Suchergebnisse

The security and safety in fulfilling the roles of the institutions of a state are essential characteristics of any contemporary society. In order to understand the complex of threats and vulnerabilities, as well as the dynamics of their manifestation in generating crisis situations, it is required to take a comprehensive approach to the decision-makers in the societal domains: political/diplomatic, military, economic, social, critical infrastructural, informational and environmental. In this context, the development of the resilience capacity in the contemporary societal environment takes place in the perspective of the contribution of all the decision-making factors based on efficient inter-institutional planning and their proactive participation. Due to the specifics of each societal field, the situation can be understood under different coordinates, which causes difficulties in developing estimates of the crisis situations and initiating measures to prevent and counteract them. One of the solutions identified for the decision-makers to conduct a proactive behaviour in crisis situations specific to the contemporary societal environment can be expressed within the operational art of military action planning. Thus, we deem appropriate to extend the operational art specific to the military field to other societal fields and redefine the resilience capacity in the contemporary societal environment facing the new complex of threats and vulnerabilities as the COVID-19 pandemic situation.

The enactment of India's historic livelihood guarantee programme in the form of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) has been coterminous with a phase of rapid decline in India's rural poverty rates. This naturally motivates the question as to whether the observed decline in rural poverty can be attributed, at least partly, to efficient targeting and implementation of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MNREGS). This study underscores the fact that the welfare impact of anti-poverty programmes such as the MNREGS is critically dependent on whether these programmes actually reach the intended beneficiaries. Using the unit-level data from the 68th round of the NSSO survey on Employment and Unemployment, the article first investigates the possible 'capture' of the MNREGS at the national and also at the state levels and the consequent 'crowding out' of asset poor rural households. Statistical analysis of household data reveals that although at the national level, the scheme seems to be predominantly directed towards the poor, considerable variations exist among states. After correcting for confounders in treatment and control groups, the study finds that access to MNREGS employment significantly lowers the probability of a rural household of falling in the poverty trap. The article, therefore, concludes that the scheme has the potential of favourably impacting and protecting consumption standards among rural poor. Maximisation of this potential, however, would depend upon proper identification of needy households and rooting out of the pseudo-poor from the ambit of the programme.

Ch. 1. Introduction -- ch. 2. The setting, 1946-1973 -- ch. 3. The October War and its aftermath -- ch. 4. Iran, Afghanistan, and the evolution of the Carter doctrine -- ch. 5. The rapid deployment force : planning, strategy, operational requirements -- ch. 6. U.S. power in the Gulf : military strategy and regional politics -- ch. 7. The Western alliance and Middle East policy : attempts at cooperation -- ch. 8. The out-of-area problem for NATO -- ch. 9. The dilemmas of Persian Gulf security.

Despite the end of the civil war and the democratic transition, El Salvador remains one of the most violent countries in the world. Post-war Salvadoran governments have struggled to implement security policies that emphasize repression and heavy-handed measures, despite their inefficiency and the fact that they contradict the peace accords and their focus on the security sector reform of 1992. This article analyses the connection between the security policy and the political regime that took shape in the post-war period, the elements that underpin the construction of gangs as an "internal enemy", and the effects of these policies on the modes of social order in El Salvador.

Insurance for the workers means a guarantee of safety for their works on the workplaces. It is necessarily crucial as workers need such a policy that can protect them from the loss. Indonesian government declare a policy that enact the act about National Social Security System (SJSN). The companies are the subject of this regulation, despite the fact at the initial implementation of this law enforcement brought to the pros and cons. Hence, the regulation also regulates for those who betray the policy will have to pay some certain amount of fine which in turn can harden them. The companies on the other side have a choice either to register or not their workers to SJSN as they still consider the premium they have to pay. This study aims to analyze the payoffs for both government and companies to be better off from the law enforcement. Game theory perspective is applied for the methodology of the study, particularly Subgame Perfection Nash Equilibrium (SPNE) and Bayesian Nash Equilibrium (BNE). The results present that in condition of an effective law enforcement at p, the firms will be beneficial from the SJSN policy by registering their workers and pay the premium, because if they do not pay the premium they have to pay additional amount of fine. On the other hand, if the policy is not effective with 1-p, the firms will have an advantage by not registering their employees to the SJSN as the law enforcement is not effective. Also, the government does not necessarily conduct an investigation as the cost is higher than the return that they will get.

This article examines the dynamic between the wartime presidency and domestic policy advocacy. The Truman administration developed a strategy to rhetorically link themes and programs of social welfare and national defense, particularly as concerns about the latter emerged on the national agenda. I find that this practice of rhetorical linkage often involved framing Fair Deal objectives as critical to America's national strength. My conclusion is supported by archival evidence from the Truman Library. Rather than merely a rhetorical posture, it is evident that many Fair Deal advocates maintained the idea that a broad social welfare agenda was necessary to uphold American national security objectives.

В дослідженні авторами зазначено, що кардинальні трансформації у світовому політичному та економічному просторі зумовлюють необхідність розроблення нових підходів до забезпечення економічної безпеки держави. Успішність реалізації цих заходів залежить за умови врахування теоретично-змістовного підґрунтя безпеки, що дозволить сформувати загальні уявлення про характер досліджуваної реальності, її найбільш загальні властивості, закони, принципи та способи наукового пізнання. The article stated that the growth of external and internal threats to national economic security requires the development and use of effective mechanisms to neutralize and minimize the adverse action. The article is to study the nature and essential characteristics of the category of «economic security» as a as multilateral phenomenon. According to the author, the category of «security» is the general limit fundamental concept that reflects the most essential connections and relationships or activities exist in reality and knowledge is a basic category of Security Studies, which is a body of knowledge about safety and are multylateralnym that is versatile, versatile, multifaceted concept. Therefore, knowledge of safety distributed in various sectors. It is noted that in the study category of «security», the main task is to identify its nature, is necessary disclosures meaningful sense of the phenomenon, followed by the realization of the essence with regard to the variability of its forms and the possible states opposing it (danger).

"This article considers the politics of social solidarity from a cross-national perspective. In the analysis, we rely on four waves of international social survey data for our sample of Western nations, representative of different welfare state traditions. The time span is a 20-year period and the total country-wave sample comprises over 40,000 records. While there is popular support for governmental actions to protect citizens in old-age and sickness, views about the social rights of unemployed citizens are shifting. High-profile activating labour-market reforms are reapportioning the burden of risk in society. With the rise of right-wing populism in Europe and the USA, this article examines how interests change as citizens lose their stake in the means of security – revealing an ever more fragile and fractured social solidarity." (Verlagsinformation)

Introduction and conceptual framework -- History, background, and goals of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program -- Food security and access to a healthy diet in low-income populations -- Individual, household, and environmental factors affecting food choices and access -- Impact of program design on allotment adequacy -- Conclusions and recommendations

Рассмотрены теоретико-методологические основы обеспечения экономической безопасности национальной экономики. Рассмотрено официальное толкование категорий «национальная безопасность» и «экономическая безопасность», данное в российской и казахстанской экономике. Указано, что основу категориального анализа составляет нормативная база в виде законов Республики Казахстан и Российской Федерации, сделан вывод, что такое официальное толкование категорий достаточно обобщено. Недостаточность и практическое отсутствие отечественных исследователей по данной тематике объясняется тем, что исторически проблема национальной безопасности, как правило, возникает в периоды обретения независимости и становления государственности, когда происходит формирование и выработка национальных интересов, в том числе экономических. Сделан вывод, что содержание экономической безопасности и механизмы ее обеспечения адекватны различным типам общественного устройства, совокупности соответствующих методов и имеющихся национальных ресурсов. Рассмотрены различные концептуальные подходы, выделяющие различные подсистемы, элементы и факторы национальной безопасности (Г.В. Коржова, С.Ю. Глазьева, П.Г. Белова), и в результате систематизации детализирована экономическая безопасность по предметно-функциональной направленности на военную, социальную, политическую, экономическую, экологическую, информационную, культурную, правовую, научно-технологическую, демографическую, генетическую, криминогенную, энергетическую, интеллектуальную. Определение содержания «экономическая безопасность», ее составляющих элементов, а также механизмов обеспечения интерпретируется различно, что обусловлено исследованием проблемы в рамках различных теоретико-методологических подходов. В отличие от большинства исследователей, рассматривающих национальную экономическую безопасность как состояние экономики и институтов власти, при котором обеспечивается гарантированная защита национальных интересов, гармоничное, социально направленное развитие страны в целом, достаточный экономический и оборонный потенциал даже при наиболее неблагоприятных вариантах развития внутренних и внешних процессов, экономическая безопасность рассмотрена как системное образование, включающее в себя технологическую, продовольственную, финансово-кредитную, промышленную, внешнеэкономическую, инвестиционную, энергетическую, транспортно-коммуника-ционную и социальную (социально-экономическую) составляющие. ; Theoretical and methodological foundations of economic security of the national economy are considered. The official interpretation of the categories of "national security" and "economic security" provided in Russian and Kazakh economy is considered. It is stated that the basis of the categorical analysis is the regulatory framework in the form of the laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation, and it is concluded that such a formal interpretation of the categories rather generalized. This is due to the fact that failure, and the virtual absence of local researchers on this subject due to the fact that, historically, a national security issue, as typically occurs during periods of independence and the establishment of statehood, when there is the formation and development of national interests, including economic ones. It is concluded that the content of economic security and adequate mechanisms providing different types of social organization, unit of appropriate methods and available national resources. The different conceptual approaches to the various subsystems, components and factors of national security (G.V. Corzhova, S.Y. Glazyeva, P.G. Belova) and as a result of systematization detailed economic security for object-functional orientation on military, social, political, economic, environmental, informational, cultural, legal, scientific, technological, demographic, genetic, the crime, energy, intellectual. Determination of "economic security", its structure-changing in the, as well as mechanisms to ensure is interpreted differently, because of the investigation of the problem in the framework of different theoretical and methodological approaches. Unlike most researchers, considering the national economic security as a condition of the economy and institutions of government, at which the guaranteed protection of national interests, harmonious, socially-oriented development of the country as a whole, sufficient economic and defense potential, even under the most unfavorable variants of internal and external processes, is considered economic security as a system formation, which includes the process, food, finance and credit, industrial, foreign trade, investment, energy, transport and communication and social (socio-economic) components.

The choice of methods for gathering the necessary intelligence findings (indications, data, information, investigation evidence) depends on their degree of importance, their quantity and quality, as well as on the opportunities and complexity of their acquisition, but also on the national legal standards in the field of intelligence and security work. It is believed that the intelligence findings have a greater value if they are gathered from multiple intelligence sources. Also, they are considered to have greater significance if they were obtained using traditional and sophisticated intelligence methods. However, sometimes a significant intelligence findings can be obtained in a seemingly easy manner that does not require the use of particularly complex intelligence methods, special knowledge in the field of methodology of intelligence and the use of technical means. It is a method of gathering intelligence findings by analysing the contents of garbage and waste that remains after persons who have certain intelligence information, i.e. who are the subject of certain security processing - the so-called 'Trash intelligence'. This method can be used by both state security agencies, and non-state actors of the security sector to gather political, military, economic, technological, personal and other data. ; Od stepena značaja, kvantiteta i kvaliteta neophodnih obaveštajnih saznanja (indicije, podaci, informacije, istražni dokazi), kao i od mogućnosti i složenosti njihovog sticanja, ali i od nacionalnih pravnih standarda u oblasti obaveštajnog i bezbednosnog rada, zavisi i izbor metoda za njihovo prikupljanje. Smatra se da obaveštajna saznanja imaju veću vrednost ukoliko su prikupljena iz više različitih obaveštajnih izvora. Takođe, smatra se i da imaju veći značaj ukoliko se do njih došlo tradicionalnim i sofisticiranim obaveštajnim metodama. Međutim, nekada se do značajnih obaveštajnih saznanja može doći na naizgled jednostavan način koji ne zahteva primenu naročito složenih obaveštajnih metoda, ni posebnih znanja iz oblasti metodike obaveštajnog rada i upotrebe tehničkih sredstava. Reč je o metodu prikupljanja obaveštajnih saznanja analizom sadržaja smeća i otpada koji ostaje za licima koja poseduju izvesna obaveštajna saznanja, odnosno koja su predmet izvesne bezbednosne obrade - tzv. trash intelligence. Ovaj metod mogu da koriste kako državne bezbednosne agencije, tako i subjekti nedržavnog sektora bezbednosti za prikupljanje političkih, vojnih, ekonomskih, tehnoloških, ličnih i drugih podataka.

Wykwalifikowany personel sił zbrojnych stanowi niewątpliwie jeden z istotniejszych elementów bezpieczeństwa państwa. Jakkolwiek z punktu widzenia polskich władz kluczowa pozostaje współpraca z partnerami zachodnimi, obserwacja najnowszych trendów w tej dziedzinie powinna obejmować możliwie największą liczbę państw. Dlatego też autorka zwróciła uwagę na stosunkowo słabo opracowany w polskiej literaturze system kształcenia wojskowego w Republice Białorusi. W artykule scharakteryzowano współczesny model edukacji, wskazano na kierunki jego rozwoju oraz uwypuklono największe potrzeby. Analizie poddano także współpracę z Federacją Rosyjską. W badaniu zastosowano metodę systemową wspartą analizą treści i analizą ilościową. ; Qualified personnel of the armed forces is undoubtedly one of the most important elements of state security. Although from the Polish authorities' point of view cooperation with Western partners remains the key, observation of the latest trends in this field should cover the largest possible number of countries. Therefore, the author drew attention to the system of military education in the Republic of Belarus, which is relatively poorly reflected in Polish literature. The article characterizes the modern education model, indicates its development directions and highlights the greatest needs. The cooperation with the Russian Federation was also analyzed. The study was based on a system method supported by content and quantitative analysis.

"Senator Sam Nunn: The Deliberate Statesman explores the impact that Nunn (D-GA) had on US national security policy and strategy from his election to the US Senate from Georgia in 1972 until his retirement at the end of the 103rd Congress in 1997, a period of 24 years. Nunn was, in the words of Washington Post columnist Dana Milbank, a "giant" of the Senate, a figure of stature, who was admired by colleagues and "whose authority could transcend party and the usual arithmetic of vote counting." At a time of political polarization and partisanship, Sam Nunn's reputation remains that of a political leader with a record of bipartisanship. Nunn served at the moment when domestic politics and foreign policy were undergoing far-reaching changes. As a member of the Senate Armed Services Committee, and most importantly, as its chairman from 1987 to 1994, he had a vital impact on most of the crucial national security and defense issues of the Cold War era and the "new world order" that followed. These issues included revitalization of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's military capability, U.S.-Soviet relations, national defense reorganization and reform, arms control (for which he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize), the Persian Gulf conflict and terrorism."--