Suchergebnisse

FranÃois Raffoul approaches the concept of responsibility in a manner that is distinct from its traditional interpretation as accountability of the willful subject. Exploring responsibility in the works of Nietzsche, Sartre, Levinas, Heidegger, and Derrida, Raffoul identifies decisive moments in the development of the concept, retrieves its origins, and explores new reflections on it. For Raffoul, responsibility is less about a sovereign subject establishing a sphere of power and control than about exposu.

Die Themen und Fragen, die ich mir in meiner Diplomarbeit anhand Ernst Tugendhats Buch "Vorlesungen über Ethik" behandeln will, sollen beantworten, warum Moral uns alle betrifft und diese universell ist. Diese Fragen würden anhand evolutionärer und psychologischer Theorien ergänzt und auch kritisiert werden. Anfangen will ich damit Tugendhats Normensystem anhand der Vorlesungen darzustellen um schließlich anhand der eben genannten psychologischen und evolutionären Theorien, neue Impulse zu setzen und neue Grundlagen heraus zu arbeiten, von denen aus man weiter arbeiten könnte. Evolutionäre Theorien aus dem Grund, weil sie durch die Entstehung des Menschen aus dem Tier erklären können, was uns vom Tier unterscheidet, und Tiefenpsychologie weil sie uns im Gegenteil dazu erklären kann, was uns durch das Unbewusste noch mit dem Tier verbindet. Denn so kann vielleicht erfasst werden wie Moral entstand und in welcher Form sie in uns vorhanden ist. Die Philosophie stellt als Sozialphilosophie auch einen wichtigen Punkt dar, weil Moral auch immer etwas ist, dass in der Gemeinschaft vollzogen wird und sich dort weiter entwickelt. Wir beziehen uns als Menschen immer auf unsere Umwelt, weil wir soziale Wesen sind. Mit den Ansichten des Psychoanalytikers Erich Fromm will ich so auch zeigen, dass die Unterdrückung dessen was potentiell in unserer Psyche ist, zu seelischen Problemen führen kann. Ich hoffe auf dieser Grundlage den Menschen und vor allem den Verteidigern der Menschenrechte etwas an die Hand geben zu können, mit den gegen eine relativistische Form der Moral, und für eine universelle Moral argumentiert werden kann. So sollen die naturwissenschaftlichen Ansätze, die ich in meine Arbeit einbringe, sollen die Allgemeinheit und Universalität der Moral einsehbar und verständlich für jeden machen. ; The subjects and questions, I want to treat in my diploma thesis by consulting Ernst Tugendhats work ''Vorlesungen über Ethik'', revolve around the key question, why moral and ethics concern all of us and why both are universal because of that. Evolutionary and psychological theories will expand this, but also critizise it. I want to start with explaining Tugendhat's standardssystem (based on his ''Vorlesungen'') to set new impulses and the base for further consideration by concerning those psychological and evolutionary theories. These approaches, that can be seen as alternative theories to Tugendhats moral concept, has been selected, because I consider them as fundamental research of moral systems. On one hand, evolutionary theories as they describe the development of humans out of animals and the difference between those species nowadays and on the other hand, depth psychology theories as they explain the unconscious what is still the connection between humans and animals. So this can or should grasp how moral arose an which kind of it exists in all of us. Social philosophy is another essential part of moral, since moral is always carried out and developed (further) in societies ? humans are constantly refering to their environment, because they (we all) are social beings. If this can be demonstrated, then moral has to be seen as inherent in humans, regardless wether it is lived out or not.By the means of Erich Fromm's psychoanalytical ideas, I want to show that repression of what is potentially a part of our mind could lead to mental problems. By covering all of this, I hope I lay the bases of arguments against relativistic moral system theories and for a universal one ? for the benefit of all human rights advocates and virtually for all humans. Thus the natural scientific approaches of my diploma thesis should support anybody understanding, that moral is a general and universal phenomenom. ; vorgelegt von Anna Thoma ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2012 ; (VLID)222697

International audience ; Philosophy does not escape the accusations which make it a simple sterile lucubration with no real connection with practical reality. Yet Kant, from the view point of his theory of subjectivism, thought of peace as audacity of cogitation of the concrete; a philosophically thought that can truly be grasped only through action. This view point has raised the problem of the excessive formalism on the one hand and the risk of an aporia (given the correlation of ethical problems and legal and political issues) in his sense, on the other. This article therefore attempts to reconstruct the principles of Kantian political thought starting from the completeness of the whole of his work that constitutes architectural influence of the Enlightenment, to justifying its applicability. Peace being the purpose of the policy is a question of law. Kant then develops four kinds of law: the law of war; civil law; the law of men and cosmopolitan law, and justify its applicability by the "methodology of pure practical reason." It is this methodology that links theory and practice and make the Kantian politics not realpolitik like that of his critics, but a moral politics which philosophers are the custodians. The political problem thus moves from conceptual ideas to concrete possibility. Morality and politics are not separated but are distinguished in their achievement conditions. ; Résumé : La philosophie n'échappe pas à cette accusation qui fait d'elle une simple élucubration stérile, sans véritable lien avec la réalité pratique. Pourtant, Kant à partir de sa posture de théoricien du subjectivisme a pensé la paix comme audace de la cogitation sur le concret ; pensée pleinement philosophique qui ne se saisie véritablement que dans l'action. Cette posture a posé le problème de son formalisme excessif, d'une part et du risque d'une aporie dans sa pensé (vu la corrélation des problèmes éthiques et des questions juridiques et politiques) d'autre part. L'article essaie donc de reconstruire les principes de la ...

Political violence does not end with the last death. A common feature of mass murder has been the attempt to destroy any memory of victims, with the aim of erasing them from history. Perpetrators seek not only to eliminate a perceived threat but also to eradicate any possibility of alternate, competing social and national histories. In this timely and important book, Ernesto Verdeja develops a critical justification for political reconciliation. He asks the questions "What is the balance between punishment and forgiveness?" and "What are the stakes in reconciling?" Developing a normative theory of reconciliation that differs from prevailing approaches, Verdeja outlines a concept that emphasizes the importance of shared notions of moral respect and tolerance among adversaries in transitional societies. Drawing from reconciliation efforts around the world—and interviews with people involved in such endeavors—Verdeja debates how best to envision reconciliation while taking into account the very significant practical obstacles that confront such efforts. Unchopping a Tree addresses the core concept of respect at four different social levels—political, institutional, civil society, and interpersonal—to explain the promise and challenges of securing reconciliation and broader social regeneration.

War presents the most degraded moral environment humanity creates. It is an arena where individuality is subsumed in collective violence and humanity is obscured as a faceless, merciless enemy pitted against its reflection in an elemental struggle for survival. A barbaric logic has guided the conduct of war throughout history. Yet as Cathal Nolan reveals in this book, even as war can obliterate hope and decency at the grand level it simultaneously produces conditions that permit astonishing exceptions of mercy and shared dignity. Pulling the trigger is usually both the expedient thing and required by war's grim and remorseless calculus. Yet somehow the trigger is not always pulled. Humanity is rediscovered and honoured in a flash of recognition. This book gathers and explores acts of singular mercy, giving them form and substance - across wars, causes, and opposing uniforms.

Abstract
In the last decade, the importance of Simone de Beauvoir's contribution to 20th-century French philosophy has been beyond debate. However, it can be tempting to read her contributions as the dated beginnings of feminist philosophy, and to believe that her work is only interesting from the perspective of the history of philosophy. To the contrary, this article claims that contemporary philosophers can and should take Beauvoirian philosophy as a source of fruitful insights on contemporary issues in political and moral philosophy by showing the limited scope of two classic critiques of Beauvoir and by defending the relevance of her work for thinking about female submission and the importance of erotic experience.

Natural Goodness is the long-awaited exposition of a highly original approach to moral philosophy, representing a fundamental break away from the assumptions of recent debates. Foot challenges many prominent philosophical arguments and attitudes; hers is not, however, a work of dry theory, but full of life and feeling, written for anyone intrigued by the deepest questions about goodness and human life. This beautifully written book offers a new beginning formoral philosophy.

In this note, Robert Horvath poses the problem of the philosophical bases of the statistical description of states as it took shape in German universities in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Aristotelian philosophy which dominated study in Germany inhibited the bringing together of this literature with English political arithmetic and retarded the mathematization of social facts. While it opted for classification and description, it remained in the service of moral philosophy and contributed to the apology of the state.

This is a major new study of Kant's ethics that will transform the way students and scholars approach the subject in future. Allen Wood argues that Kant's ethical vision is grounded in the idea of the dignity of the rational nature of every human being. Undergoing both natural competitiveness and social antagonism the human species, according to Kant, develops the rational capacity to struggle against its impulses towards a human community in which the ends of all are to harmonize and coincide. The distinctive features of the book are twofold. First, it focuses for the first time on the central role played in Kant's ethical theory by the value of rational nature as an end itself. Second, it shows the importance of Kant's systematic theory of human nature and history, and its implications for the structure, formulation, and application of Kant's moral principles. This comprehensive study will be of critical importance to students of moral philosophy, the history of ideas, political theory, and religious studies

1. John Rawls' A Theory of Justice represented a rare intellectual event. It advanced a fresh, detailed and powerful conception of political economy, and rooted that conception in an elaborately worked out political and moral philosophy. Rawls' two principles of justice, with the celebrated maximin standard of distributive justice, represent the point of departure for any serious discussion of this subject. The details of Rawls' proposal are too well known to require summary. Instead, I shall call attention to the basic premise of his work and to a significant anomaly in it, as setting the stage for my own proposal.

This fascinating new book examines diversity in moral judgments, drawing on recent work in social, personality, and evolutionary psychology, reviewing the factors that influence the moral judgments people make. Why do reasonable people so often disagree when drawing distinctions between what is morally right and wrong? Even when individuals agree in their moral pronouncements, they may employ different standards, different comparative processes, or entirely disparate criteria in their judgments. Examining the sources of this variety, the author expertly explores morality using ethics position theory, alongside other theoretical perspectives in moral psychology, and shows how it can relate to contemporary social issues from abortion to premarital sex to human rights. Also featuring a chapter on applied contexts, using the theory of ethics positions to gain insights into the moral choices and actions of individuals, groups, and organizations in educational, research, political, medical, and business settings, the book offers answers that apply across individuals, communities, and cultures. Investigating the relationship between people's personal moral philosophies and their ethical thoughts, emotions, and actions, this is fascinating reading for students and academics from psychology and philosophy and anyone interested in morality and ethics. ; https://scholarship.richmond.edu/bookshelf/1343/thumbnail.jpg