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Efektywność ekonomiczna samorządu terytorialnego w polityce zdrowotnej Polski na tle aktualnej sytuacji zdrowotnej w Unii Europejskiej
The Cost-Eectiveness of Local Government in Poland's Health Policy Against the Background of the Current Health Situation in the EUAt the beginning of this article the genesis of public health is presented, both in the Polish and European context. Then the current health situation of Polish society is assessed in comparison with other European Union citizens, on the basis of one subjective indicator (opinion concerning one's health) and two objective ones (life expectancy and mortality rate). Further, the tasks of local government in Poland are presented in the public health area and the definition of effectiveness is given, in the context of which the ways of funding public health measures by the local government are described and the structure of expenditures of the local government in the public health area are compared with other expenditures from the local government's budget. In the conclusion of the article, the results are described of the 1999 reform in the area of cost-effective funding of tasks in the area of public health at local level.
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EU grants in the years 2007-2013 and the health care system in Poland
Poland has been a member of the European Union since 1 May 2004 under the Accession Treaty signed on 16 April 2003 in Athens, the legal basis for Poland's accession to the European Union. Thanks to this move we get help in the form of EU grants to improve our economy. Since then we have seen the effects of this help, such as motorways, stadiums. And what contribution does the EU have for the health of Poland? Thanks to participation in the European Union, our health care has improved. Thanks to numerous subsidies, the conditions in hospitals and outpatient clinics have improved and new medical equipment has become available. The modernization of medical rescue services, including the purchase of new emergency ambulances, the construction, reconstruction or repair of provincial emergency notification centers, will result in the reduction of mortality in emergency situations in the near future. Thanks to subsidies from the European Union, there have been many positive changes in the Polish health service. Thanks to the good use of funds, people are tested with state-of-the-art equipment by qualified medical personnel, brought by specialized ambulances to an appropriately-organized and well-equipped healthcare facility.
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EU grants in the years 2007-2013 and the health care system in Poland
Poland has been a member of the European Union since 1 May 2004 under the Accession Treaty signed on 16 April 2003 in Athens, the legal basis for Poland's accession to the European Union. Thanks to this move we get help in the form of EU grants to improve our economy. Since then we have seen the effects of this help, such as motorways, stadiums. And what contribution does the EU have for the health of Poland? Thanks to participation in the European Union, our health care has improved. Thanks to numerous subsidies, the conditions in hospitals and outpatient clinics have improved and new medical equipment has become available. The modernization of medical rescue services, including the purchase of new emergency ambulances, the construction, reconstruction or repair of provincial emergency notification centers, will result in the reduction of mortality in emergency situations in the near future. Thanks to subsidies from the European Union, there have been many positive changes in the Polish health service. Thanks to the good use of funds, people are tested with state-of-the-art equipment by qualified medical personnel, brought by specialized ambulances to an appropriately-organized and well-equipped healthcare facility.
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Dżuma (Yersinia pestis) - jako broń biologiczna
In: International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, Heft 9, S. 84-94
Yersinia pestis (formerly Pasteurella pestis) is a type of bacterium. It is believed to have been responsible for plagues of the early 1300s. More accurately, it is a Gram-negative rod-shaped coccobacillus. It is a facultative anaerobe that can infect humans and other animals. Human Y. pestis infection takes three main forms: pneumonic, septicemic, and bubonic plagues. All three forms are widely believed to have been responsible for a number of high-mortality epidemics throughout human history, including the Justinianic Plague of the sixth century and the Black Death that accounted for the death of at least one-third of the European population between 1347 and 1353. It has now been shown conclusively that these plagues originated in rodent populations in China. More recently, Y. pestis has gained attention as a possible biological warfare agent and the CDC has classified it as a category A pathogen requiring preparation for a possible terrorist attack. Every year, thousands of cases of plague are still reported to the World Health Organization, although, with proper treatment, the prognosis for victims is now much better. A five- to six-fold increase in cases occurred in Asia during the time of the Vietnam war, possibly due to the disruption of ecosystems and closer proximity between people and animals. Plague also has a detrimental effect on non-human mammals. In the United States of America, animals such as the black-tailed prairie dog and the endangered black-footed ferret are under threat from the disease.
Procesy demograficzne a model rodziny w Polsce ; Demographic Processes and Family Model in Poland
The author discusses the fifth phase of demographic transition and post-transitional periods in Poland and in some European countries. Basic demographic processes, especially fertility and mortality in Poland run a course similar to that in most developed countries. Since age-sex structure of Polish population is unregular the author presents basic properties of demographic structures and processes up to the year 2000. Discussion of the transformation of family size in Poland is presented on the basis of TFRs. At the beginning of the century the TFR was 6,2 children per woman of fertility age, in 1930-ties 3.5 and in 1980 only 2,3. Urban-rural differentiation presents that since middle of 1960-ties the expanded reproduction of population in Poland is due to women living in rural areas (Tabl. 2). Taking into consideration the analysis of demographic trends and expected socio-economic changes the author notes that despite a relatively high level of natural increase the existing level of fertility in Poland is approaching that assuring only a simple reproduction of generations, i.e. 215 children per 100 women aged 15-49. The author postulates that reproduction of generations should be counted among important strategic goals of the country's development. It would be advantageous to maintain the level of reproduction slightly above the level of a simple reproduction of generations. Finally, the author postulates that the socio-economic policy of the country should incorporate demographic strategic goals as goals of highest priority when new plans of socio-economic development are formulated. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016
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