past decade. Medium-term prospects remain promising given Mongoliaâ??s large natural resource endowment, but macroeconomic policies have become unsustainably loose.The resulting balance of payments (BOP) pressures have been compounded by negative shocks to FDI and coal exports.Outlook and Risks. Staff expect the economy to grow by 12 percent this year and 9½ percent in 2014, buoyed by the start of production at the Oyu Tolgoi (OT) copperand gold mine. Over the past two years, nonmining growth has been

The Natural Bounty of China is an important book series of 60 titles that comprehensively documents the vast diversity of China's natural resources. China recognizes more than 1,600 products unique to the country - known as geographical indication products. This series describes these products in detail, with each single volume focusing on a particular region of China and the unique products cultivated there, such as Changbaishan ginseng in northeast China to the bean paste of Pixian (the "soul of Sichuan cuisine") in the southwest. From the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang to history-steeped Shandong and gorgeously scenic Yunnan, almost every place in the country has produced something that is readily identifiable with it. This series not only makes a major contribution to our understanding of the geography and agriculture of China, but also gives us a greater appreciation of Chinese culture as a whole. This volume looks at the abundant resources and products from the birthplace of Chinese civilization, Inner Mongolia.