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The responsiveness of democratic institutions is a topic of fundamental importance to researchers, citizens, and decision-makers. The PolicyVotes project aimed to assemble a dataset that facilitates investigation of the responsiveness of political parties and governments to public preferences. The data collection efforts were motivated by the interest to allow researchers to examine, among many others, the following questions: Are governments responsive to citizen demands? Do we see policy changing in response to changing public preferences over time? Is a government's responsiveness to public demands more pronounced in some policy areas than in others and at some points in time than others? What is the mediating role of political institutions such as electoral systems, government types (coalition versus single-party) and executive-legislative structures? How does the degree of responsiveness of national governments compare to responsiveness of European institutions? What are the interdependencies of legislative decision-making between the national and the European level? Do national policies influence the development of European level public policies and vice versa?

The data collection we have assembled facilitates addressing these questions and others. It allows researchers to use large-N statistical methodologies to empirically test theoretical models of dynamic representation in a multilevel system of governance. It allows longitudinal comparative empirical analysis of the triangular relationship between preferences of the electorate, policy positions of parties and governments, and legislative outputs of national governments and the EU. With this data collection we are introducing efficiencies that enable researchers to examine how and under what circumstances responsiveness can be achieved in different institutional settings.

For individual-level data, we have harmonized Eurobarometers from 1970 to the 2011, the ISSP Role of Government surveys, and the EES voter Study. For measurements of party positions, we have harmonized and cross-linked the Chapel Hill Expert Survey, the Party Policy in Modern Democracies Dataset, the Comparative Manifesto Project data, and the EES Euromanifesto Study.
For the measurements of policy output we have collected and cross-linked data for legislative output and budget outlays of 15 EU governments and the European Union.

Please refer to the How-to-Guide and the user guides in the individual trendfile folders (see Downloads/Datasets) for detailed information and citation instructions. Following trendfiles and user guides are available:

- Arnold, Christine, Franklin, Mark, Wlezien, Christopher, Russo, Luana & Palacios, Irene (2023): PolicyVotes Database on Political Responsiveness. PolicyVotes Eurobarometer Trendfile. Data File Version 1.0.0, https://doi.org/10.7802/2618
- Arnold, Christine, Franklin, Mark, Wlezien, Christopher, Russo, Luana & Palacios, Irene (2023): PolicyVotes Database on Political Responsiveness. PolicyVotes Eurobarometer Trendfile User Guide. Version 1.0.0, https://doi.org/10.7802/2618
- Arnold, Christine, Franklin, Mark, Wlezien, Christopher, Sapir, Eliyahu & Williams, Christopher (2023): PolicyVotes Database on Political Responsiveness. PolicyVotes EES Voter Study Trendfile. Data File Version 1.0.0, https://doi.org/10.7802/2618
- Arnold, Christine, Franklin, Mark, Wlezien, Christopher, Sapir, Eliyahu & Williams, Christopher (2023): PolicyVotes Database on Political Responsiveness. PolicyVotes EES Voter Study Trendfile User Guide. Version 1.0.0, https://doi.org/10.7802/2618
- Arnold, Christine, Franklin, Mark, Wlezien, Christopher, Sapir, Eliyahu & Williams, Christopher (2023): PolicyVotes Database on Political Responsiveness. PolicyVotes ISSP Role of Government Trendfile. Data File Version 1.0.0, https://doi.org/10.7802/2618
- Arnold, Christine, Franklin, Mark, Wlezien, Christopher, Sapir, Eliyahu & Williams, Christopher (2023): PolicyVotes Database on Political Responsiveness. PolicyVotes ISSP Role of Government Trendfile User Guide. Version 1.0.0, https://doi.org/10.7802/2618
- Arnold, Christine, Franklin, Mark, Wlezien, Christopher, Sapir, Eliyahu & Williams, Christopher (2023): PolicyVotes Database on Political Responsiveness. PolicyVotes Party Positions Trendfile. Data File Version 1.0.0, https://doi.org/10.7802/2618
- Arnold, Christine, Franklin, Mark, Wlezien, Christopher, Sapir, Eliyahu & Williams, Christopher (2023): PolicyVotes Database on Political Responsiveness. PolicyVotes Party Positions Trendfile User Guide. Version 1.0.0, https://doi.org/10.7802/2618
- Arnold, Christine, Franklin, Mark, & Wlezien, Christopher (2023): PolicyVotes Database on Political Responsiveness. PolicyVotes National Budgets Trendfile. Data File Version 1.0.0, https://doi.org/10.7802/2618
- Arnold, Christine, Franklin, Mark, & Wlezien, Christopher (2023): PolicyVotes Database on Political Responsiveness. PolicyVotes National Budgets Trendfile User Guide. Version 1.0.0, https://doi.org/10.7802/2618
- Arnold, Christine, Franklin, Mark, & Wlezien, Christopher (2023): PolicyVotes Database on Political Responsiveness. PolicyVotes European Union Budget Trendfile. Data File Version 1.0.0, https://doi.org/10.7802/2618
- Arnold, Christine, Franklin, Mark, & Wlezien, Christopher (2023): PolicyVotes Database on Political Responsiveness. PolicyVotes European Union Budget Trendfile User Guide. Version 1.0.0, https://doi.org/10.7802/2618
- Arnold, Christine, Franklin, Mark, & Wlezien, Christopher (2023): PolicyVotes Database on Political Responsiveness. PolicyVotes European Union Legislation Trendfile. Data File Version 1.0.0, https://doi.org/10.7802/2618
- Arnold, Christine, Franklin, Mark, & Wlezien, Christopher (2023): PolicyVotes Database on Political Responsiveness. PolicyVotes European Union Legislation Trendfile User Guide. Version 1.0.0, https://doi.org/10.7802/2618
- Arnold, Christine, Franklin, Mark, Wlezien, Christopher, & Rahmani, Hossein (2023): PolicyVotes Database on Political Responsiveness. PolicyVotes National Legislation Trendfile. Data File Version 1.0.0, https://doi.org/10.7802/2618
- Arnold, Christine, Franklin, Mark, Wlezien, Christopher, & Rahmani, Hossein (2023): PolicyVotes Database on Political Responsiveness. PolicyVotes National Legislation Trendfile User Guide. Version 1.0.0, https://doi.org/10.7802/2618