Suchergebnisse

Раздел "Международное право" ; Среди ученых нет однозначного мнения относительно места таможенного права в правовой системе. Под таможенным правом понимают институт административного права, подотрасль административного права, самостоятельную комплексную отрасль административного права либо комплексную отрасль законодательства. Исследование правовой природы показывает, что в современном таможенном праве можно выделить наднациональную (международную) и национальную части. Наднациональная часть включает нормы Таможенного кодекса таможенного союза и иных нормативных актов, которые принимаются международными договорами. Нормы национальной части принимаются законодательными актами страны. Таким образом, таможенное право — комплексная отрасль права, регулирующая общественные отношения в сфере перемещения товаров через таможенную границу Таможенного союза. = Scientists differ in their opinions regarding the place of customs law in the legal system. Customs law is understood as the institute of administrative law, a sub-branch of administrative law, a separate complex branch of administrative law or a complex branch of legislation. The research of its legal nature shows that it is possible to distinguish supranational (international) and national parts within the contemporary customs law. The supranational part includes the Customs Code norms of the Customs Union and other legal acts which are adopted by international treaties. The norms included into the national part are adopted by legislative acts of the country. Thereby, customs law is a complex branch of law regulating public relations in the sphere of movement of goods across the customs border of the Customs Union.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Международное транспортное право" ; Статья посвящена обоснованию существования в международном транспортном и таможенном праве такого отраслевого принципа права, как принцип свободы транзита. В статье осуществлен системный теоретико-практический анализ существующей международной нормативно-правовой базы в сфере международного таможенного и транспортного права, рассмотрены и охарактеризованы основополагающие конвенции и соглашения в исследуемой области. В первую очередь, рассмотрено закрепление принципа свободы транзита на универсальном уровне. В частности, исследованы положения Генерального соглашения по тарифам и торговле, а также ряда международно-правовых актов, в которых закреплен указанный принцип. Кроме того, освещено развитие принципа свободы транзита на региональном уровне в рамках Содружества Независимых Государств. Проанализированы положения основных региональных соглашений, регулирующих транзитное перемещение товаров, в контексте их соответствия рассматриваемому принципу. Значительное внимание уделено автором всестороннему исследованию развития правового регулирования транзита в Республике Беларусь — основополагающим этапам, целям и инструментам. Проанализирована степень имплементации принципа свободы транзита в национальном законодательстве Республики Беларусь. = The article identifies the grounds for the principle of transit freedom existence in a branch of international transport and customs law. The author presents a systemic theoretical and practical analysis of the existing normative legal basis in international customs and transport law, Considers and characterizes the fundamental conventions and agreements in this field. Priority is given to the universal fixation of the transit freedom principle. In particular, the provisions of the GATT are analyzed as well as those of a number of international legal acts, fixing the above-mentioned principle. In addition the article describes the way the principle of transit freedom has developed at the regional level and within the CIS framework. The main provisions of most regional agreements have been analyzed — those that regulate moving goods in transit — from the point of view of their corresponding to this principle. Considerable attention is paid by the author to the comprehensive study of the development of the legal regulation of transit in the Republic of Belarus. The basic stages, objectives and instruments are described. The degree of implementation of the transit freedom principle in national legislation of the Republic of Belarus is analyzed as well.

The subject of the research is the peculiarities of the implementation of international law in national legal systems, the law enforcement practice of the implementation of international legal obligations of the state, doctrinal approaches to the interaction of the norms of international and domestic law. The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that the limits, forms and methods of the ex-ante intrusion of international law into the national legal system are determined not only as a result of the agreed will of States, but also against such will, under the influence of the interests of individual States or their political blocs that occupy a dominant position in an international organization. Methodology. The authors use such general theoretical and specific scientific methods as comparative analysis, generalization, interpretation and classification as well as systemic analysis and formal logical methods. The main results. The forms and methods of intrusion of international law into the legal systems are diversified. International law is not limited to interstate relations. Global processes require the development of new scientific approaches to understanding the processes of intrusion of international law into the legal systems of States. These processes require the study of the forms and methods of the impact of international law and international institutions on the national legal order. States are sometimes forced to implement measures developed in the international implementation mechanism (due to the need for international financial assistance as well as the inability to single-handedly defeat internal corruption, create a favorable international image, etc.). The international legal invasion exist already ex – post through the decisions of international judicial bodies or the assertive recommendations of international organizations. Their demands are made not just to comply with international obligations, but to change national legislation. The implementation of the norms of international law in national legal systems should be carried out at the domestic level just as much as it is necessary to fulfill these international obligations. The law enforcement practice in the state is based solely on national principles of law, and it is unacceptable to comply with the requirements from the outside to change them from the point of view of the independence of the state. It is the exclusive right of each State to determine the content of acts of interpretation of international bodies in relation to the decisions and actions of specific States from the point of view of their national interests. We prove that every state has the important right to determine the limits of the invasion of international law in their national legal system: the contents of implementing legislation; the completeness of implementation of the decisions and recommendations of international bodies and courts; the recognition of the extraterritorial validity of foreign law and forms of its implementation. Conclusions. The fundamental principle of international law- pacta sunt servanda – is transforming into a practical imperative – national legislation must change. This is due to the recognition of the jurisdiction of international judicial bodies. This is due to the extraterritorial effect of foreign law; it is connected with the transnational character of the law of international integration entities. This is due to the inability of individual States to resist exponential corruption. The continuous nature of the intrusion of international law into national legal systems is reflected in the various methods of such interference. The article proves the importance of each state having the right to independently determine the limits of the intrusion of international law into their national legal system. ; Неограниченность международного права только межгосударственными отношениями в результате глобальных процессов требует разработки новых научных подходов к осмыслению процессов вторжения международного права в правовые системы государств, воздействия норм международного права и международных институтов на национальный правопорядок, что и стало целью данной статьи. Опираясь на результаты, в том числе, проводимой в нашей стране конституционной реформы 2020 г., авторами сформулирован ряд выводов, которые охватывают: обоснование трансформации основополагающего принципа международного права – договоры должны соблюдаться – в практически императив – национальное законодательство должно изменяться; определение разнообразия форм вторжения международного права в национальные правовые системы, связанных с признанием юрисдикции международных судебных органов, экстерриториального действия зарубежного права, наднационального характера права интеграционных образований, с невозможностью отдельных государств противодействовать экспоненциальной коррупции исключительно национальными институтами власти. Доказывается значение наличия у каждого государства права самостоятельно определять пределы вторжения международного права в их национальную правовую систему: содержание имплементационного законодательства; полноты исполнения решений и выполнения рекомендаций международных органов и судов; признания экстерриториального действия зарубежного права и выбора форм его исполнения.

The article is devoted to the history of the methodological foundations of the historyof state and law. Specific historical patterns of development of state and law havetheir specificity compared with the laws of social development for the state and lawoccupies a special position, and is relatively independent. Great importance for theanalysis of used historical and legal processes is played by a historical context in whichresearch is conducted. Political and ideological factors are decisive. However, the maintrend of recent years has been the denial of the ideological function of the state in connectionwith the denial of many progressive achievements of the Soviet science basedsolely on ideological principles. Therefore it is important to study the methodology ofhistory of state and law. ; Статья посвящена истории развития методологических оснований истории го-сударства и права. Конкретно-исторические закономерности развития государстваи права имеют свою специфику по сравнению с закономерностями развития обще-ства, ибо государство и право занимает в нем особое положение, обладает относи-тельной самостоятельностью. Огромное значение для применяемых в изучение ис-торико-правовых процессов играют исторические условия, в которых проводитсяисследование. Политические и идеологические факторы являются определяющими.Вместе с тем основной тенденцией последних лет стало отрицание идеологическойфункции государства с одновременным отрицанием многих прогрессивных дости-жений советской науки на основании исключительно идеологических установок.Именно поэтому важным представляется исследование методологии истории госу-дарства и права.

In the modern epoch many countries, including China and Russia, have developed market economies of differing types. This work provides an analysis of the laws of market regulation, state regulation and proportional development, as well as an analysis of the relations between them, all of which are of exceptional scientific and political significance. The law of proportionality is a universal law of social production and of the national economy. The law of market regulation (the law of value) represents an important mechanism for implementing the law of proportionality in a commodity economy, and has played a decisive role in the application of this latter law from the time when the simple commodity economy was transformed into a capitalist commodity economy. The law of state regulation (the law of planning) is the means of realisation of the law of proportionality in collectivised production and in a state-regulated national economy. In China's socialist market economy the law of state regulation (the law of planning) and the law of market regulation (the law of value) are combined into an organic whole with fruitful, mutually reinforcing functions and synergetic effects, in order to bring the law of proportional development into play and to banish the old economic problem of disproportions in economic development. Through these methods, a larger mass of production can be achieved with a smaller expenditure of resources, while obtaining maximum benefit and bringing about a high level of economic and social well-being.

The article is devoted to an important aspect of the fight against torture – inhuman and degrading treatment, related to its normative basis and its compliance with international and European legal standards. The authors propose a general and original approach to the compliance of national legislation with international legal acts in order to identify problems in the field and possible optimization solutions. The main problem identified in the field is related to ensuring the constitutionality of international legal acts signed and ratified by the Republic of Moldova. The basic proposal formulated by the authors refers to the recognition of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Moldova of the exclusive competence to verify the constitutionality of international treaties, especially at the stage prior to their ratification by the Parliament. So, in concrete terms, the substitution of the Ministry of Justice with the Constitutional Court in the exercise of the nominated attribution. This would avoid the eventual declaration of international treaties as unconstitutional after their ratification. In essence, these problems and solutions are perfectly valid for the legislative system dedicated to the fight against torture, inhuman and degrading treatment.

The object of research is a relationship between ECHR and constitutional courts in various jurisdictions.The main aim of this article is to research the conflict between opinions of ECHR and national Constitutional courts, and also to find the root of this conflict.The methodology of this research consists of universal methods (such as analysis, synthesis, comparison) and jurisprudence-specific methods.In the course of research, the author used various theoretical sources, ECHR case-law and decisions of various national Constitutional Courts.Results. At this point of time, there are many theories that try to explain the relationship between international and national law. But their functioning can be observed only in practice. Many jurisdictions adhere to the concept of Dualism.National Constitutional courts may perceive legal opinions in two different ways: adhere to the legal opinion of ECHR or reach a different conclusion, different to that of ECHR.Because national Constitutional courts and ECHR employ different systems for establishing whether rights of the claimant were violated or not, courts may give more weight to the different factors.In the article, the author focuses attention on such reason of the conflict as justification for limitation of one's rights.Conclusions. Conflict of legal opinions of ECHR and national Constitutional courts is of axiological nature. Conflict per se does not imply that a given national government decided to breach its international obligations. Because of subsidiary nature of ECHR protection, conflicts is rather an exception that could be dealt with than a rule. ; Исследуется вопрос восприятия позиций ЕСПЧ конституционными судами и иными органами конституционного правосудия различных стран. Раскрываются виды восприятия, подробно описывается такая форма восприятия, как конфликт конституционного суда с позицией ЕСПЧ. Изучается одна из возможных причин конфликта – оценка обоснованности ограничения прав заявителей по делу. Делается вывод, что конфликт – исключительно редкое и преодолимое явление во взаимодействии ЕСПЧ и национальных конституционных органов.

The article considers the sport legislation codification project viewed as an effective tool to counter many negative trends in the national sports due to the deficiencies of the valid sport legislation and drawbacks of the existing sport self-regulation system. The article gives grounds for the urgent and significant homologation (i.e. improvement of an object or process with its key characteristics being put in compliance with the relevant standards/requirements, with the path to the compliance being specified) of the Russian sport legislation via its codification; with a special emphasis on homologation of the national autonomous off-/extra-legal regulatory standards in the sport sector. We believe that the proposed initiatives are highly necessary for the progress of the national sports. A top priority in the newly designed legal doctrine for the sport sector must be given to the notion of order as identifying the degree of order/entropy in the subject sector. The illusions as to the government ability to control the sport sector are more and more diminished, and the sport sector resistance to the governmental control efforts tends to grow. It is the codification that may provide a set of proved tools for the large-scale homologation of the relevant legislative domain and integrated regulation of the sector. The study gives definitions of a few notions including order, autonomous extra-legal regulatory order in the sport sector, and the sport legislation codification. It is noted that the sport legislation codification (viewed as a vehicle for the homologation of order in the sport sector) may largely mitigate the current problems faced by the national sport sector, contribute to the dignity of the Russian sports and improve their image on the global arenas.

In the article there is given a general overview of the sources of the international sport law, which is a new dynamically developing branch of law. The author underlines that international sport law unites norms of international law and national legislation regulating sport relations of international nature.

Рассматривается значение международно-правовой политики, основанной на нормах международного права, и задачтакой политики в жизни современного общества. Делаетсявывод о том, что взаимодействие внутригосударственногои международного права не только должно оказывать благотворное влияние на национальное законодательство, но ифактически менять всю правовую систему путем имплементации международно-правовых норм в национальныхправовых системах. ; The author considers the importance of international law policy,based on the norms of international law, and tasks of this policyin the life of modern society. As a result of the research, theauthor comes to the conclusion that the interaction of domesticand international law, will have a positive impact not only onnational legislation, but actually to change the whole law systemof states through the implementation of international law normsin the national law system.

The article deals with the development o digital law as an instrument for regulating the digital economy. It is proved that, within the academic environment, the concept of "Internet law" is still more well-established than the concept of "digital law". It is in this manner that the legal sphere responds to the challenges of the digital revolution and reflects the digital economy. The debate as to whether "Internet law" can be considered either as a separate branch of law or as a branch of legislation has not yet subsided. Nevertheless, "Internet law" is undoubtedly an independent academic discipline, textbooks on which are published in Russia. However, Russia needs to develop a digital economy; this is why the national project "Digital Economy of the Russian Federation" was adopted in 2018, regulatory support for which forms the basis of digital law in Russia. At the same time, the extensive experience of digital economy regulation in both its neighbouring countries and beyond is taken into account. Especially attractive is the national strategic model, which assumes the most rapid procedure for adopting changes and consequently adapting digital legislation, is aimed at the long-term perspective, and lets popular opinion — as well as the opinions of public organizations, the business community, and government representatives — be taken into account. In addition to foreign experience in regulating the digital economy, we should also use the best practices of domestic and foreign legal science. ; В статье рассматривается вопрос развития цифрового права как инструмента нормативного регулирования цифровой экономики. Доказывается, что пока более устоявшимся, нежели понятие «цифровое право», в академической среде является понятие «интернет-право». Именно в такой форме правовая сфера отвечает на вызовы цифровой революции и является отражением цифровой экономики. До сих пор не утихли споры, можно ли рассматривать «интернет-право» в качестве отдельной отрасли права или отрасли законодательства. Тем не менее это ...

This article deals with the issues of regulation of property relations of spouses in private international law. The article deals with the conflict issues of marriage, as well as the contractual regime of a property of spouses. The article reveals the content of the Minsk and Chisinau conventions on property relations between spouses. In particular, the conventions say that the property relations between spouses are determined by the legislation of the Contracting Party in whose territory they live together. If the husband lives in one Contracting State and the wife in the other and both have the same nationality, the law of the country of which they are nationals governs their property relations. Attention is paid to bilateral agreements on legal assistance to States in the field of property relations between spouses. For example, such an agreement exists between Russia and Estonia, and it helps to resolve various property issues between spouses. The domestic legislation of different States regulates the issue of determining the regime of matrimonial property in different ways. For example, in the States of the Anglo-Saxon legal system and in most Muslim countries there is only a regime of separate property. On the contrary, in the States of the Romano-German legal system, preference is given to the regime of the common property of spouses, and it is possible to establish a different regime of property relations by agreement of the spouses. According to this principle, and developing family law in Russia.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Международное морское право" ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы имплементации норм международного морского права в национальном законодательстве Республики Беларусь. Автор анализирует нормы национального законодательства на предмет соответствия международным конвенциям в области безопасности морского судоходства, охраны морской среды, подготовки экипажей морских судов, членом которых является Республика Беларусь. Освещаются вопросы национальной принадлежности морского судна. Анализируются положения национального права, устанавливающие требования к эксплуатации и оснащению морских судов, а также предусматривающие ответственность за нарушения в области торгового мореплавания. = The article deals with implementation of international maritime law in national legislation of the Republic of Belarus. The author points out the compliance with international conventions in the field of maritime safety, marine environmental protection, training of seafarers in national legislation of the Republic of Belarus. The author also shows the problems of the nationality of vessel. Special attention is paid to the national laws, that establish certain requirements for operation and equipping of ships, and to the liability in the field of merchant shipping.

Раздел "Международное право" ; Статья посвящена определению коллизионных привязок, которые используются в брачно-семейной сфере, выявлению новых подходов коллизионного регулирования в данной области в законодательстве стран СНГ, а также формулированию предложений по совершенствованию норм белорусского семейного права, осложненного иностранным элементом. = The article is devoted to the defi nition of adherences in the family law sphere and new confl ict law regulation approaches to them in the national legislation of the CIS countries. The proposals are formulated for the improvement of the Belarusian legislation in the fi eld of family law complicated with the foreign element.

Ключевые слова: Евразийский экономический союз; правопорядок; приоритет; прямое действие; прямой эффект. = Keywords: direct applicability; direct effect; Eurasian Economic Union; legal order; priority. ; Автор рассматривает появление права Евразийского экономического союза (ЕАЭС) через призму специфики интеграционного объединения, в котором государства-члены передают на уровень институтов объединения часть своих полномочий, включая право на принятие общеобязательных нормативных актов, которые будут действовать в национальных правопорядках и применяться всеми субъектами национального права, а также судами при разрешении споров. Договор о создании ЕАЭС не содержит положений о путях разрешения конфликтов между нормами права ЕАЭС и противоречащими им нормами национального права, поэтому эта задача станет одной из основных для Суда ЕАЭС. В своих недавних решениях Суд ЕАЭС уже вплотную приступал к ее решению, начав выстраивать свою доктрину приоритета права ЕАЭС. Автор рассматривает решения Суда ЕАЭС, используя для их анализа доктрины приоритета и прямого эффекта, разработанные Судом Европейского союза. Автор приходит к выводу, что успех действий Суда ЕАЭС в этом направлении будет полностью зависеть от того, как доктрина приоритета права ЕАЭС будет воспринята и применена на практике национальными судами стран — членов ЕАЭС. = In the present article the author considers the emergence of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) law though the prism of the integration union specifi cs, where member states transfer some of their powers to the union institutions including the right to adopt binding legislative acts, which will be applicable in national legal orders and will be applied by all subjects of the national law as well as by courts in resolving disputes. The agreement on the establishment of the EAEU does not contain provisions on ways to resolve confl icts between the norms of the EAEU law and national law provisions that contradict them, therefore this task will become one of the core tasks for the EAEU Court. In its recent judgments the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union has already started to tackle this issue by creating its own version of the doctrine of the Union law priority. The author considers these judgments using for this purpose the priority and direct effect doctrines developed by the European Union Court of Justice. The author concludes that the success of the Eurasian Economic Union Court in this direction will entirely depend on the acceptance and practical use of the priority doctrine by domestic courts of the Eurasian Union member states.