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This title aims to trace the various uses of the concept of necessity in international law, with the goal of determining whether there is any overarching unity to these uses across the subdisciplines of international law. The authors not only discuss necessity in international humanitarian law and jus in bello, but also aim to situate necessity as understood in IHL within a larger discourse of international law generally, and to untangle the confusing and often inconsistent usages of the term 'necessity' in these broad areas of international law, including human rights law. The authors argue that the concept of necessity in international law has three different conceptions that cut across the various domains of international law: necessity as exception, necessity as license, and necessity as regulation

International audience ; Necessity Entrepreneurship (NE) haven " t been closely covered in literature, especially with the speed of development in the last half century and the influence on different socioeconomic perspectives. In this book review paper NE is synthesised as a means for self-employment solution on demand. Services of necessity entrepreneurs " survival and their type of mindset are reviewed, along with their best practices. Brazil success as a model NE country is covered as an example of what can any country do to move people out of poverty through NE schemes. Other NE schemes as: fall-back system, close mentorship and coaching are explored in this review to show their importance compared to financial support. The paper recommends clear transition programs of self-employment and self-reliance that goes beyond the government responsibility by calling for more involvement of private sector, NGOs and even religious organisations. Further, book future improvements are suggested to give this book more shining role towards this highly important subject.

1State responsibility — Necessity — Whether part of customary international law — Effect of a declaration of necessity on private contracts — Economic necessity based on a State's inability to pay — Temporary suspension of payments on sovereign bonds — Effect in relations between a State and a private individual under private law — International Law Commission Articles on State Responsibility, Article 25 — Whether declaratory of customary international lawEconomics, trade and finance — Sovereign debt — Foreign currency bonds — State suspending payments in foreign currency due to economic crisis — Whether justified by defence of necessity — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

International audience Necessity Entrepreneurship (NE) haven " t been closely covered in literature, especially with the speed of development in the last half century and the influence on different socioeconomic perspectives. In this book review paper NE is synthesised as a means for self-employment solution on demand. Services of necessity entrepreneurs " survival and their type of mindset are reviewed, along with their best practices. Brazil success as a model NE country is covered as an example of what can any country do to move people out of poverty through NE schemes. Other NE schemes as: fall-back system, close mentorship and coaching are explored in this review to show their importance compared to financial support. The paper recommends clear transition programs of self-employment and self-reliance that goes beyond the government responsibility by calling for more involvement of private sector, NGOs and even religious organisations. Further, book future improvements are suggested to give this book more shining role towards this highly important subject.

In this paper I offer a comparative evaluation of two types of "fundamental hope", drawn from the writing of Rebecca Solnit and Rowan Williams respectively. Arguments can be found in both, I argue, for the foundations of a dispositional existential hope. Examining and comparing the differences between these accounts, I focus on the consequences implied for hope's freedom and stability. I focus specifically on how these two accounts differ in their claims about the relationship between hope and (two types of) necessity. I argue that both Solnit and Williams base their claims for warranted fundamental hope on a sense of how reality is structured, taking this structure to provide grounds for a basic existential orientation that absolute despair is never the final word. For Solnit this structure is one of unpredictability; for Williams it is one of excess. While this investigation finds both accounts of fundamental hope to be plausible and insightful, I argue that Williams's account is ultimately more satisfying on the grounds that it offers a realistic way of thinking about a hope necessitated by what it is responsive to, and more substantial in responding to what is necessary.