Genesis and development of a morality ; Генезис и становление феномена морали ; ҐЕНЕЗА ТА СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ФЕНОМЕНА МОРАЛІ
The article attempts to trace the logic of the different methodological approaches to the problem of the genesis of morality that existed in the history of ethics. This logic is included in some theoretical schemes and concepts, which allows to overcome the methodological limitations and the failure of some of the theories in the framework of cultural studies. Problems of a modern society that characterize the socio-cultural situation in our country, manifested in cultural crisis, domestic relations, politics and the economy, education and training. These problems trying to some extent to solve the representatives of different sciences. On the pages of scientific publications are the debates and the search for new paradigms, new generation, reflecting the current situation categories. It seems that increasingly, the search will be successful within cultural studies. This science by synthesizing a reaching many sciences, producing a total "denominator" in the study of culture, showing the general and specific to the culture of different nations, because of its polyfunctionality evrystychnosti and presents opportunities for research and scientific generalizations. Despite significant advances in the science of the theoretical modeling of individual aspects and stages of the genesis of moral progress in the past few years, the whole theory of the origin of morality yet. Therefore, in our view, a fruitful contribution to the development of this theory would be a system that reveals the mechanism of gradual development of morality. The main objective of the work is seen in an attempt to synthesize the various aspects of modern scientific understanding of the mechanism of the origin of morality in a coherent conception of the genesis of morality. To solve this problem you want to play, based on modern scientific material "objective" historical dialectic movement phenomenon of morality at the time of its inception, and the "subjective" dialectic deploy the origin of morality in historical types of philosophical and ethical systems of the past and present. The main objective of the work specified in the task of critical analysis of methodological principles and content of the genesis of moral concepts in the history of ethical thought. The novelty of the research is determined primarily methodological approach to the problem of the genesis of morality, the desire to reveal the objective laws of the origin, development and self-movement phenomenon of morality. In the modern day, including ethical-cultural literature, there are different approaches to address specific issues of origin of morality. Usually the surveys were isolated five or six or even more of these theoretical positions, but they were fully independent, somehow adhering to the two axial concepts which, in turn, went to the Kantian and Hegelian tradition. The first may be called (usually suspended) historical-genetic, functional, and the second – a historical and systematic, structural. Russian scientists A. Shishkin, V. Zybkovets, D. Valyeev in content analysis of "morality" tribal relied on the idea of morality as a set of simple rules, norms of behavior that govern their relationships to one another, class, state, etc. These authors attributed the origin of morality to the era of primitive human herd. In the early 70s was proposed "evolutionary-genetic" conception of the genesis of morality. Researchers concluded that "social behavior" is not a unique feature of human and she is genetically fixed mechanisms. This concept has been criticized in the scientific literature. Theoretically and methodologically able to mature is the concept of the genesis of morality, in which the main condition for the formation of morality is a conflict between the individual and society, and its occurrence refers to the historical era of tribal society. This concept has a number of advantages: the origin of morality tallies with this contradiction in a way that serves as the development of moral self-movement, self-development. In historical and moral system model is considered as a unique way of spiritual and practical development of the world a man who is in logical and reflective, emotional and subconscious form. The second model excludes the idea of morality as a form of social consciousness. It holds the line on the recognition of moral properties of a single human life, as well as part of spiritual practice "of man." In fundamental terms, it is not simply "reflect" reality, but also gets into it as a cross-cutting element of social practice. Thus, the methodological basis of consideration of moral phenomena is the position that morality is a specific form of public display of human life, the moral idea expressed economic and socio-political conditions of society, that finally morality arose from the need to regulate behavior. ; В статье анализируется мораль как универсальный феномен исторического развития общественного и индивидуального образа жизни. Доказано, что мораль является одним из основных типов социальной регуляции, своеобразным способом организации реального процесса человеческой жизнедеятельности. Объективные потребности общества, фиксируясь в обычаях, принимают форму оценок, общих правил и практических предписа- ний в виде морали. ; У статті аналізується мораль як універсальний феномен історичного розвитку суспільного та індивідуального способу життєдіяльності. Доведено, що мораль є одним з основних типів соціальної регуляції, своєрідним способом організації реального процесу людської життєдіяльності. Об'єктивні потре- би суспільства, фіксуючись в звичаях, приймають форму оцінок, загальних правил і практичних приписів у вигляді моралі.