Розкриваються ключові риси основних моделей демократичних держав – соціальної, ліберальної й консервативної. Аналізуються базові відхилення від них у сучасній українській політичній системі. Розглядаються варіанти коректування політичного курсу держави в напрямі її демократизації. There are some main features of the models of democratic states that are uncovering. Analysing some basic deviations from the main social, liberal and conservative systems that should be at Ukrainian politic system it is possible to see options of adjustment of policy of the state at the direction of its democratisation.
The article deals with the issue of the concept of restorability as one of the most important technical and operational properties of military vehicles, and on the basis of developing a system image of the process of reconstruction of the properties of military vehicles object and repair, a typical structure of requirements is defined which should be taken into account in the development of tactical and technical the task of creating the latest weapons and military equipment.
The article deals with the issue of the concept of restorability as one of the most important technical and operational properties of military vehicles, and on the basis of developing a system image of the process of reconstruction of the properties of military vehicles object and repair, a typical structure of requirements is defined which should be taken into account in the development of tactical and technical the task of creating the latest weapons and military equipment.
The scientific and technological revolution of the early 21st century has caused profound systemic transformations around the world. First of all, due to the combination of advances in the field of advanced information and communication technologies (ICT) with the acquisitions that have emerged from the rapid development of information and telecommunications systems (ITS), fundamentally new global substances have emerged - the information society, as well as the information and cybernetic spaces they have almost unlimited potential and play a leading role in the economic and social development of every country in the world. However, due to the unprecedented proliferation of ICTs and ITSs, the world community has received not only numerous benefits, but also a number of problems caused by the growing vulnerability of the info sphere to third-party cybernetic influences. Therefore, it is only natural for the need to control and further regulate appropriate relationships, and therefore for the immediate creation of a robust cyber security system. Instead, the absence of such a system could lead to the loss of political independence of any state in the world, since it would involve the actual loss of competition by non-military means and the subordination of its national interests to the interests of the opposing party. As these circumstances play an important role in the geopolitical competition of most countries in the world recently, ensuring cybersecurity and harmony in cyberspace has become a major challenge in our information age. The article is devoted to the study of cybercrime trends, which is a threat to the information security of our country. The place and role of cyber security in the nationalist security system of the state are highlighted. The situation of the cyber defense system in the advanced countries of the world, such as the United States of America and the United Kingdom, was detailed. The main shortcomings and prospects of installing cyberspace protection have been identified. The use of modern information technologies in the state structures, as well as in the society as a whole, makes solving the problems of information security one of the main ones. ; Науково-технічна революція початку ХХІ сторіччя спричинила в усьому світі глибокні системнні перетвнорення. Передунсім завдякни поєднаннню досягннень у сфері новітнніх інформнаційно-комунікаційних технолногій (ІКТ) із надбанннями, що постални на базі стрімкного розвитнку інформнаційно-телекомунікаційних систем (ІТC), сформунвалися принцинпово нові глобалньні субстаннції — інформнаційне суспілньство, а також інформнаційний та кіберннетичний простонри, які мають нині практинчно необменжений потенцніал і відігрнають провіднну роль в економнічному та соціалньному розвитнку кожної країни світу. Проте через небаченне досі поширенння ІКТ та ІТC світовна спільннота отриманла не лише численнні переванги, а й цілу низку пробленм, зумовлнених дедалі більшоню вразлинвістю інфосфнери щодо сторонннього кіберннетичного впливу. Тому цілком природнно постална необхіндність контронлю та подальншого врегулнювання відповнідних взаємонвідносин, а отже, і невідкнладного створенння надійнної системни кіберннетичної безпекни. Натомінсть відсутнність такої системни може призвенсти до втрати політинчної незаленжності будь-якої державни світу, бо йтиметнься про фактичнний програнш нею змаганння невійсньковими засобанми та підпорнядкування її націоннальних інтеренсів інтеренсам протибнорчої сторонни. Оскільнки саме ці обставнини відігрнають останннім часом важливну роль у геополнітичній конкурненції більшонсті країн світу, то забезпнечення кібербнезпеки та злагодни в кіберпнросторі стає головнним завданнням нашої інформнаційної епохи. Стаття посвячнена досліднженням тенденнцій кіберннетичної злочиннності, що є загрозною інформнаційній безпецні нашої державни. Виділенно місце та роль кіберннетичної безпекни в системні націонналістичної безпекни державни. Було деталінзовано становнище системни оборонни від кіберннетичних атак в передонвих державнах світу, таких як Сполучнені Штати Америкни та Велика Британнія. Виявленно головнні недолінки та перспенктиви встанонвлення захистну кіберннетичного простонру. Викоринстання сучаснних інформнаційних технолногій у державнних структнурах, а також у суспілньстві в цілому, висуванє вирішенння пробленм інформнаційної безпекни в число основнних.
Introduction. At the present stage of economic development, one of the most important problems is the search for more efficient use of limited resources available in the enterprise and the formation of such resource potential that would be sufficient to produce the required amount of products. Problems of using the resources of agrarian enterprises are connected, first of all, with the innovation of production and its environmental safety. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to identify the problems of using certain resources of agrarian enterprises and possible ways of overcoming them.Methods. The methodological basis of the study is a set of methods of cognition: generalization, historical-logical and retrospective methods.Results. Among the problems of resource use of particular relevance are issues of improving the reproduction of productive capacity of agricultural land and their environmentally safe use.Water resources play an increasing role in the agrarian sector of the economy. This is due to the need to increase agricultural productivity; unfavorable agro-climatic conditions in agricultural regions; differences in the ratio of land and water potentials, since in most of the agricultural land they act as a single unit – means of production. There is a shortage of water resources on the territory of Ukraine; therefore, the main task is to save water and its rational use, to search for a variety of alternative ways of land reclamation.Effective use of rural labor resources is one of the main factors that influence the increase of production in an agrarian enterprise and the improvement of the living standards of the rural population. The main problem of the development and efficient functioning of labor resources in rural areas is the curtailment of agricultural production, a sharp contraction of sown areas under labor-intensive cultures, which lead to an increase in unemployment, underemployment and mass labor migration.The development of agrarian enterprises is impossible without sufficient financial resources from all possible sources of income. Particular state support is an important problem in improving the financial condition of agrarian enterprises. The main reasons for inefficient financing by the state of the agrarian sector are the imperfection of the mechanisms for obtaining and distributing budget funds and violation of budgetary discipline during their use.Equally important are the problems of technical and technological provision of agricultural production on the basis of the introduction of the latest engineering and technologies, in particular, the use of alternative types of energy, as well as informatization of the agro-industrial sector of the economy. Informatization should relate to production, management, education, science.Originality. The revealed problems of resources utilization of agrarian enterprises need to be solved only under the condition of an innovative way of overcoming them with the obligatory consideration of the ecological component.Conclusion. In general, improving the conditions for the economic activity of agrarian enterprises and solving these problems, using resources on an innovative basis, taking into account the environmental component, will provide an opportunity to increase the efficiency of their production and economic activity in general and competitiveness, in particular, both in the domestic and foreign markets.
The article deals with the issues of formation of the professional ethics of the teacher-engineer according to past and contemporary views on the professional and ethical competence of the specialist. Modern teacher-engineer must possess not only pedagogical, technical, methodological, psychological knowledge and skills, but also skills of culture of communication, interpersonal interaction; readiness to adhere to the rules and rules of etiquette, possess a number of professionally important personal qualities, which determines the level of professional and personal culture of a specialist. The author notes that professional ethics is an applied direction of ethics as a scientific field of knowledge about moral and morality, which is a set of moral and ethical norms and rules that determine the specifics of professional behavior and professional activity of modern technical specialists. The purpose of the article is theoretical analysis of ethical problems of professional activity of modern engineering and pedagogical specialist in the context of historical development and formation of ethical and pedagogical ideas. In order to determine the methodology of research an analysis of the principles, approaches and methods of studying the mentioned problem (analysis, synthesis, comparison, comparison, etc.) was conducted on the basis of scientific and methodological information. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the author has determined, theoretically substantiated and developed the complex of knowledge about the professional ethics of the personality, its essence, principles and components; knowledge of the content of professional ethics as a component of professional culture, stimulating the success of the professional activity of future teacher-engineer. The author makes conclusions that consideration of the genesis of ethical and pedagogical ideas is essential for the content of modern professional education, which is developing through humanization and democratization, introduces the principles ...
Introduction. After the proclamation of independence in Ukraine, a course was launched to create a system of state governance on the principle of decentralization ("from the bottom up"). Although in the years of independence, much has been done in terms of decentralization of power, but the problems that have accumulated in this area are still far from being resolved. One of the important problems is the construction of an effective system of territorial organization of power. Its solution is particularly important in the context of the formation of capable territorial communities. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to isolate and analyze certain measures necessary to improve the territorial basis of local self-government and executive authorities in the context of the formation of capable territorial communities.Methods. Method of theoretical analyses is used.Results. On the basis of publications and materials related to the decentralization reform in Ukraine, the key measures aimed at improving the territorial basis of local self-government and executive authorities in the context of the formation of capable territorial communities are identified and analyzed, namely: 1) optimization of the system of the administrative-territorial organization of the country; 2) planning of a network of capable territorial communities; 3) the formation of capable territorial communities; 4) voluntary adherence of territorial communities to already established united territorial communities (UTG), cities of oblast significance and the city of Kyiv; 5) stimulation by the state of the process of creation of UTG; 6) justification of the network of sectoral territorial units.Originality. Based on the study of foreign experience and Ukrainian realities, the Italian version of the division of administrative-territorial units of the NUTS-2 level (on average by 5-6 units of level NUTS-3) was not supported by the lower population density, low level of motorization of rural population, off-road, etc. It is proved that for Poland the Polish variant is more acceptable in which units of the level NUTS-2 are immediately divided into units of the level LAU-1 (not less than five). It is critically an attempt to collapse the regional level of management, passing the main functions of district state administrations of UTG, because this will lead to "optimization" (due to impossibility of retention) of networks of educational, hospital and other institutions and, accordingly, will lead to further degradation of rural areas. The criteria of allocation in the UTG of the capable central and pastoral districts are proposed. The value of state aid for the formation of a capable UTG is revealed. The relevance of the allocation of sectoral territorial units in connection with medical and educational reforms (hospitals and educational districts) is shown.Conclusion. The reform of decentralization in Ukraine objectively requires the improvement of the territorial basis of local self-government and executive authorities. This is most needed for the formation of capable territorial communities. The concrete measures that must be implemented in this regard should not adversely affect the development of rural areas and create additional difficulties for citizens in terms of access to administrative, medical, educational and other services.
Problem setting. Today new generation of future military professionals must be prepared for professional activity and life in the ever-changing conditions of military affairs. Military activity is a specific type of activity. Therefore, higher military education should become school of high culture of thinking of future military specialists. The formation of a logical culture of the future military specialist and a holistic personality is inconceivable without the formation of professional thinking. One of the main shortcomings in the training of cadets is the problem of solving new technical problems. Recent research and publications analysis. On the basis of theoretical analysis of scientific sources and expert assessment of the significance of components of the creative activity of military specialists professional thinking, the criteria for the development of each component and their indicators have been defined. This problem is considered by Zavalishin, Teplov, Yagupov, technical thinking (Kudryavtsev, Kulyutkin, Reshetnikov) and othes. Paper objective. In the research the theoretical basis and experimental study of peculiarities of the development of the logical component of future military specialists' professional thinking in the process of professional training in a higher education institution have been carried out. Paper main body. On the basis of theoretical analysis it has been determined that logical thinking is an important component of the professional skill of a specialist, which ensures the successful accomplishment of professional tasks, the adoption of optimal solutions in a certain area of activity, and it is the embodiment of the professional competences of the individual and the condition for his or her professional development. The paper deals with the problem of logical thinking as an important component of training military specialists in psychological and pedagogical sciences. The analysis of thinkingas a psychological cognitive process, in scientific works of foreign and native ...
The article elucidates the internal problems of Uzbekistan among which one should mention the problem of poverty, mass unemployment, shortage of arable land and water resources, serious ecological problems. To a high degree these problems have been caused by a rapid growth of population. Uzbekistan tries to solve these problems by means of liberal market reforms and the multi-vector foreign policy developing political, economic and trade relations at the same time with different countries, in particular with China, the USA, the EU, Turkey, South Korea, Russia and other countries-members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). It was shown that volumes of trade of Uzbekistan with the Western countries as well as the level of Western investments remain at least now not high. The conclusion is drawn that for the USA Uzbekistan presents the interest mainly in geopolitical, military and strategic aspects, especially now after the US troops left Afghanistan. The EU is more than the USA interested in developing the trade and economic relations with Uzbekistan. The new agreement between Uzbekistan and the EU on enlarged partnership and cooperation will create more favorable conditions for economic cooperation and trade, growth of European investments into economy of Uzbekistan. Nevertheless it seems that the factor of geographic remoteness of Uzbekistan from Europe will not make it possible for the EU countries to occupy the same place in external economic links of Uzbekistan as the countries-neighbours such as China, Russia and other countries-members of the EAEU. It is shown that China is the most important trade and economic partner of Uzbekistan. China considers Uzbekistan as the important transit country with transport corridors indispensable for transportation first of all of Chinese goods to the countries of Europe and other regions of the world. The Chinese investments into economy of Uzbekistan are constantly growing. The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), in particular Russia and Kazakhstan, is also the most important trade and economic partner of Uzbekistan. Besides, Russia is the biggest labour market for millions of Uzbek migrant workers. Within the EAEU the common labour market was created, migrant workers who are citizens of the countries-members of the EAEU enjoy the social rights of the country of stay and may freely move over territories of the countries-members of the EAEU. This fact is especially important for Uzbekistan which is interested in improving living conditions of its migrant workers. Besides, as the facts show, the economic integration within the EAEU does not prevent the governments of the countries-members of the EAEU from developing intensive political and economic relations with different countries. Taking into account the complex of acute socio-economic, ecological and demographic problems facing Uzbekistan it seems that in the future one cannot completely exclude the possibility of membership of Uzbekistan in the EAEU especially if such a membership does not prevent the Uzbek government from pursuing the multi-vector foreign policy. The parliament of Uzbekistan approved the decision to obtain the status of observer at the EAEU. The EAEU granted this status to Uzbekistan in December 2020. ; В статті окреслені внутрішні проблеми Узбекистану, серед яких слід назвати проблему бідності, масового безробіття, нестачі сільськогосподарської землі і водних ресурсів, екологічні проблеми. Значною мірою ці проблеми обумовлені швидким зростанням населення. Узбекистан намагається вирішити ці проблеми шляхом ліберальних ринкових реформ та багатовекторної зовнішньої політики, розвиваючи одночасно політичні та торгово-економічні відносини з різними країнами, зокрема, з Китаєм, США, Євросоюзом, Туреччиною, Південною Кореєю, Росією та іншими країнами-членами Євразійського економічного союзу (ЄАЕС). В статті показано, що обсяги торгівлі Узбекистану із західними країнами, а також обсяги західних інвестицій в економіку цієї країни в цілому залишаються, принаймні зараз, невисокими. Робиться висновок, що для США Узбекистан є цікавим головним чином в геополітичному і військово-стратегічному аспектах, особливо зараз, після виводу американських військ із Афганістану. ЄС значно більше, ніж США, зацікавлений в розвитку торгово-економічних відносин з Узбекистаном. Нова угода між Узбекистаном і ЄС про розширене партнерство і співробітництво створить більш сприятливі умови для економічного співробітництва і торгівлі, зростання європейських інвестицій в економіку Узбекистану. Проте, здається, що фактор географічної віддаленості Узбекистану від Європи не дасть можливості країнам Євросоюзу займати таке ж провідне місце в зовнішньоекономічних відносинах Узбекистану, яке зараз займають сусідні Китай, Росія та інші країни-члени ЄАЕС. Показано, що найважливішим торгово-економічним партнером Узбекистану є Китай, який розглядає Узбекистан як важливу транзитну країну, через територію якої проходять транспортні коридори для транспортування, перш за все, китайських товарів в країни Європи та інші регіони світу. Китайські інвестиції в економіку Узбекистану невпинно зростають. Євразійський економічний союз (ЄАЕС), зокрема, такі його члени як Росія і Казахстан, також є для Узбекистану найважливішим торгово-економічним партнером. Крім того, Росія є головним ринком праці для мільйонів узбецьких трудових мігрантів. В межах ЄАЕС був створений єдиний ринок праці, трудові мігранти-громадяни країн-членів ЄАЕС користуються соціальними правами країни перебування та можуть вільно пересуватися територією країн-членів ЄАЕС. Ця обставина особливо важлива для Узбекистану, який зацікавлений в покращенні умов перебування своїх трудових мігрантів. Крім того, як свідчать факти, економічна інтеграція в межах ЄАЕС не перешкоджає урядам країн-членів ЄАЕС розвивати інтенсивні політичні і економічні відносини з різними країнами. Враховуючи всю низку гострих соціально-економічних, екологічних і демографічних проблем, які стоять перед Узбекистаном, думається, що в майбутньому неможливо повністю виключати членство Узбекистану в ЄАЕС, особливо, якщо таке членство не завадить узбецькому керівництву й надалі проводити багатовекторну зовнішню політику. Парламент Узбекистану схвалив рішення брати участь в роботі ЄАЕС в якості спостерігача. В грудні 2020р. ЄАЕС надав Узбекистану такий статус.
The article investigates the main features of the essence of the implementation of the customs policy of the state, finds its etymological nature and reflects the main theoretical and methodological positions of interpretation. The key aspects of the importance of customs policy in ensuring customs security and protecting customs interests are highlighted. The emphasis is placed on the need for a systematic and holistic approach to its implementation, taking into account the volatility of economic trends in the external and internal environment. The main problem aspects that influence its realization from the standpoint of both state authorities and the scientific community are singled out. The corresponding format has formed blocks of tasks, the implementation of which will contribute to an adequate and modern reflection of the role of the state customs service in the modern socio–economic discourse of Ukraine, and will allow fully and effectively respond to global challenges in protecting the customs interests of the state.
The article is devoted to the consideration of the problem in using modern e-commerce tools in the field of tourism. In order to disclose the topic, methods of objectivity and system are used to establish the main advantages and disadvantages of using e-commerce in the economic activity of a tourist enterprise. The purpose of the article is to determine the state and prospects for the development of e-commerce in the tourism services market, as well as the analysis of international experience in the field of e-commerce legislative regulation. Together with the rapid spread of electronic payment, the communication networks development and the growing number of potential Internet users, e-commerce has become one of the most important sales channels for tourism services, while increasing the profitability and competitiveness of enterprises. One of the important factors that hinders the rapid spread of e-tourism in Ukraine is the regulatory framework imperfection. After the introduction of existing mechanisms in interaction between the seller and the consumer in tourism services, electronic sales can be made one of the modern and effective ways to implement a tourism product.
Introduction. A characteristic feature of our time is the deterioration of the ecological situation, necessitating the formation of an ecologically safe environment as an important component of sustainable development. In this regard, the tourism sector and ecological tourism in particular, which is one of the leading types of economic activity that provide an ecological direction of economic development, is gaining momentum. Today there are both favorable and unfavorable factors for the development of the tourism sector.Purpose of the research. The study is devoted to the substantiation of the scientific and practical foundations, the application of which will ensure the activities of the tourism sector in the context of the implementation of the environmental requirements of sustainable development.Results. The essence and significance of an ecologically safe social environment, necessary to ensure sustainable development in the country, is revealed. It highlights the place in this process of the tourism sector in general and ecological tourism, in particular, as well as the types of natural resources on the basis of which this area operates. A vision of the main functional areas of activity in the field of ecological tourism and infrastructure components of the tourism industry is presented.The main attention in the aspect of the investigated problematics is paid to the search for ways of preserving and rational use of natural resource potential. At the same time, special emphasis is placed on environmental education – primarily children, adolescents, youth and the substantiation of the main tasks of environmental policy in the context of ensuring sustainable development. Problems associated with the impact of the environmental situation on the state of public health are also taken into account. The proposed theoretical and methodological approaches to the formation of a trend to further strengthen the relationship between ecology, economy and society in the context of the implementation of European environmental standards in national legislation.Perspectives. Further research is required on the issues of determining the directions of specific measures for the development of the tourism sector, carried out taking into account the existing socio-economic prerequisites and aimed at creating an ecologically safe social environment as an important component of sustainable development.
Local government is an important foundation of any democratic regime. In carrying out the functions and tasks assigned to local governments is crucial to ensure their autonomy and independence. One of the components of the local financial institutions are local borrowing.
The aim of this paper is to show the essence of GR management as an important part of financial management. In this article the latest researches, focused on certain aspects of GR, are summarized. The author devotes significant attention to the role of the government as a key partner and agent on the market. In this research the importance of a wide rage of risks on the market is underlined and their impact on the corporate financing activities is shown. The author upholds different points of view concerning the essence of lobbying and its relation to GR. This paper is focused on comparison between different forms of GR, their types and directions.It is proved in this research, that relations between corporations and the government in XX century were developing in two opposite directions: on local and international levels.It is clear that financial contributions, made by the corporations during the election cycle, have significant impact on the government policy and give an opportunity to receive some benefits from the future government. Also, big law firms do have some influence on the government activities and in case if such actions can harm the interests of corporations they can sue an attorney for malpractice. The author shows the ways in which lobbying can serve as a very efficient tool to protect the interests of corporations, manipulate the government policy and initiate some changes in legislation.Also, the most important problems and specific features of strategic communications in terms of financial and environmental turmoils are explored. ; Целью данной статьи является анализ сущности GR-управления как составляющей части финансового менеджмента корпорации. В статье проведено сравнение различных форм GR, определены их виды и направления реализации. Выявлены проблемы и особенности стратегических коммуникаций в процессе достижения целей деятельности корпорации. ; Метою статті є аналіз сутності GR-управління як складової фінансового менеджменту корпорації. У статті проведено порівняння різних форм GR, визначено їх види та напрямки провадження. Окреслені проблеми та особливості стратегічних комунікацій у процесі досягнення цілей діяльності корпорації.